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For other uses, see Baal (disambiguation).

Ba'al God of fertility, weather, rain, wind, lightning, seasons, war, patron of sailors and sea-going merchants, leader of the Rephaim (ancestral spirits)
Later views: معني flood control King of the gods

The stele of Baal with Thunderbolt found in the ruins of Ugarit

Symbol Bull, SheepRegion At and near Canaan
Near, around and at Ugarit
Egypt(middle kingdom of)Personal informationConsorts Anat, Athtart, Arsay, Tallay, PidrayParents Dagan (usual lore) El (some Ugaritic texts)Siblings Anat

Baal (/ˈbeɪəl, ˈbɑːəl/),[1][a] properly Baʿal,[b] was a title and honorific meaning "lord" in the Northwest Semitic languages spoken in the Levant during antiquity. معني flood control From its use among people, it came to be applied to gods.[7] Scholars previously associated the theonym with solar cults and with a variety of unrelated patron deities, but inscriptions have shown that the name Baʿal was particularly associated with the storm and fertility god Hadad and his local manifestations.[8]

The Hebrew Bible, compiled and curated over a span of centuries, includes generic use of the term in reference to various Levantine deities, and finally pointed application towards Hadad, who was decried as a false god. معني flood control That use was taken over into Christianity and Islam, sometimes under the opprobrious form Beelzebub in demonology.

Etymology

The spelling of the English term "Baal" derives from the Greek Báal (Βάαλ), which appears in the New Testament[9] and Septuagint,[10] and from its Latinized form Baal, which appears in the Vulgate.[10] These forms in turn derive from the vowel-less Northwest Semitic form BʿL. The word's biblical senses as a Phoenician deity and false gods generally were extended during the Protestant Reformation to denote any idols, icons of the saints, or the Catholic Church generally.[11] In such contexts, it follows the anglicized pronunciation and usually omits any mark between its two As.[1] In close transliteration of the Semitic name, the ayin is represented, as Baʿal.

In the Northwest Semitic languages—Ugaritic, Phoenician, Hebrew, Amorite, and Aramaic—the word baʿal signified "owner" and, by extension, "lord",[10] a "master", or "husband".[12][13] Cognates include the Akkadian Bēlu (𒂗),[c]Amharic bal (ባል),[14] and Arabic baʿl (بَعْل). Báʿal (בַּעַל) and baʿl still serve as the words for "husband" in modern Hebrew and Arabic respectively. They also appear in some contexts concerning the ownership of things or possession of traits.

The feminine form is baʿalah (Hebrew: בַּעֲלָה‎;[15]Arabic: بَعْلَة‎), meaning "mistress" in the sense of a female owner or lady of the house[15] and still serving as a rare word for "wife".[16]

Suggestions in early modern scholarship also included comparison with the Celtic god Belenus.[17]

Semitic religion

See also: Religions of the ancient Near East, Ancient Semitic religion, Canaanite religion, and Carthaginian religion

Bronze figurine of a Baal, 14th x 12th century BCE, found at Ras Shamra (ancient Ugarit) near the Phoenician coast. Musée du Louvre.

Generic

See also: Bel, Zeus Belos, and other figures named Belus

Like EN in Sumerian, the Akkadian bēlu and Northwest Semitic baʿal (as well as its feminine form baʿalah) was used as a title of various deities in the Mesopotamian and Semitic pantheons. Only a definitive article, genitive or epithet, or context could establish which particular god was meant.[18]

Hadad

Main articles: Hadad and Adad

Baʿal was also used as a proper name by the third millennium BCE, when he appears in a list of deities at Abu Salabikh.[10] Most modern scholarship asserts that this Baʿal—usually distinguished as "The Lord" (הבעל, Ha Baʿal)—was identical with the storm and fertility god Hadad;[10][19][12] it also appears in the form Baʿal Haddu.[13][20] Scholars propose that, as the cult of Hadad increased in importance, his true name came to be seen as too holy for any but the high priest to speak aloud and the alias "Lord" ("Baʿal") was used instead, as "Bel" was used for Marduk among the Babylonians and "Adonai" for Yahweh among the Israelites. A minority propose that Baʿal was a native Canaanite deity whose cult was identified with or absorbed aspects of Adad's.[10] Regardless of their original relationship, by the 1st millennium BCE, the two were distinct: Hadad was worshipped by the Aramaeans and Baʿal by the Phoenicians and other Canaanites.[10]

El

Main: El

The Phoenician Baʿal is generally identified with either El or Dagan.[21]

Baʿal

Baʿal Hammon

Main article: Baʿal Hammon

Baʿal Hammon was worshipped in the Tyrian colony of Carthage as their supreme god. It is believed that this position developed in the 5th century BCE following the severing of its ties to Tyre following the 480 BCE Battle of Himera.[40] Like Hadad, Baʿal Hammon was a fertility god.[41] Inscriptions about Punic deities tend to be rather uninformative, though, and he has been variously identified as a moon god and as Dagan, the grain god.[42] Rather than the bull, Baʿal Hammon was associated with the ram and depicted with his horns. The archaeological record seems to bear out accusations in Roman sources that the Carthaginians burned their children as human sacrifices to him. He was worshipped as Baʿal Karnaim ("Lord of the Two Horns"), particularly at an open-air sanctuary at Jebel Bu Kornein ("Two-Horn Hill") across the bay from Carthage. His consort was the goddess Tanit.[43]

The epithet Hammon is obscure. Most often, it is connected with the NW Semitic ḥammān ("brazier") and associated with a role as a sun god.[44]Renan and Gibson linked it to Hammon (modern Umm el-‘Amed between Tyre in Lebanon and Acre in Israel)[45] and Cross and Lipiński to Haman or Khamōn, the classical Mount Amanus and modern Nur Mountains, which separate northern Syria from southeastern Cilicia.[46][47]

Judaism

Elijah slaying the prophets of Baal

Baʿal appears about 90 times in the Hebrew Scriptures in reference to various gods.[10] The priests of the Canaanite Baʿal are mentioned numerous times, most prominently in the First Book of Kings. Many scholars believe that this describes Jezebel's attempt to introduce the worship of the Baʿal of Tyre, Melqart,[48] to the Israelite capital Samaria in the 9th century BCE.[49] Against this, Day argues that Jezebel's Baʿal was more probably Baʿal Shamem, the Lord of the Heavens, a title most often applied to Hadad, who is also often titled just Ba‘al.[50]

1 Kings 18 records an account of a contest between the prophet Elijah and Jezebel's priests. Both sides offered a sacrifice to their respective gods: Ba'al failed to light his followers' sacrifice while Yahweh's heavenly fire burnt Elijah's altar to ashes, even after it had been soaked with water. The observers then followed Elijah's instructions to slay the priests of Baʿal,[51] after which it began to rain, showing Yahweh's mastery over the weather.

Other references to the priests of Baʿal describe their burning of incense in prayer[52] and their offering of sacrifice while adorned in special vestments.[53]

Yahweh

Main articles: Yahweh and Names of God in Judaism

The title baʿal was a synonym in some contexts of the Hebrew adon ("Lord") and adonai ("My Lord") still used as aliases of the Lord of Israel Yahweh. According to some scholars, the early Hebrews did use the names Baʿal ("Lord") and Baʿali ("My Lord") in reference to the Lord of Israel, just as Baʿal farther north designated the Lord of Ugarit or Lebanon.[49][7] This occurred both directly and as the divine element of some Hebrew theophoric names. However, according to others it is not certain that the name Baal was definitely applied to Yahweh in early Israelite history. The component Baal in proper names is mostly applied to worshippers of Baal, or descendants of the worshippers of Baal.[54] Names including the element Baʿal presumably in reference to Yahweh[55][7] include the judge Gideon (also known as Jerubaʿal, lit. "The Lord Strives"), Saul's son Eshbaʿal ("The Lord is Great"), and David's son Beeliada ("The Lord Knows"). The name Bealiah ("The Lord is Jah"; "Yahweh is Baʿal")[8] combined the two.[56][57] However John Day states that as far as the names Eshba’al, Meriba’al, and Beeliada (that is Baaliada), are concerned it is not certain whether they simply allude to the Cannanite god Ba’al, or are intended to equate Yahweh with Ba’al, or have no connection to Ba’al.[58]

It was the program of Jezebel, in the 9th century BCE, to introduce into Israel's capital city of Samaria her Phoenician worship of Baal as opposed to the worship of Yahweh that made the name anathema to the Israelites.[49]

At first the name Baal was used by the Jews for their God without discrimination, but as the struggle between the two religions developed, the name Baal was given up by the Israelites as a thing of shame, and even names like Jerubbaal were changed to Jerubbosheth: Hebrew bosheth means "shame".[59]

Eshbaʿal became Ish-bosheth and Meribaʿal became Mephibosheth,[60] but other possibilities also occurred. Beeliada is mentioned renamed as Eliada and Gideon's name Jerubaʿal was mentioned intact but glossed as a mockery of the Canaanite god, implying that he strove in vain.[61] Direct use of Baʿali continued at least as late as the time of the prophet Hosea, who reproached the Israelites for doing so.[62]

Brad E. Kelle has suggested that references to cultic ual practices in the worship of Baal, in Hosea 2, are evidence of an historical situation in which Israelites were either giving up Yahweh worship for Baal, or blending the two. Hosea's references to ual acts being metaphors for Israelite "apostasy".[63]

Baʿal Berith

Main article: Baʿal Berith

Baʿal Berith ("Lord of the Covenant") was a god worshipped by the Israelites when they "went astray" after the death of Gideon according to the Hebrew Scriptures.[64] The same source relates that Gideon's son Abimelech went to his mother's kin at Shechem and received 70 shekels of silver "from the House of Baʿal Berith" to assist in killing his 70 brothers from Gideon's other wives.[65] An earlier passage had made Shechem the scene of Joshua's covenant between all the tribes of Israel and "El Yahweh, our god of Israel"[66] and a later one describes it as the location of the "House of El Berith".[67] It is thus unclear whether the false worship of the "Baʿalim" being decried[64] is the worship of a new idol or the continued worship of Yahweh, but by means of rites and teachings taking him to be a mere local god within a larger pantheon. The Hebrew Scriptures record the worship of Baʿal threatening Israel from the time of the Judges until the monarchy.[68] The Deuteronomist[69] and the present form of Jeremiah[70] seem to phrase the struggle as monolatry or monotheism against polytheism. However, Yahweh is firmly identified in the Hebrew Scriptures with El Elyon, whose Canaanite figure appears hostile to the cult of Baʿal even in the polytheistic accounts of Ugarit and the Phoenician cities.[71]

"Beelzebub" in the 1863 edition of Jacques Collin de Plancy's Dictionnaire Infernal.

Beelzebub

Main article: Beelzebub

Baʿal Zebub (Hebrew: בעל זבוב‎, lit. "Fly Lord")[72][73][h] occurs in the first chapter of the Second Book of Kings as the name of the Philistine god of Ekron. In it, Ahaziah, king of Israel, is said to have consulted the priests of Baʿal Zebub as to whether he would survive the injuries from his recent fall. The prophet Elijah, incensed at this impiety, then foretold that he would die quickly, raining heavenly fire on the soldiers sent to punish him for doing so.[75]Jewish scholars have interpreted the title of "Lord of the Flies" as the Hebrew way of calling Baʿal a pile of dung and his followers vermin,[76][77][78] although others argue for a link to power over causing and curing pestilence and thus suitable for Ahaziah's question.[79] The Septuagint renders the name as Baälzeboúb (βααλζεβούβ) and as "Baʿal of Flies" (βααλ μυιαν, Baäl muian). Symmachus the Ebionite rendered it as Beëlzeboúl (Βεελζεβούλ), possibly reflecting its original sense.[80][i] This has been proposed to have been B‘l Zbl, Ugaritic for "Lord of the Home" or "Lord of the Heavens".[81][j][k][l]

Classical sources

Outside of Jewish and Christian contexts, the various forms of Baʿal were indifferently rendered in classical sources as Belus (Greek: Βῆλος, Bē̂los). An example is Josephus, who states that Jezebel "built a temple to the god of the Tyrians, which they call Belus";[48] this describes the Baʿal of Tyre, Melqart. In the interpretatio graeca, Baʿal was usually associated with Jupiter Belus but sometimes connected with Hercules.Herrmann identifies the Demarus or Demarous mentioned by Philo Byblius as Baʿal.[29]

Baʿal Hammon, however, was identified with the Greek Cronos and the Roman Saturn (as the "African Saturn"). He was probably never equated with Melqart, although this assertion appears in older scholarship.

Christianity

Beelzebub or Beelzebul was identified by the writers of the New Testament as Satan, "prince" (i.e., king) of the demons.[m][n]

John Milton's 1667 epic Paradise Lost describes the fallen angels collecting around Satan, stating that, though their heavenly names had been "blotted out and ras'd", they would acquire new ones "wandring ore the Earth" as false gods. The "Baalim" and "Ashtaroth" are given as the collective names of the male and female demons (respectively) who came from between the "bordring flood of old Euphrates" and "the Brook that parts Egypt from Syrian ground".[84] Similarly, "Baal" and derived epithets like "Baalist" were used as slurs during the English Reformation for the Catholic saints and their devotees.

Islam

The Quran mentions the contest between Jezebel's priests of Baʿal and the prophet Elijah[51] (renamed Elias):

And Elias was most surely of the messengers. He asked his people: 'Do you not fear [God]? Will ye call upon Baal and forsake the best of creators? God is your Lord and the Lord of your fathers, the ancients' But they rejected him, and they will certainly be called up [for punishment], except the sincere and devoted servants of God [among them], and we left [this blessing] for him among generations [to come] in later times, peace be upon Elias.[85]

Notes

^ The American pronunciation is usually the same[2][3] but some speakers prefer variants closer to the original sound, such as /bɑːˈɑːl/ or /bɑːl/.[3][4]

^ Ugaritic: 𐎁𐎓𐎍;[5]Phoenician: 𐤁𐤏𐤋; Biblical Hebrew: בעל‎, pronounced [baʕal]).[6]

^ This cuneiform is identical to the ⟨ 𒂗 ⟩ which is taken as EN in Sumerian texts. There, it has the meaning "high priest" or "lord" and appears in the names of the gods Enki and Enlil.

^ In surviving accounts, Baʿal's power over fertility extends only over vegetation. Older scholarship claimed Baʿal controlled human fertility as well, but did so on the basis of misinterpretation or of inscriptions now regarded as dubious.[24] Similarly, 19th-century scholarship treating Baal as a personification of the sun seems to have been badly taken. The astrotheology of Near Eastern deities was an Iron Age development long postdating the origin of religion and, following its development, Bel and Baʿal were associated with the planet Jupiter.[25] The sun was worshipped in Canaan as either the goddess Shapash or the god Shamash.

^ Herrmann argues against seeing these separate lineages literally, instead proposing that they describe Baʿal's roles. As a god, he is understood as a child of El, "father of gods", while his fertility aspects connect him to the grain god Dagan.[22]

^ The account is patchy and obscure here. Some scholars take some or all of the terms to refer to Litan and in other passages ʿAnat takes credit for destroying the monsters on Baʿal's behalf. Herrmann takes "Šalyaṭu" as a proper name[29] rather than translating it as the "powerful one" or "tyrant".[31]

^ This name appears twice in the Legend of Keret discovered at Ugarit. Before this discovery, Nyberg had restored it to the Hebrew texts of Deuteronomy,[33]1 & 2 Samuel,[34][35]Isaiah,[36] and Hosea.[37] Following its verification, additional instances have been claimed in the Psalms and in Job.[12]

^ "The etymology of Beelzebul has proceeded in several directions. The variant reading Beelzebub (Syriac translators and Jerome) reflects a long-standing tradition of equating Beelzebul with the Philistine deity of the city of Ekron mentioned in 2 Kgs 1:2, 3, 6, 16. Baalzebub (Heb ba˓al zĕbûb) seems to mean “lord of flies” (HALAT, 250, but cf. LXXB baal muian theon akkarōn, “Baal-Fly, god of Akkaron”; Ant 9:2, 1 theon muian)."[74]

^ Arndt & al. reverse this, saying Symmachus transcribed Baälzeboúb for a more common Beëlzeboúl.[72]

^ "It is more probable that b‘l zbl, which can mean “lord of the (heavenly) dwelling” in Ugaritic, was changed to b‘l zbb to make the divine name an opprobrius epithet. The reading Beelzebul in Mt. 10:25 would then reflect the right form of the name, a wordplay on “master of the house” (Gk oikodespótēs)."[82]

^ "An alternative suggested by many is to connect zĕbûl with a noun meaning '(exalted) abode.'"[74]

^ "In contemporary Semitic speech it may have been understood as ‘the master of the house’; if so, this phrase could be used in a double sense in Mt. 10:25b."[83]

^ "In NT Gk. beelzeboul, beezeboul (Beelzebub in TR and AV) is the prince of the demons (Mt. 12:24, 27; Mk. 3:22; Lk. 11:15, 18f.), identified with Satan (Mt. 12:26; Mk. 3:23, 26; Lk. 11:18)."[83]

^ "Besides, Matt 12:24; Mark 3:22; Luke 11:15 use the apposition ἄρχων τῶν δαιμονίων ‘head of the →Demons’."[79]

References

^ a b Oxford English Dictionary (1885), "Baal, n."

^ Oxford Dictionaries (2015), "Baal"

^ a b Merriam-Webster Online (2015), "baal".

^ Webb's Easy Bible Names Pronunciation Guide (2012), "Baal".

^ De Moor & al. (1987), p. 1.

^ Strong (1890), H1166.

^ a b c Smith (1878), pp. 175–176.

^ a b AYBD (1992), "Baal (Deity)".

^ Strong (1890), G896.

^ a b c d e f g h i Herrmann (1999a), p. 132.

^ Oxford English Dictionary (1885), "Baalist, n."

^ a b c d Pope (2006).

^ a b c d e f DULAT (2015), "bʕl (II)".

^ Kane (1990), p. 861.

^ a b Strong (1890), H1172.

^ Wehr & al. (1976), p. 67.

^ Belin, in Gilles Ménage, Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue françoise, 1750. Ménage constructs a derivation of both the "Chaldean" Bel and the Celtic Belin from a supposed word for "ball, sphere", whence "head", and "chief, lord".

^ Halpern (2009), p. 64.

^ a b Day (2000), p. 68.

^ Ayali-Darshan (2013), p. 652.

^ Decker, Roy (2001), "Carthaginian Religion", Ancient/Classical History, New York: About.com, p. 2

^ a b c d e Herrmann (1999a), p. 133.

^ a b c d Herrmann (1999a), p. 134.

^ Herrmann (1999a), pp. 134–135.

^ Smith & al. (1899).

^ Batuman, Elif (18 December 2014), "The Myth of the Megalith", The New Yorker

^ Allen, Spencer L (2015). The Splintered Divine: A Study of Istar, Baal, and Yahweh Divine Names and Divine Multiplicity in the Ancient Near East. p. 216. ISBN 9781614512363.

^ Miller (2000), p. 32.

^ a b c d e f Herrmann (1999a), p. 135.

^ Uehlinger (1999), p. 512.

^ DULAT (2015), "šlyṭ".

^ Collins (1984), p. 77.

^ Deut. 33:12.

^ 1 Sam. 2:10.

^ 2 Sam. 23:1.

^ Isa. 59:18 & 63:7.

^ Hos. 7:16.

^ a b Herrmann (1999a), pp. 132–133.

^ "Baal | ancient deity". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2017-08-04.

^ Moscati (2001), p. 132.

^ Lancel (1995), p. 197.

^ Lipiński (1992).

^ Lancel (1995), p. 195.

^ Walbank (1979), p. 47.

^ Gibson (1982), p. 39 & 118.

^ Cross (1973), p. 26–28.

^ Lipiński (1994), p. 207.

^ a b Josephus, Antiquities, 8.13.1.

^ a b c BEWR (2006), "Baal".

^ Day (2000), p. 75.

^ a b 1 Kings 18

^ 2 Kings 23:5.

^ 2 Kings 10:22

^ Herrmann (1999a), p. 136.

^ Ayles (1904), p. 103.

^ 1 Chron. 12:5.

^ Easton (1893), "Beali′ah".

^ Day (2000), p. 72.

^ ZPBD (1963).

^ 1 Chron. 9:40.

^ Judges 6:32.

^ Hosea 2:16

^ Kelle (2005), p. 137.

^ a b Jgs. 8:33–34.

^ Jgs. 9:1–5.

^ Josh. 24:1–25.

^ Jgs. 9:46.

^ Smith (2002), Ch. 2.

^ Deut. 4:1–40.

^ Jer. 11:12–13.

^ Sanchuniathon.

^ a b Arndt & al. (2000), p. 173.

^ Balz & al. (2004), p. 211.

^ a b AYBD (1992), "Beelzebul".

^ 2 Kings 1:1–18.

^ Easton (1893), "Beel′zebub".

^ Kohler (1902).

^ Lurker (1987), p. 31.

^ a b Herrmann (1999b).

^ Souvay (1907).

^ Wex (2005).

^ McIntosh (1989).

^ a b Bruce (1996).

^ Milton, Paradise Lost, Bk. 1, ll. 419–423.

^ Quran 37:123-130.

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Souvay, Charles (1907), "Baal, Baalim", Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. II, New York: Robert Appleton Co.
Strong, James (1890), The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible, Cincinnati: Jennings & Graham
Uehlinger, C. (1999), "Leviathan", in Toorn, Karel van der; Becking, Bob; Horst, Pieter Willem van der, Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, 2nd ed., Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, pp. 511–515
Walbank, Frank William (1979), A Historical Commentary on Polybius, Vol. 2, Oxford: Clarendon Press
Wehr, Hans; Cowan, J. Milton (1976), A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, Ithaca: Spoken Language Services, ISBN 0879500018
Wex, Michael (2005), Born to Kvetch, New York: St Martin's Press, ISBN 0-312-30741-1

External links

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Baal.

"Baal". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
Jewish Encyclopedia (1901–1906) "Ba'al", "Ba'al and Ba'al Worship", "Baal-Berith", "Baal-Peor", "Baalim", "Astarte Worship among the Hebrews", &c., Jewish Encyclopedia, New York: Funk & Wagnalls

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The Secret (The Secret, #1) by Rhonda Byrne

In hindsight, I feel I was too kind with this book, it makes far more sense simply to describe it as evil.

It encourages victim blaming - since they only have themselves to blame for bringing their fates upon themselves for a lack of positiver thinking, and ultimately encourages the reader to blame themselves since when their wishes fail to become fishes there can only be one reason - the positive thinking wasn't quite positive enough, or didn't have quite the perfect tone of positivity to it. معني flood control An

"Everything that surrounds you right now in your life, including the things you're complaining about, you've attracted"...

Often when people first hear this part of the Secret they recall events in history where masses of lives were lost, and they find it incomprehensible that so many people could have attracted themselves to the event

(view spoiler)[ if there is a Hebrew edition published in Israel is this sentence removed? The idea doesn't strike me as incomprehensible so much as repulsive (view spoiler)[but I do appreciate that she wasn't coy about her opinion and just came straight out with it (hide spoiler)]. معني flood control (hide spoiler)]. By the law of attraction, they had to be on the same frequency as the event. It doesn't necessarily mean they thought of that exact event, but the frequency of their thoughts matched the frequency of the event. If people believe they can be in the wrong place at the wrong time, and they have no control over outside circumstances, those thoughts of fear, separation, and powerlessness, if persistent, can attract them to being in the wrong place at the wrong time

...You have a choice, and whatever you choose to think will become your life experience.

Nothing can come into your experience unless you summon it though persistent thoughts.

pp27-28

If you are complaining, the law of attraction will powerfully bring into your life more situations for you to complain about. If you are listening to some one else complain and focusing on that, sympathizing with them, agreeing with them, in that moment, you are attracting more situations to yourself to complain about p17

I find the mention of events in history where masses of lives were lost a fascinating example of victim blaming - particularly in the context of Australian and American history. In the nineteenth century commentators took the view that aboriginal peoples would die out because of their inherent inferiority and ability to cope with the modern world (view spoiler)[ as opposed to the violence, warfare, and ecological disruption going on at the time (hide spoiler)]. Now when their populations have been much reduced we can blame that on their inability to think happy positive thoughts. This is a book that works to re-enforce the existing status quo. Those who are successful can only be so for their ability to think positive thought and attract good things to themselves, while those who are not successful are the victims of their own inability to properly visualise what they want as opposed to having face some structural disadvantage in the way that society is ordered.

One can see here how this approach makes life easy in a way. One doesn't have to understand or appreciate the world and the circumstances of other's lives. One can straight away be judgemental: معني flood control they brought it on themselves, whether it is cancer, war, contagious disease, or bad architecture. (view spoiler)[ But of course the something like the boom in London property prices or the Wall street crash and subsequent Great Depression do indeed demonstrate the power of positive thinking. The first could be nothing other than millions of people thinking positive thoughts in concentric rings and the other was the result of millions of people thinking negative thoughts - and what a hero Herbert Hoover was in his one man attempt to try and turn round the thought patterns of a nation by telling everybody that the economy was on the turn. (hide spoiler)]

Victim blaming fits well with The Secret's role as a cultural document. Although it does seem to refine the concept. The good news is that if I punch you it is your fault. I am innocent, you attracted that punch to yourself through your lack of positive thoughts. Indeed it I seize you, carry you off to a offshore enclave, hold you in captivity for over ten years, torture you from time to time, without any legal process this is also something you attracted to yourself through negative thoughts and quite rightly I will be well paid for doing so because I think only positive, nice, thoughts and therefore attract as a modern Midas glittering palaces, big cars and multiple soul mates to myself (view spoiler)[ I find the business of soul mates interesting, does the soul mate you draw to yourself have no agency or independent will? In the world of the secret a soul mate is the equivalent of a big house or a pile of banknotes. Its simply another acquisition rather as one might buy a Ken doll to sit alongside Barbie in her dream car (hide spoiler)].

It strikes me that The Secret will appeal to people who are intimidated by evidence of the world's complexity and feel out of control. The Secret says very firmly that you can, indeed should be, in control. However since sickness, old age and death exist wouldn't belief in this book give rise to anxiety (view spoiler)[ reading this book sparked off memories of those Calvinists anxious over whether they were part of the elect or not - are you wishing correctly or are you allowing negative thoughts to leak into your consciousness causing disaster throughout your life! (hide spoiler)]? Every time you have a cold or find a grey hair you are confronted with evidence of your own inability to think insufficiently positively!

You don't have to mad to live this life, but if you are...
In a newspaper article I read a journalist interviewed the psychologist who wrote the second report on Anders Brevik - the one which found him sane. In response to the journalist's question about how appropriate his finding was the psychologist responded that hundreds of people have written to Brevik in prison all praising him for his actions - are they all insane too, he asked rhetorically.

My response would be yes. But then perhaps to be sane in the world would be the most insane reaction one could have (view spoiler)[there was a nice short story I once read about a psychiatrist returning to his home town after a distinguished career in Europe to open an insane asylum. As the story progresses he finds grounds to incarcerate more and more of the town's population in his asylum until everybody has been finally committed. Then he realises that what he has done is also completely insane so he has himself locked up to. And then everybody lives happily ever after (view spoiler)[ the story is O Alienista by Machado de Assis (hide spoiler)] (hide spoiler)]. We don't for the most part notice the amount of insanity around us because on the whole it doesn't cause that much friction. It's only in books like The Secret that the inner craziness of people's private lives gets laid out in public:

The law of attraction states that what you focus on you will get, so I got a bank statement, I whited out the total, and I put a new total in there. I put exactly how much I wanted to see in the bank (p104)

A game I created that help shift my feelings about my pile of bills was to pretend that the bills were actually checks. I would jump for joy as I opened them and say, "more money for me! Thank you. Thank you." I took each bill, imagined it was a check, and then I added a zero to it in my mind to make it even more. I got a notepad and wrote at the top of each page "I have received," and then I would list all the amounts of the bills with an added zero. Next to each amount I would write "Thank you," and feel the feelings of gratitude for receiving it - to the point where I had tears in my eyes. Then I would take each bill, which looked very small compared to what I had received, and I would pay it with gratitude! (p105)

Still my favourite part of this book is a fine example of how irrational the rational world of business can be.

The true story of a Belize oil team is an inspiring example of the power of the human mind to bring forth resources

(view spoiler)[What quantum physicists and Einstein tell us is that everything is happening simultaneously...whatever you want in the future already exists (p62) it seems that Byrne believes this applies to the past too - that through positive thinking the team altered the geological processes that occurred in the region. This probably also explains why Howard Carter discovered Tutankhamun's burial to be so rich (hide spoiler)] The directors of Belize Natural Energy Limited were trained by the eminent Dr. Tony Quinn, who specialises in Humanistic Physiology training. With Dr. Quinn's mind power training, the directors were confident that their mental picture of Belize being a successful oil producing country would be achieved...and in one short year their dream and vision became a reality. Belize Natural Energy Limited discovered oil of the highest quality, in abundant flows...Belize has become an oil-producing country because an extraordinary team of people believed in the unlimited power of their mind.

Nothing is unlimited-not resources or anything else. It is only limited in the human mind...

(pp148-9)

Oil production in Belize took off in late 2006, peaked in 2010 and remains in steady decline.

Probably not my final thoughts
If the idea of the universe as a complex place that requires understanding makes you uncomfortable, if the idea of bad things happening to good people is a problem for you, then books like The Secret hold the solution. It's offer is that life is simple. Everybody gets exactly what they are due to get, everything works fine just as it is, and you can be in control.

This could be a reassuring message for some, particularly since it relives you of the exhausting work of having to appreciate the world, all its interactions and how we are all implicated and bound up with one another - allowing you to get on with the business of being judgemental instead.

It doesn't work for me because it requires a pretty contorted view on existence as far as I can tell and its focus on material goods leaves me cold. It also doesn't just recommend ignoring a good chunk of the normal experience of human life but recommends vigorous self censorship to achieve a kind of cargo cult effect - only through the thorough imitation of the assumed thought habits of the rich and famous can one achieve the unlimited power to alter the geology of Belize.

I'm left with the odd feeling that the author read Foucault's Pendulum and thought that those guys were really on to something with "The Plan".

Is it is surprise that our society throws up a book like The Secret from time to time, and it is apt that it appeared on the eve of a financial crash, a clear and vigorous trumpet blast at odds with complex and shifting reality. ...more

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نویسنده و منبع | تاریخ انتشار: Tue, 17 Jul 2007 23:55:00 +0000

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Damascus - Wikipedia

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For other uses, see Damascus (disambiguation).

Damascus
دمشق
ܕܪܡܣܘܩ City

Umayyad Mosque
General view of Damascus • Mount Qasioun
Maktab Anbar • Azm Palace
Tekkiye Mosque

Flag
Seal Nickname(s): معني flood control City of Jasmine (مدينة الياسمين)
Al-Fayhaa (الفيحاء)[note 1]

Damascus

Location of Damascus within Syria

Damascus

Damascus (Asia)

Coordinates: 33°30′47″N 36°17′31″E / 33.51306°N 36.29194°ECoordinates: 33°30′47″N 36°17′31″E / 33.51306°N 36.29194°ECountry SyriaGovernorates Damascus Governorate, Capital CityArea[2] • City 105 km2 (41 sq mi) • Urban 77 km2 (29.73 sq mi)Elevation 680 m (2,230 ft)Population (2009 est.)[3] • City 1,711,000 • Density 22,220.8/km2 (57,551.3/sq mi)Demonym(s) English: Damascene
Arabic: دمشقي‎ DimashqiTime zone UTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST) UTC+3 (EEST)Area code(s) Country code: 963, City code: 11Geocode C1001Climate BWkWebsite www.damascus.gov.sy

UNESCO World Heritage Site

Official name Ancient City of DamascusType CulturalCriteria i, ii, iii, iv, viDesignated 1979 (3rd session)Reference no. 20State Party SyriaRegion Arab States

Damascus (/dəˈmæskəs/; Arabic: دمشق‎ Dimashq Arabic pronunciation: [diˈmaʃq], Syrian: Arabic pronunciation: [dɪˈmɪʃeʔ]) is the capital of the Syrian Arab Republic; it is also the country's largest city, following the decline in population of Aleppo due to the battle for the city. معني flood control It is colloquially known in Syria as ash-Sham (Arabic: الشام‎ ash-Shām) and titled the City of Jasmine (Arabic: مدينة الياسمين‎ Madīnat al-Yāsmīn). معني flood control In addition to being one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world,[4] Damascus is a major cultural centre of the Levant and the Arab world. The city has an estimated population of 1,711,000 as of 2009.[3]

Located in south-western Syria, Damascus is the centre of a large metropolitan area of 2.7 million people (2004).[5] Geographically embedded on the eastern foothills of the Anti-Lebanon mountain range 80 kilometres (50 mi) inland from the eastern shore of the Mediterranean on a plateau 680 metres (2,230 ft) above sea level, Damascus experiences a semi-arid climate because of the rain shadow effect. The Barada River flows through Damascus.

First settled in the second millennium BC, it was chosen as the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate from 661 to 750. After the victory of the Abbasid dynasty, the seat of Islamic power was moved to Baghdad. Damascus saw a political decline throughout the Abbasid era, only to regain significant importance in the Ayyubid and Mamluk periods. Today, it is the seat of the central government and all of the government ministries.

Names and etymology

See also: Names of Damascus in different languages

The name of Damascus first appeared in the geographical list of Thutmose III as 𓍘𓄟𓊃𓈎𓅱/𓍘𓄟𓈎𓅱𓈉 T-m-ś-q in the 15th century BC.[6] The etymology of the ancient name "T-m-ś-q" is uncertain. It is attested as 𒀲𒋙 Imerišú in Akkadian, 𓍘𓄠𓈎𓅱 T-m-ś-q in Egyptian, Dammaśq (דמשק) in Old Aramaic and Dammeśeq (דמשק) in Biblical Hebrew. A number of Akkadian spellings are found in the Amarna letters, from the 14th century BC: 𒁲𒈦𒋡 Dimasqa, 𒁲𒈦𒀸𒄀 Dimàsqì, and 𒁲𒈦𒀸𒋡 Dimàsqa. Later Aramaic spellings of the name often include an intrusive resh (letter r), perhaps influenced by the root dr, meaning "dwelling". Thus, the English and Latin name of the city is "Damascus" which was imported from (Greek: Δαμασκός) originated from "the Qumranic Darmeśeq (דרמשק), and Darmsûq (ܕܪܡܣܘܩ) in Syriac[7][8]", meaning "a well-watered land".[9] In Arabic, the city is called Dimašqu š-Šāmi (دمشق الشام), although this is often shortened to either Dimašq or aš-Šām by the citizens of Damascus, of Syria and other Arab neighbours and Turkey (as Şam). Aš-Šām is an Arabic term for "Levant" and for "Syria"; the latter, and particularly the historical region of Syria, is called Bilādu š-Šāmi (بلاد الشام / "land of the Levant"). Historically, Baalshamin or Ba'al Šamem (Aramaic: ܒܥܠ ܫܡܝܢ‎, translit. Lord of Heaven(s)),[10][11] was a Semitic sky-god in Canaan/Phoenicia and ancient Palmyra.[12][13] Hence, Sham refers to (heaven or sky).

Geography

Damascus in spring seen from Spot satellite

Mount Qasioun overlooking the city

Damascus was built in a strategic site on a plateau 680 m (2,230 ft) above sea level and about 80 km (50 mi) inland from the Mediterranean, sheltered by the Anti-Lebanon mountains, supplied with water by the Barada River, and at a crossroads between trade routes: the north-south route connecting Egypt with Asia Minor, and the east-west cross-desert route connecting Lebanon with the Euphrates river valley. The Anti-Lebanon mountains mark the border between Syria and Lebanon. The range has peaks of over 10,000 ft. and blocks precipitation from the Mediterranean sea, so that the region of Damascus is sometimes subject to droughts. However, in ancient times this was mitigated by the Barada River, which originates from mountain streams fed by melting snow. Damascus is surrounded by the Ghouta, irrigated farmland where many vegetables, cereals and fruits have been farmed since ancient times. Maps of Roman Syria indicate that the Barada river emptied into a lake of some size east of Damascus. Today it is called Bahira Atayba, the hesitant lake, because in years of severe drought it does not even exist.[14]

The modern city has an area of 105 km2 (41 sq mi), out of which 77 km2 (30 sq mi) is urban, while Jabal Qasioun occupies the rest.[15]

One of the rare periods the Barada river is high, seen here next to the Four Seasons hotel in downtown Damascus

The old city of Damascus, enclosed by the city walls, lies on the south bank of the river Barada which is almost dry (3 cm (1 in) left). To the south-east, north and north-east it is surrounded by suburban areas whose history stretches back to the Middle Ages: Midan in the south-west, Sarouja and Imara in the north and north-west. These neighbourhoods originally arose on roads leading out of the city, near the tombs of religious figures. In the 19th century outlying villages developed on the slopes of Jabal Qasioun, overlooking the city, already the site of the al-Salihiyah neighbourhood centred on the important shrine of medieval Andalusian Sheikh and philosopher Ibn Arabi. These new neighbourhoods were initially settled by Kurdish soldiery and Muslim refugees from the European regions of the Ottoman Empire which had fallen under Christian rule. Thus they were known as al-Akrad (the Kurds) and al-Muhajirin (the migrants). They lay 2–3 km (1–2 mi) north of the old city.

From the late 19th century on, a modern administrative and commercial centre began to spring up to the west of the old city, around the Barada, centred on the area known as al-Marjeh or the meadow. Al-Marjeh soon became the name of what was initially the central square of modern Damascus, with the city hall on it. The courts of justice, post office and railway station stood on higher ground slightly to the south. A Europeanised residential quarter soon began to be built on the road leading between al-Marjeh and al-Salihiyah. The commercial and administrative centre of the new city gradually shifted northwards slightly towards this area.

Municipalities of Damascus

In the 20th century, newer suburbs developed north of the Barada, and to some extent to the south, invading the Ghouta oasis. In 1956–1957 the new neighbourhood of Yarmouk became a second home to thousands of Palestinian refugees.[16] City planners preferred to preserve the Ghouta as far as possible, and in the later 20th century some of the main areas of development were to the north, in the western Mezzeh neighbourhood and most recently along the Barada valley in Dummar in the north west and on the slopes of the mountains at Berze in the north-east. Poorer areas, often built without official approval, have mostly developed south of the main city.

Damascus used to be surrounded by an oasis, the Ghouta region (الغوطة al-ġūṭä), watered by the Barada river. The Fijeh spring, west along the Barada valley, used to provide the city with drinking water and various sources to the west are tapped by water contractors. The flow of the Barada has reduced with the rapid expansion of housing and industry in the city and it is almost dry. The lower aquifers are polluted by city's runoff from heavily used roads, industry and sewage.

Climate

Damascus has a cold desert climate (BWk) in Köppen-Geiger system,[17] due to the rain shadow effect of the Anti-Lebanon mountains[18] and the prevailing ocean currents. Summers are dry and hot with less humidity. Winters are cool and somewhat rainy; snowfall is infrequent. Annual rainfall is around 130 mm (5 in), occurring from October to May.

Climate data for Damascus (Damascus International Airport) 1981–2010 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 24.0
(75.2) 29.0
(84.2) 34.4
(93.9) 38.4
(101.1) 41.0
(105.8) 44.8
(112.6) 46.0
(114.8) 44.6
(112.3) 42.0
(107.6) 37.8
(100) 31.0
(87.8) 25.1
(77.2) 46.0
(114.8) Average high °C (°F) 12.6
(54.7) 14.5
(58.1) 19.0
(66.2) 24.7
(76.5) 30.1
(86.2) 34.6
(94.3) 37.0
(98.6) 36.8
(98.2) 33.9
(93) 28.1
(82.6) 20.1
(68.2) 14.3
(57.7) 25.5
(77.9) Daily mean °C (°F) 6.1
(43) 7.7
(45.9) 11.4
(52.5) 16.2
(61.2) 20.8
(69.4) 25.0
(77) 27.3
(81.1) 27.0
(80.6) 24.0
(75.2) 19.0
(66.2) 12.1
(53.8) 7.5
(45.5) 17.0
(62.6) Average low °C (°F) 0.7
(33.3) 1.9
(35.4) 4.3
(39.7) 7.9
(46.2) 11.4
(52.5) 15.0
(59) 17.9
(64.2) 17.7
(63.9) 14.4
(57.9) 10.3
(50.5) 4.8
(40.6) 1.7
(35.1) 9.0
(48.2) Record low °C (°F) −12.2
(10) −12
(10) −8
(18) −7.5
(18.5) 0.6
(33.1) 4.5
(40.1) 9.0
(48.2) 8.6
(47.5) 2.1
(35.8) −3.0
(26.6) −8
(18) −10.2
(13.6) −12.2
(10) Average precipitation mm (inches) 25
(0.98) 26
(1.02) 20
(0.79) 7
(0.28) 4
(0.16) 1
(0.04) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 6
(0.24) 21
(0.83) 21
(0.83) 131
(5.17) Average precipitation days 8 8 6 3 2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 3 5 7 42.5 Average snowy days 1 1 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 2.3 Average relative humidity (%) 76 69 59 50 43 41 44 48 47 52 63 75 56 Mean monthly sunshine hours 164.3 182.0 226.3 249.0 322.4 357.0 365.8 353.4 306.0 266.6 207.0 164.3 3,164.1 Mean daily sunshine hours 5.3 6.5 7.3 8.3 10.4 11.9 11.8 11.4 10.2 8.6 6.9 5.3 8.5 Source #1: Pogoda.ru.net[19]Source #2: NOAA (sunshine hours, 1961–1990)[20]

History

Early settlement

Carbon-14 dating at Tell Ramad, on the outsts of Damascus, suggests that the site may have been occupied since the second half of the seventh millennium BC, possibly around 6300 BC.[21] However, evidence of settlement in the wider Barada basin dating back to 9000 BC exists, although no large-scale settlement was present within Damascus walls until the second millennium BC.[22]

Some of the earliest Egyptian records are from the 1350 BC Amarna letters, when Damascus (called Dimasqu) was ruled by king Biryawaza. The Damascus region, as well as the rest of Syria, became a battleground circa 1260 BC, between the Hittites from the north and the Egyptians from the south,[23] ending with a signed treaty between Hattusili and Ramesses II where the former handed over control of the Damascus area to Ramesses II in 1259 BC.[23] The arrival of the Sea Peoples, around 1200 BC, marked the end of the Bronze Age in the region and brought about new development of warfare.[24] Damascus was only a peripheral part of this picture, which mostly affected the larger population centres of ancient Syria. However, these events contributed to the development of Damascus as a new influential center that emerged with the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age.[24]

Damascus is mentioned in Genesis 14:15 as existing at the time of the War of the Kings.[25] According to the 1st-century Jewish historian Flavius Josephus in his twenty-one volume Antiquities of the Jews, Damascus (along with Trachonitis), was founded by Uz, the son of Aram.[26] In Antiquities i. 7,[27] Josephus reports:

Nicolaus of Damascus, in the fourth book of his History, says thus: "Abraham reigned at Damascus, being a foreigner, who came with an army out of the land above Babylon, called the land of the Chaldeans: but, after a long time, he got him up, and removed from that country also, with his people, and went into the land then called the land of Canaan, but now the land of Judea, and this when his posterity were become a multitude; as to which posterity of his, we relate their history in another work. Now the name of Abraham is even still famous in the country of Damascus; and there is shown a village named from him, The Habitation of Abraham.

Aram-Damascus

Main article: Aram-Damascus

Annotated view of Damascus and surroundings from space.[28]

Damascus is not documented as an important city until the arrival of the Aramaeans, a Semitic people from Mesopotamia, in the 11th century BC. By the start of the first millennium BC, several Aramaic kingdoms were formed, as Aramaeans abandoned their nomadic lifestyle and formed federated tribal states. One of these kingdoms was Aram-Damascus, centered on its capital Damascus.[29] The Aramaeans who entered the city without battle, adopted the name "Dimashqu" for their new home. Noticing the agricultural potential of the still-undeveloped and sparsely populated area,[30] they established the water distribution system of Damascus by constructing canals and tunnels which maximized the efficiency of the river Barada. The same network was later improved by the Romans and the Umayyads, and still forms the basis of the water system of the old part of the city today.[31] The Aramaeans initially turned Damascus into an outpost of a loose federation of Aramaean tribes, known as Aram-Zobah, based in the Beqaa Valley.[30]

The city would gain pre-eminence in southern Syria when Ezron, the claimant to Aram-Zobah's throne who was denied kingship of the federation, fled Beqaa and captured Damascus by force in 965 BC. Ezron overthrew the city's tribal governor and founded the independent entity of Aram-Damascus. As this new state expanded south, it prevented the Kingdom of Israel from spreading north and the two kingdoms soon clashed as they both sought to dominate trading hegemony in the east.[30] Under Ezron's grandson, Ben-Hadad I (880–841 BC), and his successor Hazael, Damascus annexed Bashan (modern-day Hauran region), and went on the offensive with Israel. This conflict continued until the early 8th century BC when Ben-Hadad II was captured by Israel after unsuccessfully besieging Samaria. As a result, he granted Israel trading rights in Damascus.[32]

Another possible reason for the treaty between Aram-Damascus and Israel was the common threat of the Neo-Assyrian Empire which was attempting to expand into the Mediterranean coast. In 853 BC, King Hadadezer of Damascus led a Levantine coalition, that included forces from the northern Aram-Hamath kingdom and troops supplied by King Ahab of Israel, in the Battle of Qarqar against the Neo-Assyrian army. Aram-Damascus came out victorious, temporarily preventing the Assyrians from encroaching into Syria. However, after Hadadzezer was killed by his successor, Hazael, the Levantine alliance collapsed. Aram-Damascus attempted to invade Israel, but was interrupted by the renewed Assyrian invasion. Hazael ordered a retreat to the walled part of Damascus while the Assyrians plundered the remainder of the kingdom. Unable to enter the city, they declared their supremacy in the Hauran and Beqa'a valleys.[32]

By the 8th century BC, Damascus was practically engulfed by the Assyrians and entered a dark age. Nonetheless, it remained the economic and cultural centre of the Near East as well as the Arameaen resistance. In 727, a revolt took place in the city, but was put down by Assyrian forces. After Assyria led by Tiglath-Pileser III went on a wide-scale campaign of quelling revolts throughout Syria, Damascus became totally subjugated by their rule. A positive effect of this was stability for the city and benefits from the spice and incense trade with Arabia. However, Assyrian authority was dwindling by 609–605 BC, and Syria-Palestine was falling into the orbit of Pharaoh Necho II's Egypt. In 572 BC, all of Syria had been conquered by the Neo-Babylonians, but the status of Damascus under Babylon is relatively unknown.[33]

Greco-Roman period

Ruins of the Jupiter Temple at the entrance of Al-Hamidiyah Souq

Damascus was conquered by Alexander the Great. After the death of Alexander in 323 BC, Damascus became the site of a struggle between the Seleucid and Ptolemaic empires. The control of the city passed frequently from one empire to the other. Seleucus I Nicator, one of Alexander's generals, made Antioch the capital of his vast empire, which led to the decline of Damascus' importance compared with new Seleucid cities such as Latakia in the north. Later, Demetrius III Philopator rebuilt the city according to the Greek hippodamian system and renamed it "Demetrias".[34]

The Biblical Street called Straight of Damascus

In 64 BC, the Roman general Pompey annexed the western part of Syria. The Romans occupied Damascus and subsequently incorporated it into the league of ten cities known as the Decapolis[35] which themselves were incorporated into the province of Syria and granted autonomy.[36]

The city of Damascus was entirely redesigned by the Romans after Pompey conquered the region. Still today the Old Town of Damascus retains the rectangular shape of the Roman city, with its two main axes: the Decumanus Maximus (east-west; known today as the Via Recta) and the Cardo (north-south), the Decumanus being about twice as long. The Romans built a monumental gate which still survives at the eastern end of Decumanus Maximus. The gate originally had three arches: the central arch was for chariots while the side arches were for pedestrians.[14]

Remnants of ancient Damascus

In 23 BC Herod the Great was gifted lands controlled by Zenodorus by Caesar Augustus[37] and some scholars believe that Herod was also granted control of Damascus as well.[38] The control of Damascus reverted to Syria either upon the death of Herod the Great or was part of the lands given to Herod Philip which were given to Syria with his death in 33/34 AD.

It is speculated that control of Damascus was gained by Aretas IV Philopatris of Nabatea between the death of Herod Philip in 33/34 AD and the death of Aretas in 40 AD but there is substantial evidence against Aretas controlling the city before 37 AD and many reasons why it could not have been a gift from Caligula between 37 and 40 AD.[39][40] In fact, all these theories stem not from any actual evidence outside the New Testament but rather "a certain understanding of 2 Cor. 11:32" and in reality "neither from archaeological evidence, secular-historical sources, nor New Testament texts can Nabatean sovereignty over Damascus in the first century AD be proven."[41]

Damascus became a metropolis by the beginning of the 2nd century and in 222 it was upgraded to a colonia by the Emperor Septimius Severus. During the Pax Romana, Damascus and the Roman province of Syria in general began to prosper. Damascus's importance as a caravan city was evident with the trade routes from southern Arabia, Palmyra, Petra, and the silk routes from China all converging on it. The city satisfied the Roman demands for eastern luxuries. Circa 125 CE the Roman emperor Hadrian promoted the city of Damascus to "Metropolis of Coele-Syria".[42][43]

Little remains of the architecture of the Romans, but the town planning of the old city did have a lasting effect. The Roman architects brought together the Greek and Aramaean foundations of the city and fused them into a new layout measuring approximately 1,500 by 750 m (4,920 by 2,460 ft), surrounded by a city wall. The city wall contained seven gates, but only the eastern gate (Bab Sharqi) remains from the Roman period. Roman Damascus lies mostly at depths of up to five meters (16.4 ft) below the modern city.

The old borough of Bab Tuma was developed at the end of the Roman/Byzantine era by the local Eastern Orthodox community. According to the Acts of the Apostles, Saint Paul and Saint Thomas both lived in that neighbourhood. Roman Catholic historians also consider Bab Tuma to be the birthplace of several Popes such as John V and Gregory III.

Early Islamic Arab period

Muhammad's first indirect interaction with the people of Damascus was when he sent Shiya bin Wahab to Haris bin Ghasanni, the king of Damascus. In his letter, Muhammad stated: "Peace be upon him who follows true guidance. Be informed that my religion shall prevail everywhere. You should accept Islam, and whatever under your command shall remain yours."[44][45]

Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque

After most of the Syrian countryside was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate during the reign of Caliph Umar, Damascus itself was conquered by the Muslim-Arab general Khalid ibn al-Walid in August - September 634 AD. His army had previously attempted to capture the city in April 634, but without success.[46] With Damascus now in Muslim-Arab hands, the Byzantines, alarmed at the loss of their most prestigious city in the Near East, had decided to wrest back control of it. Under Emperor Heraclius, the Byzantines fielded an army superior to that of the Rashidun in manpower. They advanced into southern Syria during the spring of 636 and consequently Khalid ibn al-Walid's forces withdrew from Damascus to prepare for renewed confrontation.[47] In August, the two sides met along the Yarmouk River where they a fought a major battle which ended in a decisive Muslim victory, solidifying Muslim rule in Syria and Palestine.[48]

View of Damascus with the Umayyad Mosque in center

While the Muslims administered the city, the population of Damascus remained mostly Christian—Eastern Orthodox and Monophysite—with a growing community of Muslims from Mecca, Medina, and the Syrian Desert.[49] The governor assigned to the city which had been chosen as the capital of Islamic Syria was Mu'awiya I. After the death of Caliph Ali in 661, Mu'awiya was chosen as the caliph of the expanding Islamic empire. Because of the vast amounts of assets his clan, the Umayyads, owned in the city and because of its traditional economic and social links with the Hijaz as well as the Christian Arab tribes of the region, Mu'awiya established Damascus as the capital of the entire Caliphate.[50] With the ascension of Caliph Abd al-Malik in 685, an Islamic coinage system was introduced and all of the surplus revenue of the Caliphate's provinces were forwarded to the treasury of Damascus. Arabic was also established as the official language, giving the Muslim minority of the city an advantage over the Aramaic-speaking Christians in administrative affairs.[51] It is critical to note that, at the time Damascus was conquered by the Muslims, the majority of Arabs were either pagans or Christians. Damascus itself was predominantly Aramaic with Arab speaking people.

Abd al-Malik's successor, al-Walid initiated construction of the Grand Mosque of Damascus (known as the Umayyad Mosque) in 706. The site originally had been the Christian Cathedral of St. John and the Muslims maintained the building's dedication to John the Baptist.[52] By 715, the mosque was complete. Al-Walid died that same year and he was succeeded at first by Suleiman ibn Abd al-Malik and then by Umar II, who each ruled for brief periods before the reign of Hisham in 724. With these successions, the status of Damascus was gradually weakening as Suleiman had chosen Ramla as his residence and later Hisham chose Resafa. Following the murder of the latter in 743, the Caliphate of the Umayyads—which by then stretched from Spain to India— was crumbling as a result of widespread revolts. During the reign of Marwan II in 744, the capital of the empire was relocated to Harran in the northern Jazira region.[53]

The dome of Damascus' treasury in the Umayyad Mosque

On 25 August 750, the Abbasids, having already beaten the Umayyads in the Battle of the Zab in Iraq, conquered Damascus after facing little resistance. With the heralding of the Abbasid Caliphate, Damascus became eclipsed and subordinated by Baghdad, the new Islamic capital. Within the first six months of Abbasid rule, revolts began erupting in the city, albeit too isolated and unfocused to present a viable threat. Nonetheless, the last of the prominent Umayyads were executed, the traditional officials of Damascus ostracised, and army generals from the city were dismissed. Afterwards, the Umayyad family cemetery was desecrated and the city walls were torn down, reducing Damascus into a provincial town of little importance. It roughly disappeared from written records for the next century and the only significant improvement of the city was the Abbasid-built treasury dome in the Umayyad Mosque in 789. In 811, distant remnants of the Umayyad dynasty staged a strong uprising in Damascus that was eventually put down.[54]

Ahmad ibn Tulun, a dissenting Turkish governor appointed by the Abbasids, conquered Syria, including Damascus, from his overlords in 878-79. In an act of respect for the previous Umayyad rulers, he erected a shrine on the site of Mu'awiya's grave in the city. Tulunid rule of Damascus was brief, lasting only until 906 before being replaced by the Qarmatians who were adherents of Shia Islam. Due to their inability to control the vast amount of land they occupied, the Qarmatians withdrew from Damascus and a new dynasty, the Ikhshidids, took control of the city. They maintained the independence of Damascus from the Arab Hamdanid dynasty of Aleppo and the Baghdad-based Abbasids until 967. A period of instability in the city followed, with a Qarmatian raid in 968, a Byzantine raid in 970, and increasing pressures from the Fatimids in the south and the Hamdanids in the north.[55]

Damascus the capital of the Umayyad caliphate, which extended from Portugal to India

The Shia Fatimids gained control in 970, inflaming hostilities between them and the Sunni Arabs of the city who frequently revolted. A Turk, Alptakin drove out the Fatimids five years later, and through diplomacy, prevented the Byzantines from attempting to annex the city. However, by 977, the Fatimids under Caliph al-Aziz, wrested back control of the city and tamed Sunni dissidents. The Arab geographer, al-Muqaddasi, visited Damascus in 985, remarking that the architecture and infrastructure of the city was "magnificent", but living conditions were awful. Under al-Aziz, the city saw a brief period of stability that ended with the reign of al-Hakim (996–1021). In 998, hundreds of Damascus' citizens were rounded up and executed by him for incitement. Three years after al-Hakim's mysterious disappearance, the Arab tribes of southern Syria formed an alliance to stage a massive rebellion against the Fatimids, but they were crushed by the Fatimid Turkish governor of Syria and Palestine, Anushtakin al-Duzbari, in 1029. This victory gave the latter mastery over Syria, displeasing his Fatimid overlords, but gaining the admiration of Damascus' citizens. He was exiled by Fatimid authorities to Aleppo where he died in 1041.[56] From that date to 1063, there are no known records of the city's history. By then, Damascus lacked a city administration, had an enfeebled economy, and a greatly reduced population.[57]

Seljuq and Ayyubid periods

The dome of the mausoleum of Nur ad-Din

With the arrival of the Seljuq Turks in the late 11th century, Damascus again became the capital of independent states. It was ruled by Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I starting in 1079 and he was succeeded by his son Abu Nasr Duqaq in 1095. The Seljuqs established a court in Damascus and a systematic reversal of Shia inroads in the city. The city also saw an expansion of religious life through private endowments financing religious institutions (madrasas) and hospitals (maristans). Damascus soon became one of the most important centres of propagating Islamic thought in the Muslim world. After Duqaq's death in 1104, his mentor (atabeg), Toghtekin, took control of Damascus and the Burid line of the Seljuq dynasty. Under Duqaq and Toghtekin, Damascus experienced stability, elevated status and a revived role in commerce. In addition, the city's Sunni majority enjoyed being a part of the larger Sunni framework effectively governed by various Turkic dynasties who in turn were under the moral authority of the Baghdad-based Abbasids.[58]

While the rulers of Damascus were preoccupied in conflict with their fellow Seljuqs in Aleppo and Diyarba, the Crusaders, who arrived in the Levant in 1097, conquered Jerusalem, Mount Lebanon and Palestine. Duqaq seemed to have been content with Crusader rule as a buffer between his dominion and the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt. Toghtekin, however, saw the Western invaders as a viable threat to Damascus which, at the time, nominally included Homs, the Beqaa Valley, Hauran, and the Golan Heights a part of its territories. With military support from Sharaf al-Din Mawdud of Mosul, Toghtekin managed to halt Crusader raids in the Golan and Hauran. Mawdud was assassinated in the Umayyad Mosque in 1109, depriving Damascus of northern Muslim backing and forcing Toghtekin to agree to a truce with the Crusaders in 1110.[59]

Following Tughtakin's death in 1128, his son, Taj al-Din Buri, became the nominal ruler of Damascus. Coincidentally, the Seljuq prince of Mosul, Imad al-Din Zengi, took power in Aleppo and gained a mandate from the Abbasids to extend his authority to Damascus. In 1129, around 6,000 Isma'ili Muslims were killed in the city along with their leaders. The Sunnis were provoked by rumors alleging there was a plot by the Isma'ilis, who controlled the strategic fort at Banias, to aid the Crusaders in capturing Damascus in return for control of Tyre. Soon after the massacre, the Crusaders aimed to take advantage of the unstable situation and launch an assault against Damascus with nearly 60,000 troops. However, Buri allied with Zengi and managed to prevent their army from reaching the city.[60] Buri was assassinated by Isma'ili agents in 1132; he was succeeded by his son, Shams al-Mulk Isma'il who ruled tyrannically until he himself was murdered in 1135 on secret orders from his mother, Safwat al-Mulk Zumurrud; Isma'il's brother, Shihab al-Din Mahmud, replaced him. Meanwhile, Zengi, intent on putting Damascus under his control, married Safwat al-Mulk in 1138. Mahmud's reign then ended in 1139 after he was killed for relatively unknown reasons by members of his family. Mu'in al-Din Unur, his mamluk ("slave soldier") took effective power of the city, prompting Zengi—with Safwat al-Mulk's backing—to lay siege against Damascus the same year. In response, Damascus allied with the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem to resist Zengi's forces. Consequently, Zengi withdrew his army and focused on campaigns against northern Syria.[61]

In 1144 Zengi conquered Edessa, a crusader stronghold, which led to a new crusade from Europe in 1148. In the meantime Zengi was assassinated and his territory was divided among his sons, one of whom, Nur ad-Din, emir of Aleppo, made an alliance with Damascus. When the European crusaders arrived, they and the nobles of Jerusalem agreed to attack Damascus. Their siege, however, was a complete failure. When the city seemed to be on the verge of collapse, the crusader army suddenly moved against another section of the walls, and were driven back. By 1154, Damascus was firmly under Nur ad-Din's control.[62]

In 1164, King Amalric of Jerusalem invaded Fatimid Egypt, which requested help from Nur ad-Din. The Nur ad-Din sent his general Shirkuh, and in 1166 Amalric was defeated at the Battle of al-Babein. When Shirkuh died in 1169, he was succeeded by his nephew Yusuf, better known as Saladin, who defeated a joint crusader-Byzantine siege of Damietta.[63] Saladin eventually overthrew the Fatimid caliphs and established himself as Sultan of Egypt. He also began to assert his independence from Nur ad-Din, and with the death of both Amalric and Nur ad-Din in 1174, he was well-placed to begin exerting control over Damascus and Nur ad-Din's other Syrian possessions.[64] In 1177 Saladin was defeated by the crusaders at the Battle of Montgisard, despite his numerical superiority.[65] Saladin also besieged Kerak in 1183, but was forced to withdraw. He finally launched a full invasion of Jerusalem in 1187, and annihilated the crusader army at the Battle of Hattin in July. Acre fell to Saladin soon after, and Jerusalem itself was captured in October. These events shocked Europe, resulting in the Third Crusade in 1189, led by Richard I of England, Philip II of France and Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, though the last drowned en route.[66]

The surviving crusaders, joined by new arrivals from Europe, put Acre to a lengthy siege which lasted until 1191. After re-capturing Acre, Richard defeated Saladin at the Battle of Arsuf in 1191 and the Battle of Jaffa in 1192, recovering most of the coast for the Christians, but could not recover Jerusalem or any of the inland territory of the kingdom. The crusade came to an end peacefully, with the Treaty of Jaffa in 1192. Saladin allowed pilgrimages to be made to Jerusalem, allowing the crusaders to fulfil their vows, after which they all returned home. The native crusader barons set about rebuilding their kingdom from Acre and the other coastal cities.[67]

Saladin died in 1193, and there were frequent conflicts between different Ayyubid sultans ruling in Damascus and Cairo. Damascus was the capital of independent Ayyubid rulers between 1193 and 1201, from 1218 to 1238, from 1239 to 1245, and from 1250 to 1260. At other times it was ruled by the Ayyubid rulers of Egypt. During the internecine wars fought by the Ayyubid rulers, Damascus was besieged repeatedly.[68]

The patterned Byzantine and Chinese silks available through Damascus, one of the Western termini of the Silk Road, gave the English language "damask".

Mamluk period

Ayyubid rule (and independence) came to an end with the Mongol invasion of Syria in 1260, and following the Mongol defeat at Ain Jalut in the same year, Damascus became a provincial capital of the Mamluk Empire, ruled from Egypt, following the Mongol withdrawal. The Black Death of 1348–1349 killed as much as half of the city's population.[69]

In 1400 Timur, the Turco-Mongol conqueror, besieged Damascus. The Mamluk sultan dispatched a deputation from Cairo, including Ibn Khaldun, who negotiated with him, but after their withdrawal he put the city to sack. The Umayyad Mosque was burnt and men and women taken into slavery. A huge number of the city's artisans were taken to Timur's capital at Samarkand. These were the luckier citizens: many were slaughtered and their heads piled up in a field outside the north-east corner of the walls, where a city square still bears the name burj al-ru'us, originally "the tower of heads".

Rebuilt, Damascus continued to serve as a Mamluk provincial capital until 1516.

Ottoman period

See also: Damascus Eyalet and Syria Vilayet

Tekkiye Mosque

In early 1516, the Ottoman Turks, wary of the danger of an alliance between the Mamluks and the Persian Safavids, started a campaign of conquest against the Mamluk sultanate. On 21 September, the Mamluk governor of Damascus fled the city, and on 2 October the khutba in the Umayyad mosque was pronounced in the name of Selim I. The day after, the victorious sultan entered the city, staying for three months. On 15 December, he left Damascus by Bab al-Jabiya, intent on the conquest of Egypt. Little appeared to have changed in the city: one army had simply replaced another. However, on his return in October 1517, the sultan ordered the construction of a mosque, tekkiye and mausoleum at the shrine of Shaikh Muhi al-Din ibn Arabi in al-Salihiyah. This was to be the first of Damascus' great Ottoman monuments. During this time, according to an Ottoman census, Damascus had 10,423 households.[70]

The Ottomans remained for the next 400 years, except for a brief occupation by Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt from 1832 to 1840. Because of its importance as the point of departure for one of the two great Hajj caravans to Mecca, Damascus was treated with more attention by the Porte than its size might have warranted—for most of this period, Aleppo was more populous and commercially more important. In 1560 the Tekkiye al-Sulaimaniyah, a mosque and khan for pilgrims on the road to Mecca, was completed to a design by the famous Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan, and soon afterwards a madrasa was built adjoining it.

Under Ottoman rule, Christians and Jews were considered dhimmis and were allowed to practice their religious precepts. During the Damascus affair of 1840 the false accusation of ritual murder was brought against members of the Jewish community of Damascus. In addition the massacre of Christians in 1860 was also one of the most notorious incidents of these centuries, when fighting between Druze and Maronites in Mount Lebanon spilled over into the city. Several thousand Christians were killed, with many more being saved through the intervention of the Algerian exile Abd al-Qadir and his soldiers (three days after the massacre started), who brought them to safety in Abd al-Qadir's residence and the citadel. The Christian quarter of the old city (mostly inhabited by Catholics), including a number of churches, was burnt down. The Christian inhabitants of the notoriously poor and refractory Midan district outside the walls (mostly Orthodox) were, however, protected by their Muslim neighbours.

American Missionary E.C. Miller records that in 1867 the population of the city was 'about' 140,000, of whom 30,000 were Christians, 10,000 Jews and 100,000 'Mohammedans' with fewer than 100 Protestant Christians.[71]

Modern period

See also: French Mandate of Syria and the Lebanon

The Turkish Hospital in Damascus on 1 October 1918, shortly after the entry of the Australian 4th Light Horse Regiment

In the early years of the 20th century, nationalist sentiment in Damascus, initially cultural in its interest, began to take a political colouring, largely in reaction to the turkicisation programme of the Committee of Union and Progress government established in Istanbul in 1908. The hanging of a number of patriotic intellectuals by Jamal Pasha, governor of Damascus, in Beirut and Damascus in 1915 and 1916 further stoked nationalist feeling, and in 1918, as the forces of the Arab Revolt and the British Imperial forces approached, residents fired on the retreating Turkish troops.

King Faisal of Syria and T.E. Lawrence in Damascus during World War I, 1918.

On 1 October 1918, T. E. Lawrence entered Damascus, the third arrival of the day, the first being the Australian 3rd Light Horse Brigade, led by Major A.C.N. 'Harry' Olden.[72] Two days later, 3 October 1918, the forces of the Arab revolt led by Prince Faysal also entered Damascus.[73] A military government under Shukri Pasha was named and Faisal ibn Hussein was proclaimed king of Syria. Political tension rose in November 1917, when the new Bolshevik government in Russia revealed the Sykes-Picot Agreement whereby Britain and France had arranged to partition the Arab east between them. A new Franco-British proclamation on 17 November promised the "complete and definitive freeing of the peoples so long oppressed by the Turks." The Syrian National Congress in March adopted a democratic constitution. However, the Versailles Conference had granted France a mandate over Syria, and in 1920 a French army commanded by the General Mariano Goybet crossed the Anti-Lebanon Mountains, defeated a small Syrian defensive expedition at the Battle of Maysalun and entered Damascus. The French made Damascus capital of their League of Nations Mandate for Syria.

The Damascus Opera House, opened in 2004

When in 1925 the Great Syrian Revolt in the Hauran spread to Damascus, the French suppressed with heavy weaponry, bombing and shelling the city on 9 May 1926. As a result, the area of the old city between Al-Hamidiyah Souq and Medhat Pasha Souq was burned to the ground, with many deaths, and has since then been known as al-Hariqa ("the fire"). The old city was surrounded with barbed wire to prevent rebels infiltrating from the Ghouta, and a new road was built outside the northern ramparts to facilitate the movement of armored cars.

On 21 June 1941, 3 weeks into the Allied Syria-Lebanon campaign, Damascus was captured from the Vichy French forces by a mixed British Indian and Free French force. The French agreed to withdraw in 1946, thus leading to the full independence of Syria. Damascus remained the capital.

By January 2012, clashes between the regular army and rebels reached the outsts of Damascus, reportedly preventing people from leaving or reaching their houses, especially when security operations there intensified from the end of January into February.[74]

By June 2012, bullets and shrapnel shells smashed into homes in Damascus overnight as troops battled the Free Syrian Army in the streets. At least three tank shells slammed into residential areas in the central Damascus neighborhood of Qaboun, according to activists. Intense exchanges of assault-rifle fire marked the clash, according to residents and amateur video posted online.[75]

The Damascus suburb of Ghouta suffered heavy bombing in December 2017 and a further wave of bombing started in February 2018, also known as Rif Dimashq Offensive.

On 20 May 2018, Damascus and the entire Rif Dimashq Governorate became fully under Government control for the first time in 7 years after the evacuation of IS from Yarmouk Camp.[76]

Economy

The Four Seasons Hotel

The historical role that Damascus played as an important trade center has changed in recent years due to political development in the region as well as the development of modern trade.[77] Most goods produced in Damascus, as well as in Syria, are distributed to countries of the Arabian peninsula.[77] Damascus has also held an annual international trade exposition every fall, since 1954.[78]

The tourism industry in Damascus has a lot of potential, however the current civil war has hampered these prospects. The abundance of cultural wealth in Damascus has been modestly employed since the late 1980s with the development of many accommodation and transportation establishments and other related investments.[77] Since the early 2000s, numerous boutique hotels and bustling cafes opened in the old city which attract plenty of European tourists and Damascenes alike.[79]
In 2009 new office space was built and became available on the real estate market.[80] The real-estate sector is stopped due to the terrorism and exodus of the population.

Damascus is home to a wide range of industrial activity, such as textile, food processing, cement and various chemical industries.[77] The majority of factories are run by the state, however limited privatization in addition to economic activities led by the private sector, were permitted starting in the early 2000s with the liberalization of trade that took place.[77] Traditional handcrafts and artisan copper engravings are still produced in the old city.[77]

The Damascus stock exchange formally opened for trade in March 2009, and the exchange is the only stock exchange in Syria.[81] It is currently located in the Barzeh district, within Syria's financial markets and securities commission. Its final home is to be the upmarket business district of Yaafur.[82]

Demographics

Three Damascene women, 1873: peasant (left), Druze in tantour heardress, and urban lady wearing qabqab shoes

The estimated population of Damascus in 2011 was 1,711,000. Damascus is the centre of an over-crowded metropolitan area with an estimated population of 5 million. The metropolitan area of Damascus includes the cities of Douma, Harasta, Darayya, Al-Tall and Jaramana.

The city's growth rate is higher than Syria as a whole, primarily due to rural-urban migration and the influx of young Syrian migrants drawn by employment and educational opportunities.[83] The migration of Syrian youths to Damascus has resulted in an average age within the city that is below the national average.[83] Nonetheless, the population of Damascus is thought to have decreased in recent years as a result of the ongoing Syrian Civil War.

Ethnicity

The vast majority of Damascenes are Syrian Arabs. The Kurds are the largest ethnic minority, with a population of approximately 300,000.[84] They reside primarily in the neighborhoods of Wadi al-Mashari ("Zorava" or "Zore Afa" in Kurdish) and Rukn al-Din.[85][86] Other minorities include Syrian Turkmen, Armenians, Arameans, Circassians and a small Greek community.

Among the city's minorities is a small Palestinian community.[83]

Religion

Patriarch John the Tenth leading mass at the Mariamite Cathedral of Damascus

Islam is the dominant religion. The majority of Muslims are Sunni while Alawites and Twelver Shi'a comprise sizeable minorities. Alawites live primarily in the Mezzeh districts of Mezzeh 86 and Sumariyah. Twelvers primarily live near the Shia holy sites of Sayyidah Ruqayya and Sayyidah Zaynab. It is believed that there are more than 200 mosques in Damascus, the most well-known being the Umayyad Mosque.[87] Christians represent about 15%–20% of the population. Several Eastern Christian rites have their headquarters in Damascus, including the Syriac Orthodox Church, the Syriac Catholic Church, and the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch. The Christian districts in the city are Bab Tuma, Qassaa and Ghassani. Each have many churches, most notably the ancient Chapel of Saint Paul and St Georges Church in Bab Tuma. At the suburb of Soufanieh a series of apparitions of the Virgin Mary have reportedly been observed between 1982 and 2004.[88] A smaller Druze minority inhabits the city, notably in the mixed Christian-Druze suburbs of Tadamon,[89]Jaramana,[90] and Sahnaya. The Patriarchal See of the Syriac Orthodox is based in Damascus, Bab Toma. This church is independent of the Middle Eastern-based Syriac Orthodox Church in Damascus and has its own leadership and structure in India, although both practice the same or similar denomination of Christianity. There are 700,000 members of the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch in Syria, who are the bulk of the Christian Population alongside 400,000 Assyrians/Syriacs and 30-100,000 Armenians.

There was a small Jewish community namely in what is called Haret al-Yahud the Jewish quarter. They are the remnants of an ancient and much larger Jewish presence in Syria, dating back at least to Roman times, if not before to the time of King David.[91]

The Greek-Melkite Patriarchal Cathedral of the Dormition of Our Lady
The Syriac Catholic cathedral
The Chapel of Saint Paul
The Tekkiye Mosque
The Umayyad Mosque
The Sayyidah Ruqayya Mosque

Sufism

Sufism throughout the second half of the 20th century has been an influential current in the Sunni religious practises, particularly in Damascus. The largest women-only and girls-only Muslim movement in the world happens to be Sufi-oriented and is based in Damascus, led by Munira al-Qubaysi. Syrian Sufism has its stronghold in urban regions such as Damascus, where it also established political movements such as Zayd, with the help of a series of mosques, and clergy such as Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi, Sa'id Hawwa, Abd al-Rahman al-Shaghouri and Muhammad al-Yaqoubi.[92]

Historical sites

Main article: Ancient City of Damascus

Typical historic Damascene street

Al-Hamidiyah Souq, dating back to the Ottoman era

Damascus has a wealth of historical sites dating back to many different periods of the city's history. Since the city has been built up with every passing occupation, it has become almost impossible to excavate all the ruins of Damascus that lie up to 2.4 m (8 ft) below the modern level. The Citadel of Damascus is located in the northwest corner of the Old City. The Damascus Straight Street (referred to in the account of the conversion of St. Paul in Acts 9:11), also known as the Via Recta, was the decumanus (East-West main street) of Roman Damascus, and extended for over 1,500 m (4,900 ft). Today, it consists of the street of Bab Sharqi and the Souk Medhat Pasha, a covered market. The Bab Sharqi street is filled with small shops and leads to the old Christian quarter of Bab Tuma (St. Thomas's Gate). Medhat Pasha Souq is also a main market in Damascus and was named after Midhat Pasha, the Ottoman governor of Syria who renovated the Souk. At the end of the Bab Sharqi street, one reaches the House of Ananias, an underground chapel that was the cellar of Ananias's house. The Umayyad Mosque, also known as the Grand Mosque of Damascus, is one of the largest mosques in the world and also one of the oldest sites of continuous prayer since the rise of Islam. A shrine in the mosque is said to contain the body of St. John the Baptist. The mausoleum where Saladin was buried is located in the gardens just outside the mosque. Sayyidah Ruqayya Mosque, the shrine of the youngest daughter of Husayn ibn Ali, can also be found near the Umayyad Mosque. The ancient district of Amara is also within a walking distance from these sites. Another heavily visited site is Sayyidah Zaynab Mosque, where the tomb of Zaynab bint Ali is located.

Shias, Fatemids and Dawoodi Bohras believe that after the battle of Karbala (680 AD), in Iraq, the Umayyad Caliph Yezid brought Imam Husain's head to Damascus, where it was first kept in the courtyard of Yezid Mahal, now part of Umayyad Mosque complex. All other remaining members of Imam Husain's family (left alive after Karbala) along with heads of all other companions, who were killed at Karbala, were also brought to Damascus. These members were kept as prisoners on the outsts of the city (near Bab al-Saghir), where the other heads were kept at the same location, now called "Raous-us-sohda-e-karbala", visited by all Shias. There is a qibla (place of worship) marked at the place, where Imam Ali-Zain-ul-Abedin used to pray while in captivity.

The Harat Al Yehud[93] or Jewish Quarter is a recently restored historical tourist destination popular among Europeans before the outbreak of civil war. Vacationers can enjoy the neighborhood and scenic ancient homes abandoned by the completely departed Syrian Jewish community.[94]

Walls and gates of Damascus

Bab Tuma gate

The Old City of Damascus with an approximate area of 86.12 hectares[95] is surrounded by ramparts on the northern and eastern sides and part of the southern side. There are seven extant city gates, the oldest of which dates back to the Roman period. These are, clockwise from the north of the citadel:

Bab al-Faradis ("the gate of the orchards", or "of the paradise")
Bab al-Salam ("the gate of peace"), all on the north boundary of the Old City
Bab Tuma ("Touma" or "Thomas's Gate") in the north-east corner, leading into the Christian quarter of the same name,
Bab Sharqi ("eastern gate") in the east wall, the only one to retain its Roman plan
Bab Kisan in the south-east, from which tradition holds that Saint Paul made his escape from Damascus, lowered from the ramparts in a basket; this gate has been closed and turned into Chapel of Saint Paul marking this event,
Bab al-Saghir (The Small Gate)
Bab al-Jabiya at the entrance to Souk Midhat Pasha, in the south-west.

Other areas outside the walled city also bear the name "gate": Bab al-Faraj, Bab Mousalla and Bab Sreija, both to the south-west of the walled city.

Churches in the old city

Chapel of Saint Paul

Chapel of Saint Paul
House of Saint Ananias
Mariamite Cathedral of Damascus
Cathedral of the Dormition of Our Lady
Saint John the Damascene Church
Saint Paul's Laura
Saint George's Syriac Orthodox Cathedral

Islamic sites in the old city

Saladin mausoleum

Umayyad Mosque, also known as the Great Mosque of Damascus
Sayyidah Ruqayya Mosque
Bab Saghir Cemetery
Mausoleum of Saladin
Nabi Habeel Mosque

Madrasas

Al-Adiliyah Madrasa
Az-Zahiriyah Library
Nur al-Din Madrasa

Khans

Khan Jaqmaq
Khan As'ad Pasha
Khan Sulayman Pasha

Old Damascene houses

Narrow alley in old Damascus

Azm Palace, originally built in 1750 as the residence for the Ottoman governor of Damascus As'ad Pasha al-Azm, currently housing the Museum of Arts and Popular Traditions.
Bayt al-Aqqad.
Maktab Anbar, a mid-19th-century Jewish private mansion, restored by the Ministry of Culture in 1976 to serve as a library, exhibition centre, museum and craft workshops.[96]
Beit al-Mamlouka, a 17th-century Damascene house, serving as a luxury boutique hotel within the old city since 2005.

Threats to the future of the old City

Due to the rapid decline of the population of Old Damascus (between 1995 and 2009 about 30,000 people moved out of the old city for more modern accommodation),[97] a growing number of buildings are being abandoned or are falling into disrepair. In March 2007, the local government announced that it would be demolishing Old City buildings along a 1,400 m (4,600 ft) stretch of rampart walls as part of a redevelopment scheme. These factors resulted in the Old City being placed by the World Monuments Fund on its 2008 Watch List of the 100 Most Endangered Sites in the world.[98][99] It is hoped that its inclusion on the list will draw more public awareness to these significant threats to the future of the historic Old City of Damascus.

Current state of old Damascus

In spite of the recommendations of the UNESCO World Heritage Center:[100]

Souq al-Atiq, a protected buffer zone, was destroyed in three days in November 2006;
King Faysal Street, a traditional hand-craft region in a protected buffer zone near the walls of Old Damascus between the Citadel and Bab Touma, is threatened by a proposed motorway.
In 2007, the Old City of Damascus and notably the district of Bab Tuma have been recognized by The World Monument Fund as one of the most endangered sites in the world.[101]

In October 2010, Global Heritage Fund named Damascus one of 12 cultural heritage sites most "on the verge" of irreparable loss and destruction.[102]

Education

Damascus University

Damascus is the main center of education in Syria. It is home to Damascus University, which is the oldest and largest university in Syria. After the enactment of legislation allowing private higher institutions, several new universities were established in the city and in the surrounding area, including:

Syrian Virtual University
International University for Science and Technology
Syrian Private University
Arab International University
University of Kalamoon
Yarmouk Private University
Wadi International University

The institutes play an important rule in the education, including:

Higher Institute of Business Administration
Higher Institute for Applied Science and Technology
Higher Institute for Dramatic Arts
National Institute of Administration

Transportation

Al-Hejaz Station

The main airport is Damascus International Airport, approximately 20 km (12 mi) away from the city, with connections to a few Middle Eastern cities. Before the beginning of the Syrian civil war, the Airport had connectivity to many Asian, European, African, and, South American cities. Streets in Damascus are often narrow, especially in the older parts of the city, and speed bumps are widely used to limit the speed of vehicles.

Public transport in Damascus depends extensively on minibuses. There are about one hundred lines that operate inside the city and some of them extend from the city center to nearby suburbs. There is no schedule for the lines, and due to the limited number of official bus stops, buses will usually stop wherever a passenger needs to get on or off. The number of buses serving the same line is relatively high, which minimizes the waiting time. Lines are not numbered, rather they are given captions mostly indicating the two end points and possibly an important station along the line and Taxicab.

Served by Chemins de Fer Syriens, the former main railway station of Damascus was al-Hejaz railway station, about 1 km (5⁄8 mi) west of the old city. The station is now defunct and the tracks have been removed, but there still is a ticket counter and a shuttle to Damacus Kadam station in the south of the city, which now functions as the main railway station.

In 2008, the government announced a plan to construct a Damascus Metro with opening time for the green line scheduled for 2015.[103] The green line will be an essential West-East axis for the future public transportation network, serving Moadamiyeh, Sumariyeh, Mezzeh, Damascus University, Hijaz, the Old City, Abbassiyeen and Qaboun Pullman bus station. A four-line metro network is expected be in operation by 2050.

Culture

National Museum of Damascus

Damascus was chosen as the 2008 Arab Capital of Culture.[104] The preparation for the festivity began in February 2007 with the establishing of the Administrative Committee for "Damascus Arab Capital of Culture" by a presidential decree.[105]

Museums

National Museum of Damascus
Azem Palace
Military Museum
October War Panorama Museum
Museum of Arabic Calligraphy
Nur al-Din Bimaristan

Citations

Damascus appears in the videogame Assassin's Creed

Sports and leisure

Al-Fayhaa Sports Complex

Popular sports include football, basketball, swimming, tennis, table tennis, equestrian and chess. Damascus is home to many football clubs that participate in the Syrian Premier League including al-Jaish, al-Shorta, Al-Wahda and Al-Majd. Many Other sport clubs are located in several districts of the city: Barada SC, Nidal SC, Al-Muhafaza, Qasioun SC, al-Thawra SC, Maysalun SC, al-Fayhaa SC, Dummar SC and al-Arin SC.

The fifth and the seventh Pan Arab Games were held in Damascus in 1976 and 1992 respectively.

The city also has a modern golf course located near the Ebla Cham Palace Hotel at the southeastern outsts of Damascus.

Damascus has quite busy midnights. Coffeehouses, where —in addition to Arabic coffee and tea— nargileh (water pipes) are served, proliferate Damascus. Card games, tables (backgammon variants), and chess are activities frequented in cafés.[106] Current movies can be seen at Cinema City which was previously known as Cinema Dimashq.

Tishreen Park is one of the largest parks in Damascus. It is home to the annual Damascus Flower Show. Other parks include: al-Jahiz, al-Sibbki, al-Tijara, al-Wahda, etc.. The city's famous Ghouta oasis is also a weekend-destination for recreation. Many recreation centres operate in the city including sport clubs, swimming pools and golf courses. The Syrian Arab Horse Association in Damascus offers a wide range of activities and services for horse breeders and riders.[107]

Nearby attractions

Zabadani resort near Damascus

Booza being sold in the Bakdash ice cream shop in the Damascus market

Madaya: a small mountainous town well known holiday resort.
Bloudan: a town located 51 km (32 mi) north-west of the Damascus, its moderate temperature and low humidity in summer attracts many visitors from Damascus and throughout Syria, Lebanon and the Persian Gulf.
Zabadani: a city in close to the border with Lebanon. Its mild weather along with the scenic views, made the town a popular resort both for tourists and for visitors from other Syrian cities.
Maaloula: a town dominated by speakers of Western Neo-Aramaic.
Saidnaya: a city located in the mountains, 1,500 metres (4,921 ft) above sea level, it was one of the episcopal cities of the ancient Patriarchate of Antioch.

Notable people from Damascus

Ibn 'Abd as-Salam medieval expert in Islamic jurisprudence

Notes

^ Al-Fayhaa (Arabic: الفيحاء‎), is an adjective which means "spacious".[1]

References

^ Almaany Team. "معنى كلمة الفَيْحَاءُ في معجم المعاني الجامع والمعجم الوسيط – معجم عربي عربي – صفحة 1". almaany.com.

^ Albaath.news statement by the governor of Damascus, Syria Archived 16 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine. (in Arabic), April 2010

^ a b Central Bureau of Statistics in Syria: Chapter 2: Population & Demographic Indicators Archived 13 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Table 3: Estimates of Population actually living in Syria on 31 December 2011 by Mohafazat and six (in thousands)

^ Eldredge, Niles & Horenstein, Sidney (2014). Concrete Jungle: New York City and Our Last Best Hope for a Sustainable Future. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-520-27015-2.

^ Central Bureau of Statistics Syria Syria census 2004 Archived 10 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine.

^ List I, 13 in J. Simons, Handbook for the Study of Egyptian Topographical Lists relating to Western Asia, Leiden 1937. See also Y. AHARONI, The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography, London 1967, p147, No. 13.

^ Paul E. Dion (May 1988). "Ancient Damascus: A Historical Study of the Syrian City-State from Earliest Times Until Its Fall to the Assyrians in 732 BC., Wayne T. Pitard". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (270): 98. JSTOR 1357008.

^ Frank Moore Cross (Feb 1972). "The Stele Dedicated to Melcarth by Ben-Hadad of Damascus". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (205): 40. JSTOR 1356214.

^ Miller, Catherine; Al-Wer, Enam; Caubet, Dominique; Watson, Janet C.E. (2007). Arabic in the City: Issues in Dialect Contact and Language Variation. Routledge. p. 189. ISBN 978-1135978761.

^ Teixidor, Javier (2015). The Pagan God: Popular Religion in the Greco-Roman Near East. Princeton University Press. p. 27. ISBN 9781400871391. Retrieved 14 August 2017.

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^ J.F. Healey (2001). The Religion of the Nabataeans: A Conspectus. BRILL. p. 126. ISBN 9789004301481. Retrieved 14 August 2017.

^ a b romeartlover, "Damascus: the ancient town"

^ "DMA-UPD Discussion Paper Series No.2" (PDF). Damascus Metropolitan Area Urban Planning and Development. October 2009. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-28.

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^ M. Kottek; J. Grieser; C. Beck; B. Rudolf; F. Rubel (2006). "World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated". Meteorol. Z. 15 (3): 259–263. doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130. Retrieved 1 August 2013.

^ Tyson, Patrick J. (2010). "SUNSHINE GUIDE TO THE DAMASCUS AREA, SYRIA" (PDF). www.climates.com. Retrieved 26 November 2010.

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^ a b Burns 2005, pp. 5–6

^ a b Burns 2005, p. 7

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^ Burns 2005, p. 9

^ a b c Burns 2005, p. 10

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^ a b Burns 2005, p. 11

^ Burns 2005, pp. 21–23

^ Cohen raises doubts about this claim in Cohen, Getzel M; EBSCOhost (2006), The Hellenistic settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa, University of California Press, retrieved 26 May 2014 page 137 note 4 - suggeasting the received tradition of the renaming rests on a few writers following Mionnets writings in 1811

^ Warwick Ball (2002). Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire. p. 181. ISBN 9781134823871.

^ Skolnik, Fred; Michael Berenbaum ( 2007) Encyclopaedia Judaica Volume 5 Granite Hill Publishers pg 527

^ Knoblet, Jerry (2005) Herod the Great University Press of America.

^ Burns, Ross (2007) Damascus: A History Routledge pg 52

^ Riesner, Rainer (1998) Paul's Early Period: Chronology, Mission Strategy, Theology Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing pg 73–89

^ Hengel, Martin (1997) Paul Between Damascus and Antioch: The Unknown Years Westminster John Knox Press pg 130

^ Riesner, Rainer (1998) Paul's Early Period: Chronology, Mission Strategy, Theology Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing pg 83–84, 89

^ Butcher, Kevin (2004). Coinage in Roman Syria: Northern Syria, 64 BC-AD 253. Royal Numismatic Society. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-901405-58-6.

^ Barclay Vincent Head (1887). "VII. Coele-Syria". Historia Numorum: A Manual of Greek Numismatics. p. 662.

^ Safiur-Rahman Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 227

^ Akbar Shāh Ḵẖān Najībābādī, History of Islam, Volume 1, p. 194. Quote: "Again, the Holy Prophet «P sent Dihyah bin Khalifa Kalbi to the Byzantine king Heraclius, Hatib bin Abi Baltaeh to the king of Egypt and Alexandria; Allabn Al-Hazermi to Munzer bin Sawa the king of Bahrain; Amer bin Aas to the king of Oman. Salit bin Amri to Hozah bin Ali— the king of Yamama; Shiya bin Wahab to Haris bin Ghasanni to the king of Damascus"

^ Burns 2005, pp. 98–99

^ Burns 2005, p. 100

^ Burns 2005, pp. 103–104

^ Burns 2005, p. 105

^ Burns 2005, pp. 106–107

^ Burns 2005, pp. 110

^ Burns 2005, p. 113

^ Burns 2005, pp. 121–122

^ Burns 2005, pp. 130–132

^ Burns 2005, pp. 135–136

^ Burns 2005, pp. 137–138

^ Burns 2005, p. 139

^ Burns 2005, pp. 142

^ Burns 2005, p. 147

^ Burns 2005, pp. 148–149

^ Burns 2005, p. 151

^ Phillips, Jonathan (2007). The Second Crusade: Extending the Frontiers of Christendom. Yale University Press. pp. 216–227.

^ Hans E. Mayer, The Crusades (Oxford University Press, 1965, trans. John Gillingham, 1972), pp. 118–120.

^ Tyerman, Christopher (2006). God's War: A New History of the Crusades. Penguin. p. 350.

^ Hamilton, Bernard (2000). The Leper King and his Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. Cambridge University Press. pp. 132–136.

^ "The Third Crusade: Richard the Lionhearted and Philip Augustus", in A History of the Crusades, vol. II: The Later Crusades, 1189–1311, ed. R. L. Wolff and H. W. Hazard (Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969), pp. 45–49.

^ Wolff and Hazard, pp. 67–85.

^ Kenneth M. Setton, Robert Lee Wolff, Harry W. Hazard (editors), A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Later Crusades, 1189-1311, p. 695, University of Wisconsin Press, series "History of the Crusades", 2006

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^ Roberts, P.M., World War I, a Student Encyclopedia, 2006, ABC-CLIO, p.657

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^ "Kurds of Damascus: Trapped between Secession and Integration".

^ "As Fighting Rages in Damascus, Kurds Flee Their Neighborhoods". May 2013.

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^ "Syria's Alawites Under Siege".

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^ Katz, Ketsi'ah (1981), Masoret ha-lashon ha-'Ibrit shel Yehude Aram-Tsoba (Ḥalab) bi-qri'at ha-Miqra ve-ha-Mishnah (The Hebrew Language Tradition of the Jews of Aleppo in the Reading of the Bible and Mishnah)

^ "Syrian Sufis Divided As Salafist Influence Grows". 3 October 2013.

^ http://www.jpost.com/Magazine/Features/Jewish-Quarter-of-Damascus-blooms-again

^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/article-1327476/Syria-holiday-Stay-Damascuss-Jewish-Quarter-visit-historic-Aleppo.html

^ "Ancient City of Damascus". UNESCO. Retrieved 31 October 2017.

^ Archnet, Maktab Anbar Restoration

^ Hendawi, Hamza (2009-02-01). "Old Damascus struggles to cope in the new Syria". The San Diego Union-Tribune. The Associated Press. Retrieved 13 August 2017.

^ World Monuments Fund. "2008 World Monuments Watch List Of 100 Most Endangered Sites" (PDF). World Monuments Fund. World Monuments Fund. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2015.

^ "2008 Panelists Bios" (PDF). World Monuments Fund. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 13, 2008. Retrieved 3 September 2009.

^ "The British Syrian Society". The British Syrian Society. Archived from the original on 2007-06-23. Retrieved 29 May 2009.

^ "Worldmonuments.org". Worldmonuments.org. Archived from the original on 30 September 2002. Retrieved 6 November 2011.

^ "GHF". Global Heritage Fund. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2011.

^ "الخط الأخضر " أهلاً بكم في موقع الخط الأخضر". Damascus-metro.com. Archived from the original on 11 September 2008. Retrieved 29 May 2009.

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^ "Syrian Arab Horse Association". Saha-sy.org. Retrieved 20 June 2010.

Bibliography

See also: Bibliography of the history of Damascus

Aharoni, Yohanan; Avi-Yonah, Michael (1977). The MacMillan Bible Atlas. Carta Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7318-1071-0.
Burns, Ross (2005). Damascus: A History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-27105-9.
Cammelli, Stefano (2006). "Il Minareto di Gesù". Il Mulino.
Hamilton, Jill, Duchess of (2002). First to Damascus: The story of the Australian Light Horse and Lawrence of Arabia. ISBN 978-0-7318-1071-0.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Damascus. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Damascus.

Macalister, R. A. Stewart (1911). "Damascus". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.).

معني flood control

قاموس انجليزى عربى اكثر من 4000

English Arabic a bit قليلا، معني flood control قطعة صغيرة A bit extra قليلاً أكثر من المعتاد a block of flats مجموعة شقق سكنية متلاصقة A box of matches علبة كبريت A buoy العوامة / الشمندورة A cherry tree شجرة الكرز A consumer مستهلك a few بعض a happy new yea أتمنى لك عاما سعيدا a hundred مائة A hunter- gather صياد وجامع الطعام A long time مدة طويلة A party’s parliamentary body الهيئة البرلمانية لحزب A priori مسلم به A quarter past one p.m. الواحدة و الربع مساءا A quarter past three p.m. الثالثة و الربع مساءا A quarter past two p.m. الثانية و الربع مساءا A quarter to four p.m. الرابعة إلا الربع مساءا A quarter to three p.m. الثالثة إلا الربع مساءا A quarter to two p.m. الثانية إلا الربع مساءا A yield محصول / حصيلة A.O.G. معني flood control ( arrival of goods) وصول البضاعة Abandon يهجر / يترك Abdomen بطن Ability to pay قدرة السداد Ablution الوضوع Ablution with sand التيمم Aboriginal السكان الاصليون Above فوق Abroad باتساع Abstain يمتنع ( عن التصويت) Abuse يسىء - إساءة Abusive تعسفي – مـهين Accelerated increment زيادة معجلة / نمو معجل Acceleration تعجيل Access وصول- حصول – إفادة – إقراض Accessible سهل الوصول إليها Accident حادث Accommodate a request يلبي - يسهل – يسوى طلب According to حسب، طبقا لـ Account Number رقم الحساب Accountant المحاسب Accounting ratios النسب المحاسبية Accounts حسابات Accounts payable حسابات الدفع Accounts receivable حسابات القبض Accrue يدر Accrued مستحق / متحصل / متجمع Accruing inerest فوائد مستحقة Accurate (adj.) دقيق Across عبر Act تمثيل Act of God قضاء وقدر Action plan (agenda for action ) خطة عمل Actor ممثل Actress ممثلة Actually في الحقيقة Adapt يتكيف مع Adaptable سهل التكيف او التاقلم Adaptation تكيف Adapter محول Added value القيمة المضافة Addition جمع Address عنوان Address book مفكرة عناوين Adjudication مناقصة Adjust programme تصحيح برنامج Adjustment تسوية – تعاديل - ضبط Adjustment bureau مكتب التسوية Administration الإدارة ( التخطيطية ) Administrator المدير Admission إقرار Adopt يتبنى Adore يعشق – يحب Advantage card كارت مميز Adverse سئ- مناوئ – سالب Advertisement إعلان Affection عطف- محبه-حنو Affluent society مجتمع الوفرة Afraid خائف Africa أفريقيا African أفريقي After بعد Afternoon بعد الظهر Age عمر Age analysis of accounts receivable التحليل الزمني لحساب القبض Agency substitutes وكالات تحصيل الديون Aggravation / recrudescence تعويم Aggregation تجميع Agile رشيق Agree يوافق Agreement اتفاق Agricultural credit ائتمان زراعي Agricultural loan القرض الزراعي Agro- based قائم على الزراعة Aid cutoff قطاع المعونة Aim هدف Airmail بريد جوي Airplane طائرة Airport مطار Aisle ممشي بين كراسي كنيسة Aisle seat في الممشي Alarm إنذار Alarm clock منبه Alienation/ retention تجنيب Alive حي All جميع All – time high / unprecedented قياسي Allergy التجاوب Alligator تمساح Almonds لوز Alms صدقة Alphabet الأبجدية Also أيضاً Altemat متاوب Always دائماً Amateur هاو Amazed مذهول ، مندهش Amazing مدهش Ambitions طموح Ambulance عربة إسعاف America أمريكا American الأميركي Among بين Amount قيمة Amusement park ملاهي Anaesthetic مخدر Analyse يحلل Analytical reports تقارير تحليلية Ancestors جدود / أسلاف Anchor مرساة Anchor يرسو / مرساة Anchor يرسو ويثبت في نفس المكان Angel ملاك Angles الملائكة Ankle الكاحل Announce يعلن Annual سنويا Annual ring حلقة سنوية Annuity قسط سنوي Another آخر Answer جواب Anti- cyclical measures تدبير تثبيت الأسعار Antiquities آثار قديمة Antiseptic مطهر Antiseptic تطهير – تعقيم Antler قرن الوعل Anxious قلق Ap- dating استكمال Apart from فضلا عن Apartment غرفة ، شقة Apartment building عمارة سكنية Apartments شقق Appalling مفزع Apparel موديلات Appearance مظهر Appendicitis التهاب الزائدة Appetite شـهية Appetizer المشـهي Apple تفاحة Appliances فرن كهربائي Applicant طالب الوظيفة Application طلب وظيفة Apply يقدم طلب Appointment تعيين Appointment ميعاد Appointment book مفكرة مواعيد Apricot مشمش April ابريل Apron وزرة Aquarium المتحف المائي Arbitrary dismissal الفصل التعسفي Arbitration التحكيم Arch عقد Archer رامي السهام Archery الرماية Area code كود المنطقة Arithmetic mean المتوسط الحسابي Armpit إبط Armrest يد الكرسي Arms أذرع Arrangement تسوية الديون Arrears/ unpaid balances متأخرات Arrive يصل Arrow سهم Art فن Art gallery معرض رسومات Artery شريان Artichoke الخرشوف Article مشروع Articles of agreement لائحة تأسيسية Artist فنان As/ qua بمثابة/ علي سبيل المثال Ascetic متقشف – زاهد Asceticism تقشف Ashtray مطفأة Asia قارة آسية Asian آسيوي Ask يسأل Asparagus السبانخ Asphyxiated مختنق Aspirin الأسبرين Association جمعية – رابطة Assortment تصنيف Astronaut رائد الفضاء Asymmetric غير متسق at all مطلقا at different times of the day فى أوقات مختلفة من اليوم At factor cost بسعر التكلفة at first أولا، فى بادئ الأمر At last أخيرا ، فى النـهاية At maturity عند الاستحقاق At par السعر الأصلي At sight للإطلاع At sight عند الاطلاع At sight & up to للإطلاع ولمدة أقصاها at the end of فى نـهاية At the front of في مقدمة أو بداية At the grass roots level على مستوى القاعدة At zero interest بدون فوائد Atheism إلحاد Atheist ملحد athens مدينة أثينا Athlete (n) شخص رياضى Athletic (adj.) رياضى Athletics ألعاب القوى Atlantic ocean المحيط الأطلنطي ATM الصراف الآلي Atomic dust غبار ذري Attached ثبتت في Attack يهاجم Attention انتباه Attic العليَة Auction مزاد Audience قاعة المقابلات Auditing المراجعة Auditor مراجع Auditorium قاعة الاستماع August أغسطس Aunt عمة Australia استراليا Australian أسترالي Author مؤلف Authorised capital رأس المال المسموح به Authority السلطة Autumn الخريف Available متاح–موجود- متوفر Avenue جادة Average of collection period متوسط فترة التحصيل Aviation الطيران Avocado الأفوكاتة Awarding committee لجنة تحكيم Awareness وعي B. معني flood control C. قبل الميلاد Baby رضيع baby (pl. babies) طفل رضيع Back ظهر back خلفا، إلى الوراء Backbenchers من يحتلون المقاعد الخلفية في البرلمان backgammon لعبة الطاولة Backpack حقيبة ظهر backwards إلى الخلف Bacon لحم خنزير مقدد Bad-tempered ذا مزاج غاضب Bad debt loss index معدل الديون المعدومة Badge شارة Badly managed ذات أدارة سيئة Badminton تنس الريشة Bagel خبز حلقي Baggage حقائب سفر Baggage claim تسلم الحقائب Bagpipes مزمار القرب Baguette خبز فرنسي Bait شص السنارة Bakery فرن Balance التوازن Balance موازنة – رصيد Balance of payments ميزان المدفوعات Balance sheet الحساب اامي Balcony شرفة Ball كرة Ballerina راقصة الباليه Ballet الباليه Balloon يالونة Balloon loan قرض مقسط (اكبر اقساطه اخرها ) Ballot box صندوق الاقتراع Ban يخطر – يمنع Banana موز Band فرقة موسيقية Band-Aid بلاستر Banister عمود الدرابزين Banjo بانجو Bank بنك Bank Account الحساب المصرفي Bank credit الائتمان المصرفي Bank draft حوالة مصرفية Bank loan قرض مصرفي BANK RATE معدل الخصم Bank statement كشف حساب البنك Bankruptcy الإفلاس Bar بار Barbecue يشوي على النار Barber حلاق Bare عارية – بلا أثاث Bargain مساومة Bark القشرة الخارجية للشجرة (اللحاء) Barn الجرن Barracks ثكنات الجيش Barrel برميل Bartender ساقي Barter يقايض – مقايضة Base القاعدة / الأساس Base rate الحد الأدنى Baseball البيسبول Baseball cap قبعة البيسبول Baseball glove قفاز البيسبول Basic work data بيانات العمل الأساسية Basket سلة Basketball كرة السلة Bat الضارب Bat خفاش Batch costing تقدير تكاليف الدفعة الواحدة Batch production الإنتاج بالدفعات Bath بانيو Bathrobe برنس Bathroom مرحاض Battery بطارية Be awarded تمنح Be engaged مشغول بمكالمة أخرى be going to ينوى ، يوشك أن Be injured يصاب (في حادثة) Be stripped of يُجرد من Beach شاطئ Beach ball كرة الشاطئ Beach pail جردل Bead note مذكرة تمـهيدية Beads خرز Beak منقار Beans فاصوليا Bear دب Beard لحية Beat the record يحطم الرقم القياسى Beautiful جميل because لأن because of بسبب Bed سرير Bed spread مفرش سرير Bed table مائدة سرير bedouin بدوى ، أعرابى Bedroom حجرة النوم Bee نحلة Beef لحم البقر Beer بيرة Beetle خنفساء Beets شمندر Before قبل Beggar متسول Behind وراء believe (d) يصدق Bell Bellboy خادم فندق belong to (ed) يخص Below تحت Belt حزام Bench طويل Benchmark علاقة الاسناد Bend انحناء Beneath تحت / أسفل Beneficiary مستفيد Benefit فائدة Berber قبائل البربر Beret بيريه Beside بجانب besides علاوة على ذلك، بالإضافة إلى ذلك، فوق ذلك Better أحسن Between فيما بين between بين (اثنين أو شيئين) (للمكان والزمان) Beverage beyond بعد، وراء Bicycle دراجة هوائية Bicycle helmet قبعة الدراجات Biking سباق دراجات Bikini بكيني Bill فاتورة Bill of exchange كمبيالة Billion بليون Binder مجلد الكتب Binoculars نظارة معظمة Biology علم الأحياء Bird طير Birdhouse بيت الطائر birth ميلاد، مولد Birthdate تاريخ ميلاد birthday يوم ميلاد، عيد ميلاد Bitter مر/ذا طعم لاذع Black أسود Blackberries عنب اسود Blackboard سبَورة Blanket بطانية Blasphemy الكفر Bleeding معقم Blender خلاط blind أعمى، كفيف Blinds ستائر Block يسد الطريق Blocks كتلة Blond أشقر Blood pressure ضغط الدم Bloodstream مجرى الدم Blossom إزهار Blouse قميص خارجي Blow up ينفج Blue أزرق Blueberries عنب بري Board chairman رئيس مجلس الإدارة Board of directors مجلس الإدارة Boarden يتسع / يوسع Boarders حدود Boarding اقامة بالأكل Boat زورق Boat مركب Body building كمال الأجسام Boil يغلي Bolt مسمار Bomb قنبلة Bond سند Bonds سندات Bone عظم Bones عظام Book كتاب Book يحجز Book bag حقيبة الكتب Book value القيمة الدفترية Booking حجز Bookkeeper كاتب الحسابات Bookkeeping إمساك الدفاتر Bookshelves أرفف الكتب Bookstore متجر كتب Boom & bust انتعاش وكساد Boom/ pick – up / rebund / recovery انتعاش Boot صندوق السيارة Boot حذاء برقبة Boots بوت Border guard بوابة أمن bore يمل، يدعو للملل Borer مثقاب Boring ممل botany علم النبات Bottle زجاجة Bottom أدنى Bought جاهز Bought up محتكر Bouquet باقة أزهار Bow يذعن Bowling البولنيغ Box صندوق Boxer الملاكم Boxing الملاكمة Boxing glove قفاز الملاكمة Boxing ring حلبة الملاكمة Boy صبي Bracelet سوار Brain مخ Brain power قوة العقل Branch غصن Branch banks المصارف ذات الفروع Branches فروع الشجرة Brass النحاس الأصفر Brassiere صدرية للثديين brave شجاع، مقدام، جرئ Bread خبز Break استراحة Break- down انـهيار Break-up انـهيار – تجزئة Break off يكسر Break the record يحطم الرقم القياسي Breakfast الفطور Breathe in يستنشق – يتنفس Breathe out يطرد الهواء إلي خارج الجسم Breathing تنفس Brick طوب Bridge جسر bridge كوبرى، جسر Bridle لجام Briefcase محفظة جلدية bright ساطع، وضاء، مشرق bright زاه، فاقع Brilliant ذكى جدًا – ألمعى Bring about يُحدث Bring up يربى Broad عريض Broccoli بروكللي Brochure كتيب – كراسة (للدعاية) Broken مـهشم Broker سمسار Brokerage سمسرة Brooch البروش Broom مقشة Broth مرق Brother أخ Brother-in-law أخو الزوجة Brown بني Brunette امرأة سمراء Brussels sprouts كرنب Bubbles فقاقيع bucket دلو، جردل Buckle إبزيم (حذاء أو حزام) Bud برعم Buffalo جاموس Buffer fund رصيد- رصيد وقائي Bug بق Build يبني Building مبنى Building and Engineering البناء والهندسة Bulk كمية اقتصادية Bull ثور Bullet رصاصة Bulletin board لوحة حائط bump into (ed) يصدم، يرتطم بـ Bun كعكة محلاة قليلا Bunco إختلاس Bunsen burner موقد بنزين Buried مدفونة Burns الحروق Bus أتوبيس Bus stop محطة أتوبيس Business عمل Business around the world العمل حول العالم Business card بطاقة عمل Business credit الائتمان في الأعمال Business establishment منشأة الأعمال Business loans limits حدود Business risk مخاطر الأعمال Businessman رجل أعمال Businesswoman سيدة أعمال Butcher الجزار Butter زبدة Butter knife سكينة الزبد Butterfly فراشة Buttocks أر Button زرار Button زر – مفتاح لعمل الجهاز By- products منتجات فرعية by بجانب، بقرب، عند By elections انتخابات فرعية By the park بجوار المنتزه By virtue of بمقتضى – بموجب Bylaws لائحة Bypass يتحاشى – يتجنب C. &.F. (cost & freight) التسليم بميناء الوصول C.B.D. ( cash before delivery) الدفع C.I.A ( cash in advance) الدفع مقدما C.I.F. cost. Insurance and freight) التسليم بميناء الوصول C.O.D.( cash on delivery الدفع عند التوريد C.W.O. ( cash with order) الدفع عند الطلب Cabbage ملفوف Cabin كوخ Cabinet خزانة Cable car سيارة معلقة Cactus صبار Cafe مقهي Cage قفص Cake كعكة Calcuated risk مخاطرة محسوبة Calculator آلة حاسبة Calendar تقويم caliph خليفة المسلمين Call مكالمة Call at يزور مكان Call loan قرض تحت الطلب Camcorder آلة تصوير فيديو Camel جمل Camera آلة تصوير Camouflage مموه camp معسكر، مخيم Campaigh promises وعود الانتخابية Camper معسكر Campfire نار المخيم Camping التخييم can يستطيع ، يقدر can be eaten يمكن أن يؤكل (من الممكن أكله) Can opener فتاحة Canada كندا Canadian كندي canal قناة، ترعة Cancel يلغي Candidate مرشح Candle شمعة Candlestick شمعدان Candy حلوى Canoe قارب خفيف صغير Cantaloupe الكانتالوب Canvas خيش Canyon واد ضيق Capital رأس المال Capital employed رأس المال الموظف Capital inflow رأس المال Cappuccino قهوة إيطالية Capture يأسر Car سيارة Car problems مشاكل السيارة Caravan قافلة Card holder حامل الكارت Care عناية Careful محترس Careless مـهمل Carelessly بإهمال Caribbean Sea البحر الكاريبي Carousel عرض خيالة Carpenter النجار Carriage عربة خيل Carriage عربة حنطور Carriage عربة تجرها الخيول Carrot جزر Carry يحمل Carry on يستمر Cartogram خريطة بيانية Carved out of منحوت في – مقطوع من Cash discount الخصم النقدي Cash register تسجيل نقدى Cashews كاشونت Cashier أمين صندوق Casino نرد Castle قلعة Cat هر Catalyst عامل حافز- عامل مساعد Cataract شلال Catch يمسك catch (caught) يلقف، يمسك ب، catch a train يلحق القطار catch fire يشتعل catch fish يصطاد سمكا Caterpillar يرقة الفراشة Cathedral كاتدرائية Cattle ماشية Cauliflower قرنبيط Cave كهف cave كهف، مغارة Cavity فجوة CD-ROM قرص مدمج Ceiling سقف Celebration احتفال Celery الكرفس Cell خلية cell زنزانة Cells خلايا Cemetery مقبرة Center مركز center مركز، وسط Centerpiece / cushion دعامة central مركزى، وسطى central america أمريكا الوسطى Century قرن certainly بالتأكيد، دون شك Chain سلسلة Chair كرسي Chalkboard eraser ماسحة السبورة Chamber of commerce الغرفة التجارية Champagne الشمبانيا chance فرصة مواتية Chandelier شمعدان Change فكة change فكة (نقود فى عملة صغيرة) change (d) يبدل ، يغير ، يتغير Chapel كنيسة صغيرة/جناح كنيسة Chapter سورة Characteristics صفات مميزة charcoal فحم نباتى، فحم الحطب Charge يشجن Charity عمل خيرى Charity مجلة- إحسان- بر – مؤسسة خيرية Charity الإحسان Chart رسم بياني Cheap رخيص Cheat يغش Check شيك Check list قائمة المراجعة Checkered مختلف الألوان Checkers لعبة الداما Cheek وجنة cheer هتاف، صيحة فرح Cheer يهتف، يهلل cheer (ed) يهتف Cheese جبن Chef رئيس الطهاة Chemical fertilizer سماد كيماوى chemistry علم الكيمياء Cheque bank دفتر شيكات Cherries الكرز Chess لعبة الشطرنج Chest صدر Chewing gum علكة Chicken دجاجة Chief رئيس " قبيلة" child طفل childhood طفولة Children أطفال Chilly بارد Chimney مدخنة Chin ذقن china الصين Chocolate شوكولاته Choir جماعة منشدين Choking خانق Chops كستليتة Chopsticks عيدان أكل الصين Chrisitian مسيحي christmas عيد ميلاد المسيح (25/12) Church الكنيسة church (es) كنيسة cigarette سيجارة Cigarettes سجائر Circle دائرة Circulate يدور Circulating capital رأس المال المتداول Circus سيرك cities مدن City مدينة city مدينة كبيرة Civil defence الدفاع المدني Clam حلزون صدفي clam هادئ Clap يصفق Claw مخلب clay واضح Clean نظيف Cleaning house غرفة مقاصة Cleanser منظف clearly بوضوح Clerk مساعد في محل Client عميل Cliff منحدر صخري –جرف صخرى Climb يتسلق Climber متسلق الجبال Clipboard لوح كتابة Clock ساعة كبيرة Clock tower برج الساعة Closed مغلق closed road طريق مغلق Clothespin مشبك Cloudy غائم Clown مـهرج Coalition إئتلاف Coalition split انقسام في الإئتلاف Coast ساحل Coat سترة Coat rack شماعة Cocktail كوكتيل Cocoa كاكاو Coconut جوزه الهند Coffee قهوة Coffee grinder مطحنة بن Coffee pot قدر القهوة Coil ملتف Coin عملة معدنية Coins عملات Coinsurance التأمين المشترك Cola كولا Cold بارد Cold water ماء بارد Coliseum مدرج روما القديم Collar ياقة Colleague زميل Collect call مكالمة مدفوعة الأجر علي المتلقي Collection تحصيل Cologne كولونيا Colonist مستعمر Colony مستعمرة Colourful زاهى الألوان Column عمود Comb مشط Combine يجمع - يضم Come يأتي come back يعود، يرجع come from يأتى من (بلده ، أصله ، مصدره) come in يدخل come up يرتفع comma الفاصلة (فى الكتابة) Commandments أوامر الوصايا العشر Commentary تعليق Commercial discount الخصم التجاري Commercial relations العلاقات التجارية Commission عمولة Commit يرتكب Committee لجنة Committee chairman رئيس لجنة Committee rapporteur مقرر لجنة companion رفيق، صاحب Company شركة Compared with بالمقارنة بـ Compass بوصلة Competition منافسة Competitors المتنافسون Complaint شكوي Complicated معقد - صعب Complicated معقد Composite value قيمة حقيقية Comptroller مراجع حسابات Computer الكمبيوتر Computing استعمال الكمبيوتر Conceited مغرور Concert حفلة موسيقية Conciliation المصالحة Conditional sales contract عقد بيع شرطي Conditions أحوال Conductor الموصل Cone مخروط Confiscation مصادرة Congestion ازدحام / اكتظاظ Congregation الحشر Congregational prayer صلاة الجماعة Coniferous دائمة الخضرة –لا تفقد أوراقها في الشتاء Connected مرتبطة / متصلة Conquer يهزم Consequently ونتيجة لذلك Constant دائم - ثابت Constituency دائرة انتخابية Constituent assembly جمعية تأسيسية Consultative body ( هيئة ) مجلس إستشاري Consumer credit ائتمان استهلاكي Consumer finance companies شركات التمويل الاستهلاكي Consumer lending institutions مؤسسات التسليف contain (ed) يحتوى على continue (d) يستمر Contract ينكمش – يتقلص Contract عقد Contribute (to) يسهم ( في ) Contribution إسهام control (controlled) يضبط، يتحكم فى Control by sampling الرقابة بأخذ عينات Convenient مناسب – يلائم conversation محادثة Converted to Islam اهدوا للإسلام Convertible قابل للطى Cook يطهو Cook book كتاب طهي Cookie بسكويت Cookie jar خزانة بسكويت Cooler مبرد Coptic قبطى Coral المرجان Core budget من صلب الميزانية Corel reefs الشعب المرجانية Corkscrew نازعة السدادة الفلينية corm حب القمح أو الذرة Corn ذرة corn oil زيت ذرة Corner ركن Corrupt مرتش، فاسد Cosmetics مكياج Cost accounting حساب التكاليف Cost of capital تكلفة رأس المال Cost price سعر التكلفة Costume زي Cottage بيت صغير Cotton قطن Couch أريكة cough سعال ، كحة Cough syrup دواء للكحة could استطاع - هل يمكن Counter مائدة Countryside الريف Courageous شجاع Courtyard فناء Cousin ابن عم أو خال cousin ابن (العم، الخال، العمة،الخالة) Cow بقرة Cowboy راعي البقر Cowrie صفة – ودعة Crab كابوريا Crack تشرخ Crafts الحرف اليدوية Craftsman حرفي Cramps مغص crash صوت ارتطام عنيف، اصطدام Crash تنفجر/تصطدم في حادثة Crash programme برنامج عاجل أو مكثف Crate قفص Crawl يحبو Cream القشدة Created funds الأموال المستحدثة Creature مخلوق Credit إئتمان – البيع الأجل Credit card بطاقة ائتمان Credit insurance تأمين المديونية Credit reporting agencies وكالات Credit risk مخاطر الائتمان Credit sales المبيعات الأجلة Creed عقيدة Creek جدول Crew تجديف Crganisation chart رسم بياني للتنظيم Cricket لعبة الكريكت Crime جريمة Critical نقدى Crocodiles of tourists صفوف من السياح Croissant كعكة هلالية Crooked أعوج Crop يحصد crop محصول Cross – section data بيانات إحصائية Cross country skiing التزحلق عبر الريف Crosswalk ممر المشاة Crowd حشد Crown تاج cruel قاس Cruise يطوف في البحر Crust قشرة الخبز Cry يبكي cry (cried) يصرخ - يبكى Crystal بلور Cucumber خيار Cuff ثنية البنطلون Cuisine مطبخ Cultural ثقافية Culture حضارة / ثقافة Cuotff point قطاع التمويل Cup فنجان cup up يقطع إلى أجزاء Curb/ constraint / constriction/ bottleneck عائق /عقبة Curly مجعد Currency عملة Current price السعر الجاري Curtains ستائر Curve منحنى Cushion وسادة Custom عادة Custom عرف – عادة – تقليد Custom عادة ( تخص مجتمع) Customer زبون customer زبون، عميل، مشتر Customs رسوم جمركية Cut يجرح cut (3) يقطع- يجرح - يقص Cut off يقطع cut off يقطع (بمعنى يزيل أو يخلع بالقطع) Cutting board لوح تقطيع Cyclical fluctuations التقلبات الدورية Daily يومي Dam سد Damage ضرر / تلف Dance Danger خطر Dark ظلام dark مظلم، معتم، داكن، قاتم، غامق اللون darkness ظلام، ظلمة Darts الرماح Date back يرجع تاريخه إلي Dates بلح Daughter ابنة Day يوم De facto بحكم الواقع dead ميت deaf أصم، أطرش Deaf اطرش/ اصم dear عزيزى، عزيزتى (بالخطابات) Death rate معدل الوفيات Debit مدين Debt دين Decayed متحللة / متعفنة / سيئة Deceive – trick يخدع December ديسمبر decide (d) يقرر Deciduous trees أشجار تسقط أوراقها في الشتاء Deck ظهر السفينة Decline يقلل – يتدهور Decline/ drawdown تدني Decoration زخرف Decoration زينة Decorative تزييني Decrease يقلل deep عميق Deer الظبي Deferred annuity قسط سنوي مؤجل Definite right حق معلوم Delicate رقيق / سريع العطب Delicious لذيذ Delighted مسرور جدا، مبتهج Deliver يسلم Demand الطلب Demand deposits ودائع الطلب Demonstrate يوضح أو يبين Demonstration مسيرة ا مظاهرة Demur شك - معارضة Denationalisation إلغاء قرارات بالتأميم Dense كثيفة / مزدحمة جداٌ Dentist طبيب أسنان Deodorant مزيل رائحة العرق depart يرحل، مغادرة Department قسم Department store متجر عام Depend يعتمد او يتكل على Depletion نضوب Deposit مودع Deposit – import استيراد بتحويل العملة deposit ledger دفتر الأمانات Depressed area/ disaster area منطقة منكوبة Depression منخفض – إحباط depth عمق Dermatitis مرض جلدى Derogation انتقاص Descendants من سلالة / منحدر من Description وصف Desert صحراء Designer مصمم Designs تصميمات Desk المكتب Desk lamp مصباح مكتب Desperately بيأس Dessert حلوى بعد الطعام Destination مكان الوصول Destined hour الساعة – يوم القيامة Destitute معدم Details تفاصيل Determined مصمم / عاقدا العزم Develop ينمو – يتطور Devoted مخلص Diabetic مصاب ببول سكري Dial يدير قرص تليفون Diameter قطر الدائرة Diamond ماسة Diamond ماس Diaper حفاضة diary (pl. diaries) مفكرة، مذكرة يومية Dice النرد dictionary قاموس، معجم Different مختلف Difficulty standing صعوبة فى الوقوف Dig يحفر Dignified مبجل - محترم Dining طعام Dinner العشاء Dinosaur الديناصور Dip يغمس/يضع فى سائل Direct costs التكاليف المباشرة Direction اتجاه Direction توجيه Directives توجهات Director مخرج Director مدير Dirt road أرضية الطريق Dirty قذر Disabled ملغي Disadvantages مساوئ Disaster- prone area منطقة معرضة للكوارث Disastrous وخيم / فاجع Disco الديسكو Discount تخفيض Discount خصم – تخفيض discuss (discussed) يناقش discussion مناقشة Diseased heart قلب مريض Disguised unemployment بطالة مقنعة Dishonest غير آمن، مضلل Dishwasher غسالة الصحون Disk قرص Disk drive ع القرص Dismiss يطرد Disorder علة – اضطراب Disown أنكر Disrupt يتعطل- يتوقف Disruptive خطير ( مدمر) Dissaving / diseconomy تبذير Dissident منشق Divergence / spread تفاوت Diversification تنويع divide into (d) ينقسم إلى Dividend ربح السهم Dividend حصة في الربح Divine religions الأديان السماوية Diving غطس Diving board لوح الغطس Division قسمة do – does (did - done) يعمل، يفعل Doctor دكتور Document مستند Document وثيقة Documents سندات Dog كلب Dog racing سباق الكلاب Dolphins الدلفين Dome قبة Domestic policies سياسة داخلية Don't touch ممنوع اللمس Don’t mind لا يمانع Donate يتبرع Door باب Door knob مقبض الباب Door knocker قارع الباب Doorman بواب Dormant dabt. دين راقد Double مزدوج Double مقدار مضاعف Doubles competitions منافسات الزوجى Down تحت down إلى أسفل Down payment مقدم الثمن Downward adjustment خفض – تخفيض Dozen دستة Dragon تنين Dragonfly دبور Drama مسرحية Dramatically بطريقة مثيرة Drawbacks نقائص / عوائق Drawee المسحوب عليه Drawer الساحب drawing إلى أعلى Drawing account حساب جاري drawing board لوحة رسم Dress رداء Dresser خزانة الملابس Dressing ضمادة / غيار Drill مثقاب Drill يحفر بمثقاب Drill يحفر بمثقاب Drill bits Drill bits Drilling machine آلة الحفر Drink Drinking straw مصاصة Drive mad يجنن Driver سائق Driver's license رخصة القيادة Drought الجفاف Drugs مخدرات Drugstore صيدلية Drum طبلة Drummer طبال dry (dried) يجف، ينشف Dry cleaners مغسلة Duck بطة Duly بالطريق الرسمي Dump يلقى ليتخلص من Dust pan جاروف E-mail بريد إلكتروني E.O.M. ( end of month) الدفع في نـهاية الشـهر Each كل each كل each other بعضهم بعضا، كل منـهما الآخر Eagle نسر Ear أذن Earache ألم في الأذن Early مبكر Earn a living يكسب قوته Earner مربح- مدر Earner مربح - مدر Earnings – revenues إيرادات Earrings حلق Earth الأرض Earthquake زلزال Easel الحامل East الشرق East الشرق Eat يأكل Eat away يبلى / يهلك / يتآكل Ecmonic receovery ( revival ) انتعاض اقتصادي Economic malaise ضائقة اقتصادية Economic rate of retum عائد اقتصادي Economic slump تدهور اقتصادي Economist عالم اقتصاد Edge حد Educate يعلم / يربى / يدرب Efficient كفء Eggplant باذنجان Eggs بيض egypt مصر egyptian مصرى Eight ثمانية Eight 8 Eight hundred ثمانمائة Eighteen ثمانية عشر Eighteen 18 Eighth الثامن Eighty ثمانون Eighty 80 either أيضا، كذلك (بالجملة المنفية) either …. or … إما … أو .. Elastcity of demend مرونة الطلب Elbow مرفق Elders المسنون Election campaign الحملة الانتخابية Election theme موضوع في الدعاية الانتخابية Electorate مجموع الناخبين electric كهربائي Electrical plug سدادة كهربائية electricity الكهرباء electronic إلكترونى Elephant الفيل Elevator مصعد Eleven أحد عشر Eleven 11 Embargo حظر embassy سفارة Emergency طارئ Emergency meeting اجتماع طارئ Employ يوظف / يشغل Employ يعين – يوظف Employee الموظف Employee` موظف Employer صاحب العمل Employment العمالة Empty فارغ Encyclopedia دائرة معارف Endogenization تطويع Energy طاقة Engaged مخطوبة Engine محرك engine محرك engineer مـهندس engineering هندسة England إنكلترة English إنكليزي enjoy (ed) يستمتع بـ Enormous هائلة enough كاف، واف Entertainment تسلية Entitled تحت عنوان/ باسم Entrance مدخل Envelope ظرف envelope ظرف (غلاف لرسالة) Environment البيئة Equality المساواة Equalization تعديل الأجور Equation معادلة Equipment معدات Equipment معدات / لوازم Era عصر – عهد Eraser ممحاة Escrow account حساب مجمد especially بوجه خاص، بصورة خاصة Espresso اسبريسو Essential ضرورى Establish a record يسجل رقم قياسى etc. (etcetera) إلى آخره Europe أوروبا europe أوربا European أوروبي Evacuation الإخلاء even حتى even if حتى لو Evening مساء Event حدث تاريخي Eventually فى النـهاية eventually أخيرا، فى نـهاية الأمر Eventually أخيرا / في النـهاية ever دوما، دائما، فى كل وقت، فى أى وقت، فى وقت من الأوقات every كل everybody الجميع، كل واحد، كل شخص everyone الجميع، كل واحد، كل شخص everything كل شئ everywhere فى كل مكان Evidence دلالة – بينة Evil الشر Ex- gratia بدون مقابل Ex officio بحكم المنصب exactly تماما ، بالضبط exam امتحان Excerpt نبذة – مقتطفات من Exchange مبادلة Exchange يبادل Exchange يبادل – يتبادل Exchange تبادل – صرافة exchange rate سعر الصرف Excise duty ضريبة استهلاك Excited مثار excited منفعل، فرحان exciting مثير exclaim (ed) يصبح متعجبا Excursions رحلات قصيرة / نزهات Excuse me معذرة Executives المسئولون عن الإدارة Exercise تمرين Exhibition معرض Exit مخرج Exotic غريب / طريف Expand يتوسع – يتمدد Expand يتوسع Expedient لازم Expendibure مصروفات Expenditure / outlay إنفاق Expensive غال experiment تجربة Expire ينتهي – ينقض الأجل Expiry إنقضاء – " إنتهاء" Expiry Date تاريخ انـهاء الصلاحية Explorer مستكشف Explosion انفجار Export يصدر Exposte لاحق Express approval موافقة صريحة Extension تأجيل الاستحقاق Extension officer مرشد زراعي Extention إرشاد ( زراعي) extra إضافى، زائد Extrabudgetary من خارج الميزانية Extract يستخلص – ينتزع Extractive industries صناعات استخراجية Extraordinary غير عادي Extremely جدا ، بافراط Eye drops قطرة للعين Eyebrow حاجب العين Eyelashes أهداب الجفن Eyelid جفن العين Eyes عيون F.O.B. ( free on board) التسليم ظهر الباخرة Fabric مادة Face وجه face cream كريم الوجه Face value قيمة سمية Face value قيمة صورية Facility تسهيل Factory مصنع Faint يفقد وعيه / يغمى عليه Fainted أغمي علية Faithful مؤمن Faithfulness الإيمان Faithless (disbeliever) كافر Fall الخريف Fall سقوط fall (fell, fallen) يتساقط (للمطر والثلج) fall asleep يغلبه النعاس، ينام fall ill يصاب بالمرض fall in love يقع فى حب Family عائلة famous for مشـهور بـ، شـهير بـ Famous writers كتاب مشـهورين Far بعيداً Farm مزرعة farm مزرعة farmer مزارع، فلاح farming الزراعة Fascinating ساخر – خلاب Fast بسرعة Fasting الصيام Fate القدر Fate and divine decree القضاء والقدر Father أب Father-in-law الحمو Faucet صنبور favorite مفضل Fax machine ماكينة الفاكس fear خوف Feasibility study دراسة الجدوى / دراسة الصلاحية Feast عيد feather ريشة February فبراير February (feb.) فبراير February second الثاني من فبراير Feduciary إصدار نقود بدون غطاء Feed يطعم feed (fed) يطعم، يغذى ، ترضع طفلا Feeding the needy إطعام المسكين Fees اجر / رسم Feet أرجل Felucca ظهر السفينة Feminist نسائيه Fence سور Fencing مبارزة بالسيف Fender الة تصوير Ferris wheel عجلة دوارة Ferry المعبر ferry (pl. ferries) معدية Fertile خصب Fertile (adj.) خصب Festival مـهرجان festival مـهرجان، احتفال Festivals مـهرجانات / أعياد Fever حمى Few قليل few عدد قليل جدا Field حقل Fifteen خمسة عشر Fifteen 15 Fifth خامس Fifty خمسون Fifty 50 Fifty percent خمسون بالمائة Figs تين File ملف Film فيلم Fin زعنفة السمك Finalist المشترك فى مباراة نـهائية Finance الموارد المالية Finance companies شركات التمويل Finance minister وزير المالية Financial مالي Financial مالى Financial markets أسواق مالية Financial package خطة تمويل Financial risks المخاطر المالية Financial stress ضريبة مالية Financialization of savings توظيف المدخرات Financing التمويل Findings نتائج بحثية Fingers أصابع Fire حريق fire حريق ، نار fire engine سيارة إطفاء الحريق Fire extinguisher طفاية حريق Fire fighter رجل مطافئ Fire fighting equipment أجهزة إطفاء الحريق Fire helmet قبعة مطافئ Fire hose خرطوم مطافئ Fire place مدفأة Fire station نقطة مطافئ Fire truck سيارة مطافئ Fireplace screen شاشة المدفأة Fireworks ألعاب نارية Fireworks ألعاب نارية Firm price سعر نـهائي First أولاً first أول First aid الإسعافات الأولية Fiscal drag عبء مالي Fiscal policy السياسة المالية Fish سمك fish يصطاد سمكا - سمكة fisherman صياد سمك Fishing صيد السمك fishing صيد السمك Fishing hook شص السنارة Fishing pole السنارة Five خمسة Five 5 Five hundred خمسمائة Five minutes خمس دقائق Fixed price سعر ثابت / ثمن موحد Flag علم Flag علم / راية Flagpole سارية العلم Flamingo فلامنجو Flashlight الضوء الومضي Flat rate سعر موحد flat tyre إطار سيارة خال من الهواء Flight رحلة طيران Flippers زعانف Float يعوم Floating gardens حدائق طافية علي الماء Flock سرب Flood يفيض / يغمر بالماء Flood (v) يفيض / يغمر بالماء Floor أرضية Floppy disk القرص المرن Florist بائع الزهور Flow chat رسم بياني لسير العمل Flow process chart رسم بياني لحركة العمليات Flower زهرة Flower pot أصيص زهور Flute فلوت Fly يطير fly (flew – flown) يطير - يسافر جوا - يقود طائرة fly (pl. flies) ذبابة Foam رغوة – زُبد Fog ضباب Folder حافظة الأوراق Folk hero بطل شعبي follow (ed) يتبع (طريقا) ، يلى following التالى، ما يلى Fomous writers كتاب مشـهورين Fondue فوندو Food طعام food طعام Food from the air غذاء من الهواء Food processing صناعات غذائية fool شخص أحمق foolish أحمق، أبله Foot القدم Football كرة القدم الأمريكية football كرة قدم football ground ملعب كرة قدم football match معلب كرة قدم football team فريق كرة قدم footbridge كوبرى لعبور المشاة footpath ممر Footprint أثر القدم for لمدة ، لمساقة ، لـ ، لأجل، بمبلغ، ثمنا لـ Forearm ساعد Forefeiture سقوط الحق Forehead جبهة foreign أجنبى Foreign capital رأس المال الأجنبي Foreign currency عملة أجنبية Foreign exchango earner مصدر للنقد الأجنبي Foreign policy سياسة خارجية Forest غابة Forgiveness مغفرة Fork شوكة Form نموذج Fortress حصن Fortress حصن – قلعة Fortunately من حسن الحظ Forty أربعون Forty 40 forward إلى الأمام Fossil fuels وقود ناتج من الحفريات Foul خطأ/مخالف لقانون لعبة Foundation أساس Founder مؤسس Founders مؤسسون Fountain ينبوع Four أربعة Four 4 Four hundred أربعمائة Four meters long طوله أربعة أمتار Four o'clock a.m. الرابعة صباحا Four o'clock p.m. الرابعة مساءا Fourteen أربعة عشر Fourteen 14 Fourth رابع Fox ثعلب Fractures الكسور Fragile هش / سريع الانكسار Frame إطار franc فرنك France فرنسا free حر، طليق، خال من الشغل، غير مشغول free مجانى، دون مقابل Free of charge مجانا- بدون مقابل مادى Free zone منطقة حرة Freedom حرية Freedom حريه freedom حرية Freer access فتح مجال اوسع Freezer المجمّد Freight رافعة French فرنسي French fries بطاطس محمرة Fresco التصوير الجصّي Fresh طازج Friday الجمعة Friday الجمعة Friend صديق friend صديق Friendly ودود ، ودي friendly ودود، ميال للمساعدة frightened مرعوب، خائف جدا Frightening مخيف، مرعب Frog ضفدع from من (للمكان والزمان) Front جبين Front desk الاستقبال Frontiers-borders حدود الدولة Fross value قيمة إجمالية Frozen متجمد Fruit فاكهة fruit فاكهة Fruit الثمرة fruit is expensive الفاكهة غالية الثمن Fruit salad سلطة فواكة Frying-pan مقلاة Full – employment عمالة كاملة Fun مرح fun متعة، تسلية Function relations العلاقات الوظيفية Funds الأموال Funnel قمع funny مضحك funny غريب Fur فراء Furnished مؤثث Furnished مفروشة furniture أثاث Fuse فتيل future مستقبل Gallery معرض للفنون Game لعب Gap. Default/ deficiency عجز Garage مراب Garbage can صندوق القمامة Garden حديقة Garden hose خرطوم Gardening أعمال الحديقة Garlic ثوم Gas station محطة بنزين Gasoline الغازولين Gazebo جازيبو Gazelle غزالة Gearing توظيف الأموال/ تحديد نسبة الدين General assembly الجمعية العمومية General elections انتخابات عامة General Federation of Trade Unions الاتحاد العام لنقابات العمال General manager مدير عام Generation جيل Genes جينات (فى علم الوراثة) Genes (n) جينات (فى علم الوراثة) Genetic engineering هندسة وراثية Gentleman رجل نبيل gentleman سيد، رجل فاضل Geological formation تشكيل جيولوجى Geology علم الجيولوجيا Geothermal energy الطاقة الحرارية في باطن الأرض German ألماني Germany ألمانيا Ges leak تسرب الغاز get (got) يحضر، يحصل على، يتسلم، ينال، يصبح، يصير get bored يسأم، يتعب get into يدخل get lost يتوه، يضل الطريق get old يكبر فى السن get on a train يركب قطارا get out يخرج Get through يوصل بشخص آخر get through يخترق get to يصل إلى get up ينـهض من الفراش ، يقوم Giant عملاق Gift هبة Gifts هدايا Ginger زنجبيل Giraffe زرافة Girl فتاة Give يعطي Give back يُعيد Give up يتخلى عن glad مسرور Glass زجاج Glasses نظارة Globe الكرة الأرضية Gloves قفاز Glue صمغ Glue غراء Glue gun مسدس الغراء Go يذهب go يذهب ، يغادر المكان ، يذهب لـ go away يبتعد، يرحل go back يرجع، يعود go down تغيب (الشمس) ، يغرق go for a walk يذهب للنزهة ماشيا go on يستمر، يواصل go on يحدث go out ينطفئ (للضوء والنار) go outside يخرج go up يرتفع Goat ماعز god الله تعالى god bless بارك الله فيك God bless him and grant صلى الله عليه وسلم god willing إن شاء الله Goggles منظار الوقاية Gold ذهب Gold backing غطاء ذهب Gold coin عملة ذهبية Golden ذهبي Golf لعبة الغولف Golf ball كرة الجولف Golf cart حقيبة الجولف Golf clubs عصا الجولف Golf course ملعب الجولف Golf courses ملاعب الجولف Golf tee ركيزة كرة القدم Gondola جندول Good جيد good جيد، حسن، لطيف، سار Good الخير good afternoon تحية بعد الظهر good at كفء فى، ماهر فى good evening مساء الخير good for مفيد لـ، صالح لـ good heavens يا للسماء (للتعجب) Good luck حظا سعيدا ، وفقك الله good morning صباح الخير good night تصبح على خير goodbye إلى اللقاء Goodnight مساء الخير Goodwill شـهرة المحل أو الشركة Goose وزه Gorilla الغوريلا Gospel الإنجيل govern (ed) يحكم Government حكومة Government bond السند الحكومي Gradually تدريجيا Gradually تدريجيًا Gradually (adv.) تدريجيًا Grain حبة Grand Tour رحلة تعليمية Grandchildren أحفاد Grandfather جد Grandmother جدة Grape عنب Grapefruit جريب فروت Grass عشب Grass roots قاعدة شعبية Grasshopper الجراد Grave impunity الجنابة Gray رمادي great-aunt أخت الجد أو الجدة great عظيم Green أخضر Greenhouse صوبة Greenhouse بيت زجاجي لتربية النباتات ونموها greet (ed) يحيى، يرحب بـ greeting تحية Grill مشواة Grin يبتسم Grind يطحن Groaned تأوه Grocery store البقال Gross negligence الإهمال الجسيم Gross profit مجمل الربح Ground information معلومات علي الطبيعة Group جماعة grow (grew, grown) يزرع، ينمو، يصبح، يصبر Guarantee يضمن Guard حارس guard (ed) يحرس Guess يخمن guessing تخمين guest ضيف guide مرشد، دليل (شخص أو كتاب) Guide book دليل سياحى Guitar قيثارة Gun مسدس Gymnastics لاعب الجمباز Habit عادة (تخص فرد ) Hair شعر Hair conditioner مرطب للشعر hair cream كريم الشعر Hair spray مثبت للشعر Hairbrush فرشاة شعر Half نصف Half past one p.m. الواحدة و النصف مساءا Half past three p.m. الثالثة و النصف مساءا Half past two p.m. الثانية و النصف مساءا Hall ردهة hall صالة Ham لحم الخنزير Hamburger هامبورجر Hammer مطرقة Hammer مطرقة (شاكوش) Hammock الأرجوحة الشبكية Hand يد Hand over يسلم إلى Hand truck عربة يد Handler مدرب/سايس الحيوان Hang يعلق Hang up يقفل التليفون Hanger تعليقة الثياب Hanging gardens حدائق في قمم الجبال happily بسعادة Happy سعيد happy سعيد Happy new year عام سعيد Harbor ميناء Hard صلب Hard boiled eggs بيض مسلوق Hard disk القرص الصلب Hardcore sector قطاع مشكل Hardware آلات Hardware أجهزة الكمبيوتر المعدنية Harmonica هارمونيكا Harness عدة Harvest الحصاد has got = has يملك، معه، عنده Hat قبعة Hatch فتحة hate (d) يكره، يبغض Hatred كراهية Haul جذب Have يملك have يملك، يمتلك، يتناول طعام أو have got عندى، عندك، عندكم، عندهم، عنده، عندها have got = have يملك، معه، عنده have got to = must يجب أن، ينبغى أن have to يجب أن Hawk صقر Hay قش He هو He is هو يكون He is هو يكون He was هو كان Head رأس Head dress رداء الرأس Headache صداع headache صداع Headlights كشافات السيارة Health club نادى صحي Hear يسمع Hearings جلسات استماع Heart قلب Heart-lung machine رئة صناعية Heartbeat نبض القلب Heavy ثقيل Heel العقب Helicopter الهليكوبتر Hell جحيم Hello أهلا hello , hallo, hullo آلو ، أهلا Helmet خوذة Help مساعدة Hem حاشية Hepatitis مرض كبدى Herd قطيع Here هنا Heritage تراث hidden مخبأ hide (hid, hidden) يخفى، يخبئ High مرتفع High-value غالى القيمة High heels كعب عالي Highlight ابرز – أهم Highway طريق سريع Hiking التنزة علي الأقدام Hill تل hill تل Hip مفصل الحوض Hippopotamus فرس النـهر Hire يستاجر لفترة قصيرة Hire يستأجر History تاريخ hit (3) يضرب، يخبط على Hockey الهوكي Hoe معزقة Hold يعلق Hold ينتظر hold on أنتظر Hold tight يمسك بإحكام Hole حفرة hole فتحة، ثقب، حفرة Holiday يوم عطلة Holy Books الكتب المقدسة Honey عسل Hood قلنسوة Hook خطّاف Horizontal expansion توسع أفقي Horse حصان Horse racing سباق الخيل Horseback riding ركوب الخيل Hospital مستشفى Host المضيف- Host المضيف Host يستضيف Hostess المضيفه- صاحبة الدعوى Hot حار Hot air balloon منطاد Hot dog هوت دوج Hot money أموال غير مشروعة Hot springs ينابيع مياه ساخنة Hot water ماء ساخن Hotel فندق Hotel staff هيئة العاملين فى الفندق Hour ساعة Hours ساعات House منزل House painter نقاش Household sector قطاع استهلاكي housewife (housewives) ربة بيت How كيف how كيف how deep ما عمق how far ما بعد how fast ما سرعة how high ما ارتفاع how long ما طول ، ما المدة How many كم العدد how many كم عدد how many times كم عدد المرات How much بكم how much ما مقدار ، ما ثمن how much money ما مقدار النقود how often كم مرة how old ما عمر how tall ما طول (إلى أعلى) how wide ما عرض however مـهما، كيفما (بأى وسيلة) huge ضخم Huge amounts كميات هائلة Humbly بخشوع Humour-Fum مرح Hundred مائة Hungry جائع Hunting صيد Hurry يستعجل hurry , hurrah هائل ، عظيم (هتاف يدل على الاستحسان أو الابتهاج) hurry up (hurried) يسرع hurt (3) يؤلم، يؤذى، يضر Husband زوج Hydro-electric طاقة هيدروكهربية Hydroponics الزراعة في الماء أو الرمال Hypocrisy نفاق Hypocrite منافق I am أنا أكون I am أنا أكون I was أنا كنت i’d rather أفضل I’m all for it مؤيد Ice ثلج Ice-skate التزحلق علي الجليد Ice cream جيلاتي Ice skating تزحلق علي الجليد Ice water ماء مثلج Iceberg الجبل الجليدي idea فكرة ، رأى Identical مماثل / مطابق Idle balances أرصدة معطلة Idle capacity طاقة معطلة Idolater عبادة الأوثان Idolater وثنى if لو، إن، إذا Ignore يتجاهل ill مريض، عليل Ill effects آثار سيئة Illegal غير قانونى Illegal غير قانوسنى Illiterate أمية/ لا تعرف القراءة والكتابة Illuminate ينير – يزين بالاضواء imagine (d) يتخيل، يتصور immediately فى الحال، فورا Immediately في الحال Implicit support دعم ضمني Import يستورد Important هام Imports واردات Impress يترك انطباعا حسنا Impressed متأثر بـ Impressed يترك انطباعًا حسنًا Imprest account عهدة In- service training التدريب أثناء الخدمة in فى (للمكان والزمان) ، فى خلال ، بـ In a hurry استقبال In a row علي التوالي In box وارد in fact فى الحقيقة، فى الواقع In favour of فى جانب / فى صالح in front of أمام in full كاملا، بالكامل In particular على الأخص in the end فى النـهاية In the heart of فى قلب – فى داخل in the middle فى الوسط ، فى المنتصف In the middle في المنتصف in the old day فى الأزمنة السابقة، فى العهود الماضية In the pipeline قيد التسليم / قيد التنفيذ in the way فى الطريق Inauguration of parliament افتتاح البرلمان Incentive حافز Incident حدث include (d) يشتمل على Income دخل Income bracket شريحة الدخل Income statement بيات الدخل Incorporeal غير مادي Increase يزيد Incredible لا يصدق، مذهل Independents المستقلون Index number الرقم الدليلي india الهند indian هندى Indicate تشير إلي Indigestion عسر الهضم Individual فردي Individual Sports ألعاب فردية indonesia إندونيسيا Industrial management الإدارة الصناعية Industrial relations العلاقات الصناعية Industrial safety controller مراقب أمن صناعي Industrial safety precautions احتياطات الأمن الصناعي Infant القاصر Infected ملوث Infected wound جرح ملوث Infinity اللانـهاية Inflation تضخم أسعار الأغذية Information استعلامات Infrastructure مقومات Ingredients مكونات الطعام Inhabitants السكان Inheritance ميراث / تركة Injection الحقنة Injury أذى Injury إصابة عمل Inmmanbulation of the Kaaba الطواف Inorganic غير عضوى Inputs مستلزمات Insecticide مبيد حشرى Insects حشرات inside بالداخل Inside rips معلومات موثوق بها/ سرية Insist يصر Insolvency الاعسار Insomnia أرق Inspection فحص Inspection التفتيش Install يركب Installations security أمن المنشآت Instalment قسط Instead of بدلا من Instructions إرشادات – تعليمات Instructions تعليمات Instrument آلة – أداة Instruments أدوات Insurance policy بوليصة تأمين Intangible assets أصول معنوية Integrated project management الإدارة المتكاملة للمشروع Intense شديد – عنيف Intensive مركز – مكثف Interest اهتمام Interest فائدة Interest free loan قرض بدون فوائد interested in مـهتم بـ interesting ممتع، مشوق Interference تدخل Interim / pro tem مؤقت – مرحلي international دولى International سباق دولي International call مكالمة دولية International issues قضايا دولية International labour office مكتب العمل الدولي International Labour Organisation (ILO) منظمة العمل الدولية Interpretation of the Quoran تفسير القرآن Interrupt يقاطع (أثناء الكلام) Intersection تقاطع Intestines أمعاء into فى الداخل ، إلى الداخل Introduce يقدم Invaders غزاة Invalid vote صوت باطل Invasion غزو - غارة - حملة - هجوم Invasive عدوانى invent (ed) يخترع invention اختراع Invest يستثمر Investigate يبحث عن – يتحري Investment استثمار Invisible exports صادرات غير منظورة invitation دعوة invite (d) يدعو Inward الباطن ireland ايرلندا Iron مكواة irrigate (d) يروى، يسقى irrigation رى، سقى Is located تقع Islamic jurisprudence الشريعة الإسلامية Island جزيرة Isolate يعزل / يفصل Issue paper/ a write- up paper دراسة تقرير Issuing تضخم it could be ربما تكون ، قد تكون It is هو يكون ، هى تكون (لغير الإنسان) It is هو يكون، هى تكون (لغير الإنسان) It looks like rain يبدو أن السماء ستمطر It might be ربما يكون It was هو كان، هى كانت (لغير الإنسان) it’s no good لا جدوى Italian الإيطالي Italy إيطاليا Itinerary بيان بمواعيد الرحلة Iunch hour ساعة للغذاء Jacket معطف Jam مربى jam مربى الفاكهة January يناير January (jan.) يناير January first الأول من يناير Japan اليابان Japanese الياباني Jar صرير Jaw فك Jeans جينز Jellyfish قنديل البحر Jet skis دراجة بخارية مائية Jew ( Hebrew) يهودي Jewel حلي jewel جوهرة، حجر كريم jeweller بائع الجواهر jewellery جواهر، حلى Jewelry حلي Jewelry box صندوق مجوهرات Jewelry store متجر حلي Jinn الجن Job وظيفة Job analysis تحليل الوظيفة Job opportunity فرصة عمل Job specification وصف المـهنة Job study دراسة الوظيفة Jogging رياضةالمشي join (ed) يصل، يربط ، ينضم إلى، يلتحق بـ ، يشترك فى ، ينضم ، يتحد ، يوحد Joint مفصل Jointly & severally بالتضامن والتكامل Joke نكتة Journal دفتر يومية Joy فرحة – سعادة Juice عصير juice عصير July يوليو Jump يقفز Jump rope نط الحبل June يونيو June يونيو Junt جولة - نزهة just حالا، قبل لحظات، منذ وقت قصير، Kaaba الكعبة Kangaroo الكنغر Kayak زورق جليدي Keen شديد الاهتمام / حريص keep (kept) يحتفظ بـ ، يحافظ على، يملك، يقتنى ، يربى ، يبقى، يلزم keep calm الزم الهدوء keep quiet الزم الهدوء Keep track of يتابع keeper حارس Ketchup صلصة طماطم Key مفتاح key مفتاح Key ring ميدالية مفاتيح Key to history مفتاح للتاريخ Keyboard لوحة المفاتيح Keyboard لوحة مفاتيح الكمبيوتر Kharijites الخوارج Kick رفسة Kids أطفال Kind نوع - صنف Kindness عطف - رأفة - شفقة King ملك Kiss قبلة Kitchen مطبخ Kite طائرة ورقية Kitten هرة صغيرة Kiwi ثمرة الكيوي Knee الركبة Knee ركبة Kneel ركوع Kneel يركع Kneel down يركع Knife سكين Knight الفارس Knock خطبة Koala دب الكوالا L.E. جنيه L.O.U. (I owe you) سند بدين Label قطعة من الورق لمعلومات عن محتويات (زجاجة - صندوق - ..) Label ملصق بيان المحتوي Label يلصق Labeling يضع بطاقة بيان المحتوى Labelling يضع بطاقة بيان المحتوى Labour contract عقد العمل Labour court محكمة عمالية Labour dispute نزاع عمالي Labour Party حزب عمالي Labour productivity إنتاجية الأيدي العاملة Labour relations علاقات العمل Labour supply المعروض من العمالة Lace رباط الحذاء Ladder سلم ladies and gentlemen سيداتى وسادتى Lady سيدة Lair كذاب Lake بحيرة Lamb حمل Lamp مصباح Landmark احد المعالم البارزة Landscape منظر طبيعي Landscapes معالم Landslide انـهيار التربة Lane حارة Language لغة Language لغة Lantern مشكاة Lap دورة واحدة في سباق Lapel طية صدر السترة Large واسع Larger أوسع Lasagna لازانيا Laser printer طابعة ليزر Lash ضربة – جلدة Lash جلدة أو ضربة بالسوط Last أخير Last أخير - آخر- سابق Last fall الخريف الماضي Last forever تستمر للأبد Last month الشـهر الماضي Last spring الربيع الماضي Last summer الصيف الماضي Last week الأسبوع الماضي Last winter الشتاء الماضي Last year العام الماضي Late متأخر Later فيما بعد Latifundia مشاع Latte كوب قهوة Laugh يضحك Laugh يضحك Launch ينزل الي الماء او يطلق صاروخ الفضاء Laundered money أموال حرام Laundering كسب غير مشروع Laundromat غسالة كهربائية Laundry غسيل Lawn نجيل Lay- off إنـهاء الخدمة Lay down تمدد (على السرير) Lay off workers يستغنى عن عمال Layoff فصل من العمل Lazzy كسول ، كسلان Leading بارز / رئيسى/ قيادى Lean يميل – ينحني Leare إجازة بأذن Learn يتعلم Leather جلد مدبوغ Leather جلد Leave إجازة بأذن Leaves ورق النبات Leaves أوراق الشجرة Lecturer محاضر Leek كرات Left يسار Legend أسطورة Legislation تشريع Legislative body هيئة تشريعية Legislator ( law maker) مشرع Legs سيقان Leisure facilities تسهيلات / وسائل الترفيه Lemon ليمون Lemon ليمونة Lemonade عصير ليمون محلى Lemonade ليمونادة () Lending تسليف ( إقراض ) Length طول (للمكان وللزمان) Length of visit مدة الزيارة - مدة الإقامة Lens يصور Lentils عدس Leopard نمر Leopard النمر Lessee مستأجر Lessor مؤجر Let’s = let us دعنا - هيا Letter خطاب Letter of credit خطاب اعتماد Lettuce نبات الخس Leverage الفعالية المالية Leverage قوة مالية Levy فريضة Liberty حرية Library مكتبة Library مكتبة Libraty مكتبة Licence رخصة License plate اللوحة المعدنية للسيارة Lick يلعق Lid غطاء Lie يكذب Lie (lay – lain) يستلقى - يضطجع Lie down يستلقي Lie to يكذب على Life حياة Life jacket سترة نجاة Lifeboat قارب النجاة Lift يرفع Lift (ed) يرفع Light يشعل - يضئ - ينير Light bulb مصباح Light switch مفتاح النور Lighter ولاعة Lighthouse منارة Lighthouse منارة / فنار Lightning برق Like يحب ـ يرغب فى Like this – that بهذه الطريقة Lime ليمون حمضي Limestone حجر جيرى Line صف Line management الإدارة التنفيذية Line with straw يحشو/يبطن بالقش Linear responsibility chart رسم بياني للمسئوليات Linen كتان Linerar production إنتاج خطي Link يربط بين / يصل Lion الأسد Lips شفاة Lipstick أحمر الشفاه Liquid ratio نسبة السيولة Liquor سائل List قائمة - جدول - كشف Listen ينصت Literature كتابات أدبية Literature الأدب Livestock مواشي Lizard السحلية Llama حيوان اللامة Loan amortization/ payback/ refunding / repayinent سداد قرض Lobster جراد البحر Local محلى Local dishes أكلات محلية Local governorate محافظتي المحلية Locate يعين موضع شيء Lock يقفل بالقفل أو بالمفتاح Locker حزانة تقفل Log onto the Internet يبدأ العمل فى الإنترنت Logical منطقيا – بشكل معقول Logistic capacity طاقة استيعابية Long طويل Long- term planning تخطيط طويل الأجر Long طويل Long for يتوق إلى Look نظر Look يبدو Look after يعنى بـ ، يسهر على Look at ينظر إلى Look for يبحث عن Look forward to يتطلع بشوق إلى - يتلهف على Look like يبدو مشابها لـ (يشبه) Look like يشبه Look like يبدو كأن - يبدو من المحتمل أن Lord لورد (لقب شرف فى إنجلترا يوضع قبل اسم بعض الأشخاص) Lorry لورى - سيارة شحن - عربة نقل Lose يخسر Lose (lost) يفقد - يخسر - ينـهزم Loss خسارة Loss of fitness فقدان اللياقة للعمل Lotion غسول Loud عال ، مرتفع Loud عال، مرتفع، صاخب Lounge chair كرسي في استراحة Love حب Love يحب ، يرغب كثيرا فى Lovely جميل ، بديع ، جذاب Low قصير Low منخفض Lower Egypt الوجه البحرى Loyalty – faithfulness الإخلاص Luck حظ Luckily لحسن الحظ Lucky محظوظ Lucky محظوظ Luggage أمتعة Lunch الغذاء Lung رئة Lungs الرئتان Luxury goods سلع ترفيهية Lynx حيوان الوشق machinery الالآت Mad مجنون Made from مصنوع من (أكثر من شئ) Made of مصنوع من Made with مصنوع بـ Magazine مجلة Magians (magi) مجوس Magnet حجر المغنطيس Magnificent رائع / عظيم Magnifying glass نظارة مكبرة Maid الخادمة Mail بريد Mailbox صندوق البريد Mailman ساعي البريد Main رئيسي، أساسي Make (made) يصنع ، يعمل Make a fire يشعل نارا - يوقد نارا Make a journey يقوم برحلة Make a living يكسب رزقه Make sentences كون جمل Makeup المكياج Male-dominated society مجتمع يسيطر عليه الرجل Malnutrition سوء تغذية Mamelukes المماليك Man رجل Management analysis تحليل الإدارة Management appraisal تقييم الإدارة Management by objectives الإدارة بالأه Management development تطوير الإدارة Management rations نسب الإدارة Management services خدمات الإدارة Manager مدير Manager مدير Managerial grid شبكة الإدارة Mandolin ماندولين Mango المانجو Mania حب بجنون – ولع Manufactured by مصنعة بواسطة Manufacturing تصنيع Manure يسمد – يضع سماد Many كثير Map خريطة Marathon سباق طويل Marble رخام March مارس March المسيرة March يخطو خطوة عسكرية March third الثالث من مارس Marching band فرقة موسيقية Marginal accounts الحسابات الحدية Marginal costing حساب التكاليف الحدية Marina مرسي Marker العلامة Market سوق Market value القيمة حسب السوق Markings علامات Marquee سرادق Marsh مستنقع Martial arts فنون القتال Mask قناع Mass production إنتاج بالجملة Mass production إنتاج الجملة Massive هائل / ضخم Massive هائل – ضخم Massive ضخم Massive turnout إقبال هائل Mast السارية Master plan خطة شاملة ( خطة رئيسية ) Match يوفق ، يجد مثيلا لـ ، يلائم Matches عود ثقاب Material مادة - قماش Mathematics علم الرياضيات matrix management الإدارة الأم Mattress مراتب Maximum الحد الأقصى May مايو May لعل ، ربما ، يمكن ، يحتمل ، قد May مايو May (can) أيمكن ، يسمح بـ May Day عيد العمال May I come in? أيمكننى ال؟ أتسمح لى بال؟ Maybe ربما ، لعل Mayonnaise مايونيز Mayor العمدة - المحافظ Meadow مرج Meaning معني Meanwhile فى نفس الوقت ، فى أثناء Measure يقيس - يكيل Medical facilities خدمات او امكانيات طبيه Medical history سجل طبي Medicine دواء Medicine دواء - علاج Medium شيء متوسط Meeting لقاء Megaphone بوق Melon شمام Melt يذوب Member of parliament (MP) عضو برلمان Members أفراد Memo مذكرة Memorable تستحق التذكر Memorandum of association عقد التأسيس Memorize يحفظ عن ظهر قلب Menu قائمة الطعام Mercantile debt الدين التجاري Merchant تاجر Mermaid حورية الماء - جنية البحر - عروسة البحر (مخلوقة خرافية) Message رسالة Message رسالة شفهية أو مكتوبة Message رسالة Metal معدن Mexico المكسيك Microprocessor الجهاز المشغل للكمبيوتر Microwave فرن ميكروويف Midday منتصف النـهار - الظهيرة Middle أوسط Middle management الإدارة الوسطى Midnight منتصف الليل Midwife قابلة توليد -مولدة Might كان ربما Might كان ربما Migrate يهاجر Mile ميل = (1760 ياردة = 1906 متر) Milk لبن Mill مطحنة Millennium الألفية Milliliter ملليلتر (جزء من الألف من المتر) Million المليون Minaret مئذنة Mine لى ، ملكى ، خاص بى Mineral معدن Mineral water ماء معدني Minimum الحد الأدنى Minister وزير Minute الدقيقة Minute hand عقرب الدقائق Minutes دقائق Miracle معجزة Mirror مرآة Miss the record يفشل فى تسجيل الرقم القياسى Miss the record يفشل فى الحصول على قياسى Misses سيدة Mister سيد Model عارضة Modern حديث - عصرى Modular production الإنتاج المعياري Moist رطب Moistened رطب – مبلل Molten منصهرة Moment لحظة Monastery دير Monastery دير - مكان يسكنـه الرهبان Monday الاثنين Monday الاتنين Monetary policy السياسة النقدية Monetization / minting سك النقود Money مال Money المال Money exchange صرافة Money order أمر دفع Money order حوالة بريدية Monitor المراقب Monitor المرقاب (المونتر) Monk راهب Monkey قرد Monopoly احتكار Monorail خط حديدي مفرد Monotheism التوحيد Month الشـهر Monument أثر Monuments آثار Moon القمر Moratorium تأجيل السداد/ تأجيل دفع دين مستحق Mores عادات وأعراف Morning الصباح Morocco المملكة المغربية Moscow موسكو Moses النبى موسى Moslem مسلم Mosque المسجد Mosque مسجد - جامع Mosquito ناموسة - بعوضة Most الأكثر عددا - أكثر الجميع Most of معظم Mother أم Mother-in-law الحماة Motion study دراسة الحركة Motorboat زورق مزود بمحرك Motorcycle الدراجة البخارية Mountain جبل Mountain lion أسد جبلي Mountaineers متسلقو الجبال Mouse فأر Mouse فأر الكمبيوتر Mouth فم Move تحرك Move into ينتقل إلي (مسكن جديد) Movie theater سينما Mule حمار Multiple activity chart رسم بياني للأنشطة المتعددة Multiple management الإدارة المتعددة Multiplication ضرب Municipal elections انتخابات بلدية Mural جداري Muscle عضلة Muscles عضلات Museum متحف Mushrooms عيش الغراب Musician الموسيقي Mustache شارب Mustard الخردل Mutter يهمـهم my god يا إلهى (للتعجب) Nail ظفر Nail مسمار قلاووظ Nail مسمار Nail clippers مقلمة أظافر Nail polish طلاء أظافر Napkins فوطة سفرة Narrator راوي Narrow ضيق National issues قضايا قومية Nature الطبيعة Nature الطبيعة Nature of the work طبيعة العمل Near قريب Neck رقبة Necklace عقد Necktie ربطة العنق Nectarine الخوخ Needle إبرة Negotiable متداول Neighbor جار Neighbours جيران Nest عش Net margin ( profit) الربح الصافي Neurons خلايا عصبية New جديد News stand وكالة أنباء Newspaper جريدة Next fall الخريف القادم Next month الشـهر القادم Next spring الربيع القادم Next summer الصيف القادم Next to مجاور لـ Next week الأسبوع القادم Next winter الشتاء القادم Next year العام القادم Night ليلة Nightclub ملهى ليلي Nine تسعة Nine 9 Nine hundred تسعمائة Nineteen تسعة عشر Nineteen 19 Ninety تسعون Ninety 90 Ninth التاسع No longer لم يعد No smoking ممنوع التدخين Noise ضوضاء Noisy كثير الضوضاء/مزعج Nomadic رحال / محب لحياة الترحل Nomadic بدوي – محب للتنقل والترحال Nominal value قيمة إسمية Non-renewable غير متجددة Non-smoking ممنوع التدخين None لا شيء Noodles المغفل Noon منتصف النـهار Normal الحالة الطبيعية Normal الحالة الطبيعية Normal (adj.) الحالة الطبيعية North الشمال North الشمال Nose أنف not at all العفو Notary موثق Note عملة ورقية Notebook مفكرة Notes payable أوراق الدفع Notice يلاحظ Notice of garnishment إشعار حجز Nourishment تغذية November نوفمبر Now الآن Nuclear reactions التفاعلات النووية Number رقم Nurse الممرضة Nut صامولة Nut ثمرة جوز / بندق Nutrients المواد المغذية للكائنات الحية Nuts بندق Nylon النايلون Oar مج Oasis واحة Observe يلاحظ Obvious واضح Occupational diseases أمراض المـهنة Occupied منـهمك October أكتوبر Octopus الأخطبوط Oculist طبيب عيون Odd غريب – شاذ of course بالتأكيد، دون شك Office مكتب Office building مبني الشركة Official موظف oft loan قرض ميسر Often غالباً Oil زيت Old عجوز Olives الزيتون Olympic Games الألعاب الأوليمبية Omelet عجة البيض On على On- muslims غير المسلمين On-site فى الموقع On demand عند الطلب On the left of علي اليسار On the right of علي اليمين On time في الوقت المحدد Once upon a time ذات مرة Oncost التكاليف الإضافية One واحد One 1 One billion مليار One day يوم ما one day ذات يوم One eighth ثمن One fifteen a.m. الواحدة و الربع صباحا One forty five a.m. الواحدة إلا الربع صباحا One hour ساعة واحدة One hundred 100 One hundred and ond 101 One hundred percent مائة بالمائة One hundred thousand 100000 One million 1000000 One minute دقيقة واحدة One month شـهر ما One month ago منذ شـهر One o'clock a.m. الواحدة صباحا One o'clock p.m. الواحدة مساءا One quarter ربع One third ثلث One thirty a.m. الواحدة و النصف صباحا One thousand 1000 One week ago منذ أسبوع One year عام واحد One year ago منذ عام One year old عمر سنة Onion البصل Open مفتوح Open- door policy سياسات الانفتاح Open- ended support دعم بلا حدود – دعم مطلق Open-heart surgery عملية القلب المفتوح Open account حساب مفتوح Open an account يفتح حساب Opera أوبرا Opera glasses نظارة الأوبرا Operate يجرى عملية جراحية Operate يشغل / يدير Operation عملية جراحية Operator العامل Opportunity فرصة Opposition benches مقاعد المعارضة Opposition party حزب معارض Option اختيار Oracle كاهن Orange لون برتقالي Orange juice عصير برتقال Orchard بستان فاكهة Orchestra الأوركسترا Order نظام / ترتيب Organ آلة موسيقية (أرغن) Organic farming الزراعة بالمخصبات العضوية Orientalist مستشرق Original أصلي Original أصلي /النموذج الأصلي Original أصلى Originate يبتكر Ornament المفخرة Ornaments زينات Ostrich النعامة Out- turn/ earnings/ proceeds حصيلة Out box صادر Out of order خارج الخدمة Outlet منفذ Outreach services خدمات الدعم ( خدمات مساعدة) Outside الخارج Outstanding بارزة / رائعة ممتازة Outstanding غير مسدد Outward الظاهر Oval بيضوي Oven فرن Over – employment عمالة مفرطة Over – production إفراط في الإنتاج Over consumption إفراط في الاستهلاك Overall deficit عجز كلي Overdraft سحب علي المكشوف Overdraw سحب أكثر من الرصيد Overdue فات ميعاد استحقاق Overhead projector عارض ضوئي Overload costs التكاليف الثابتة Owe يدين Owl بومة Own up يعترف – يصرح Owner مالك Oxygen أكسجين Oxygen-rich غنى بالأكسجين Oysters محارة Pacific ocean المحيط الهادي Package رزمة Package علبة ملفوفة – طرد Package tour رحلة سياحية جماعية Paddle مج Padlock قفل Paganism الاعتقاد بتعدد الآلهة Pail دلو Paint طلاء Paint roller آلة للدهان Paintbrush فرشاة الدهن Paintings صور زيتية Palace قصر Palace قصر Palette لوحة ألوان رسام Palm يمس براحة اليد Palm trees نخيل Pan مقلاة Panda باندا Pantomime تمثيل إيمائي Pants بنطلون Papaya باباي Paper ورق Paper clip دبوس ورق Papyrus ورق البردى Parachute باراشوت Paradise الجنة Parallel متوازى Parasailing الابحار Parasol مظلة شمس خفيفة Pari passu على قدم المساواة Park منتزة Park حديقة عامة، منتزه Parka سترة فرائية Parliament’s standing committee اللجنة البرلمانية الدائمة Parliamentarian برلماني Parliamentary committee لجنة برلمانية Parliamentary debate مناقشة برلمانية Parliamentary group مجموعة برلمانية Parliamentary heckling هرج برلماني Parliamentary immunity حضانة برلمانية Parliamentary session دورة برلمانية Parliamentary sub- committee لجنة برلمانية فرعية Parrot ببغاء Parsley البقدونس Partner شريك Party manifesto ( programme) برنامج الحزب Party slates قوائم الحزب Party spokesman متحدث باسم الحزب Pass my kingdom أورث مملكتي Passenger مسافر Passport جواز سفر Past ماضى Pasta مكرونة Pastry معجنات Pasture مرعى Patience الصبر Patio فناء Patriotism وطنيه Pattern مثال Pavement رصيف Paw قدم الحيوان Payback period فترة السداد /فترة التحصيل Payments / disbursements مدفوعات Payoff/ retum مردود Peace سلام Peach خوخ Peacock الطاووس Peak قمة الجبل Peanuts فول سوداني Pear الكمثرى Pearls لؤلؤة Peas البازلاء Pedestrian عبور المشاة Peel يقشر Peeler مقشرة Pelican البجع Pen قلم حبر Pen-name اسم مستعار(لكاتب صحفي) Pencil قلم رصاص Pencil sharpener مبراة القلم Penguin البطريق Penicillin البنسيلين Penury فقر مدقع People الناس Pepper فلفل Peppers فلفل رومي Per capita income معدل الدخل الفردي Per person للفرد الواحد Percentage نسبة مئوية Perch ببغاء Perform يقوم او يؤدي عمل Performance عرض مسرحي Performance أداء مسرحي موسيقي Perfume عطر Period of grace فترة سماح Perishing فان – هالك Permanent working capital رأس المال Permature elections انتخابات Perpendicular عمودي Persimmon تصريح Persist يحتج Personal inspection التفتيش الذاتي Personnel management إدارة شئون الأفراد Perspective منظور Perspire يعرق Pesticides مبيد للآفات Pet حيوان مدلل Petal البتلة Ph D درجة الدكتوراه بالجامعة Pharmacy الصيدلية Pheasant طائر الدُّرَجَة‏ Philosopher فيلسوف Phone booth كابينة تليفون Photocopier آلة التصوير Photographer المصدر الضوئي Photosynthesis التمثيل / البناء الضوئى Photosynthesis البناء الضوئي Physician طبيب (معالج) Physician طبيب باطنى (معالج) Physicist عالم- خبير في الفيزياء Pianist عازف البيانو Piano بيانو Pick up يحصل على – يأخذ Picnic نزهة Picnic basket سلة الرحلات Picnic table طاولة الرحلات Pie فطيرة Piece قطعة Pier دعامة جسر Piety التقوى Pig خنزير Pigeon ة Pilgrimage الحج Pill حبة دواء Pillars of Islam أركان الإسلام Pillow وسادة Pillow case كيس المخدة Pilot طيار Pilot’s license رخصة طيران Pine cones الصنوبر Pineapple الأناناس Ping-pong كرة الطاولة Pink وردي Pious تقي Pipe غليون Pitch ملعب رياضى Pitcher القاذف Pitcher إبريق Pitchfork مذراة Pizza البيتزا Place mat Place mat Plaid نسيج مربع النقش Plain سهل/أرض منبسطة Planeload حمولة الطائرة Planet الكوكب Plant نبتة Plaque بروش Plastic بلاستيك Plate طبق Platform منصة Play يلعب Playground ملعب Playing cards ورق اللعب Playwright مؤلف مسرحي Pleasant لطيف Please من فضلك Pliers كماشة Plot قطعة أرض/ قسم من رقعة كبيرة من الأرض Plow محراث Plum البرقوق Plural جمع Pluralistic تعددي Pocket جيب Podium منصة عالية Poetry شعر Point at يشير إلي Point of interest مكان هام / مثير للاهتمام Poison سم Poker لعبة البوكر Police الشرطة Police station نقطة شرطة Polite مؤدب Political apathy لا مبالاة سياسية Politics السياسة Polka-dot نسيج مخرم Polling stations مراكز الاقتراع Polo لعبة البولو Polyp البولب / حيوان مرجانى Polytheism شرك Polytheist مشرك Pond بركة Pool table طاولة البليارد Poor turnout إقبال ضعيف Popcorn الفشار Population السكان Porch مدخل مسقوف Pork لحم الخنزير Porter الحمال Pose مرتبك Position مكان ، موضع Post office مكتب البريد Postcard بطاقة بريدية Pot قدر Potato البطاطس Potato chips بطاطس محمرة Pottery آنية فخارية Pound قفص حيوانات Pour يصب Poverty الفقر Powder مسحوق Power strip شريط الطاقه Powerful قوي Prayer الصلاة Precious نفيس – ثمين Pregnant حامل Premium /a compte قسط Prescription وصفة طبية Present مضارع Preservation المحافظة على Pressure gauge عداد ضغط Prestigious ذو اعتبار أو هيبة Prevent يمنع Previous سابق Price ثمن Price- indexation ربط الأسعار Price differentials فروق الأسعار Price discrimination التمييز السعري Price rating تحديد الأسعار Priest كاهن Printer طابعة Printer الطابعة Prior charges التكاليف السابقة Private خاص Private road طريق خاص Privatisation نقل من الملكية العامة للملكية الخاصة Probability الاحتمال Probably من المحتمل Procedural session جلسة إجراءات Procedures إجراءات Processing تجهيز Processing industries صناعات تحويلية ( التجهيز ) Proclaim the rights of man ينادى بحقوق الإنسان Producer منتج Production إنتاج Production control ضبط الإنتاج Production incentives حوافز الإنتاج Production management إدارة الإنتاج Production planning تخطيط الإنتاج Productivity الإنتاجية Products منتجات profession المـهنة Professional محترف Professional محترف Professional associations النقابات المـهنية Professionalism الحرفانية/الطرق المـهنية Professor الأستاذ Proficiency كفاءة Proficient كفء – ماهر Profile الصورة الجانبية Profile نبذة Profit أرباح/ فوائد Profit ربح Profit ربح Profit recipient مستفيد من الأرباح Profit recipient مسح عقاري Profitable مربح Prohibited ممنوع Promoter رائد Promotion ترويج Promotion of exports تنمية الصادرات Propeller الع Properly بشكل صحيح Properly كما ينبغي، بدقة Prophet نبي Prophet’s tradition حديث نبوي Proportion تناسب / جزء / نسبة Proportional representation تمثيل نسبي Prostrate يسجد Protection against firs الوقاية ضد الحريق Protest Against يحتج علي Prune يقلم/ يشذب Psalms الزبور Psychiatrist طبيب نفسانى Public عام Public opinion راى عام Public relations العلاقات العامة Public transport المواصلات العامة Pudding بودنج Pull يجذب Pulley بكرة Pulse النبض Pump مضخة Pump يضخ – مضخة Pumpkin اليقطين Punish يعاقب Puppet دمية متحركة Puppy جرو Purchase يشتري Pure طاهر Purple بنفسجي Purpose غرض Purse كيس الفلوس Push يدفع Push pin دبوس رسم Put someone through يوصل الشخصين تليفونيًا Puzzled محتار Pyramid هرم Quail يذبل Qualifications المؤهلات Quality control ضبط الجودة Quantity كمية Quantity discount خصم الكمية Quantum كم – كمية Quarter الربع Queen ملكة Question سؤال Queue طابور Quiche Quiche Quick assets الأصول السريعة Quick ratio معدل التداول السريع Quiet هدوء quiet هادئ Quite تماما Quiz مسابقة – معلومات Quoran القرآن R.O.G.( receipt of goods) استلام البضاعة Rabbit الأرنب Raccoon راكون Race عدو Race سباق Racket مضرب Racquetball مضرب التنس Radiate تشع/ تنتشر Radio الراديو Radish فجل Rafting تجديف Raider المغير – المداهم Raiding مداهمة – اغارة علي Railroad السكة الحديدية Rain مطر Rain boots حذاء مطر Rain coat معطف المطر Rain forests الغابات الاستوائية المطيرة Rainbow قوس قزح Raise يرفع Raise money يجمع نقود Raisins زبيب Rake أداة لجمع العشب Rapids سريع Rapporteur مقرر Rash طفح جلدي Raspberries توت العليق Rat جرذ Rate معدل – قيمة Rate معدل Rate سعر –معدل Rate of return معدل العائد Rated/ quoted / tariffed مسعر Rationing تسعير جبري Rationing / rationalization ترشيد Rattle يخشخش Razor موس الحلاقة Razor blade قاطع Reach يبسط Read يقرأ Rebate تنزيل Receipt وصفة طهي Receive يتسلم Recently حديثا، منذ فترة قصيرة Reception traffic مرور Receptionist عامل الاستقبال Recite يتلو – يرتل Reclamation استصلاح Recommend يوصى / يزكى Rectangle مستطيل Recycled material مادة معاد تصنيعها Red أحمر Red- tape الروتين Red cross الصليب الأحمر Reduce يقلل / يخفض Reef ثنية الشراع Reflection انعكاس Refrigerator ثلاجة Region إقليم Region إقليم - منطقة Regression ارتداد – انحدار Regular meeting اجتماع عادي Reins لجام Related متصل بـ Relax يسترخى Release تنطلق / تندفع Release يطلق سراح Relic أثر مقدس Religious دينى Religious ceremonies شعائر دينيا Religious matters الشئون/ الأمور الدينية Religious observances عبادات Remains بقايا / فضلات Remove يمحو Renegade مرتد renew يجدد Rent يستأجر Rent يستأجر لفترة طويلة Rental car سيارة مؤجرة Reparations تعلية السعر Repeat elections انتخابات الإعادة Repent يتوب Repentance توبة Repentant تائب representation تمثيل Representative ممثل / مندوب Representative ممثل Reputation سمعة Require يتطلب Requirements متطلبات Rescue ينقذ Rescue ( relief) الإنقاذ Rescuers رجال الإنقاذ Research assistant معيد بكلية جامعية Reservation حجز Reserve يحجز Reserve أرض لحماية النبات والحيوان Reserve وديعة Residual / excess/ spillover فائض Resist يقاوم Resistance مقاومة Resistant مقاوم Resort يتردد على Resort مصيف / منتجع Resource gap عدم كفاية الموارد Rest hour (break) وقت للراحة Restaurant مطعم Restrictions قيود Resurrection البعث Retail تجارة التجزئة Retail credit bureaus مكاتب ائتمان التجزئة Retrenchment ضغط المصروفات ( تخفيض النفقات ) Returiyield عائد Return of capital عائد رأس المال Reunited لم الشمل Review مقالة نقدية Reviewer ناقد أدبي Revolving متجدد Rhinoceros وحيد القرن Ribbon شريط Rice الأرز Ride يركب Rifle بندقية Right يمين Ring خاتم Ripe يانع Ripen تنضج Rituals طقوس – شعائر River نـهر Roar يصرخ، يزار Robbery السرقة Robot إنسان آلي Rock climbing تسلق الصخور Rocket صاروخ Rodeo مصارعة التيران Roller blades حذاء التزحلق Roller coaster القطار الأفعواني Roller skating قبقاب تزحلق Rolling pin Rolling pin Rolling plan مشروع متجدد Rolling sea بحر متموج Rolodex Rolodex Roof سقف Room service خدمة الغرف Rooster ديك Root جذر Roots جذور الشجرة Rope حبل Rose زهرة Rot يفسد / يتعفن Rot (v) يفسد / يتعفن Rotten فاسد Rough خشن Rough خشن (غير أملس) Round مستدير Round جولة – دورة round دائرى Round - the clock work عمل 24 ساعة Row يجدف Row صف Rowboat مركب تجديف Rowing التجديف Rows صفوف Royalty رسم امتياز Rubber gloves قفاز مطاط Rubbish قمامة / زبالة Rude أحمق Rug بطانية Ruins خراب Ruins أطلال Ruins اطلال / حطام Ruler مسطرة Ruling coalition إئتلاف حاكم Ruling party الحزب الحاكم Run يعدو Run- up ارتفاع Run out تنفذ / تنتهي Run out of يستنفذ Running my own business إدارة عملي Rural community المجتمع الريفي Russia روسيا Russian روسي Rust صدأ Rust يصدأ Sabian صابئ Sabotage التخريب Saboteurs المخربون Sacred duty واجب مقدس Sacred month ( the Holy Month ) الشـهر الحرام Saddle سرج Safety “Seat” belt حزام الأمان Safety glasses نظارة واقية Safety pin دبوس مشبك Sail شراع Sailboat مركب شراعي Sailing إبحار Sailor بحّار Salable رائج Salad سلطة Salad bowl طبق السلطة Salary مرتب Sale أوكازيون Sales مبيعات Sales index دليل المبيعات Sales management إدارة المبيعات Salmon السلمون Salt ملح Sand رمل Sand castle قلعة من الرمل Sandals صندل Sandwich سندويش Sanitary napkins مناديل صحية Satellite قمر صنعي Satisfaction رضاء / قناعة Saturday السبت Saturday السبت Sauce الصلصة Saucer طبق الفنجان Sausage سجق Savings مدخرات Saw منشار Saxophone ساكسفون Scaffold منصة Scale ميزان Scallions بصل أخضر Scarce نادر Scarecrow الفزعة Scared خائف Scarf وشاح Scholar باحث مختص Scholastics فلاسفة دينيون School مدرسة Schools of law المدارس الفقهية Scientific management الإدارة العلمية Scissors مقص Scratch يحك Scream صرخة Screen شاشة الكمبيوتر Screw قلاووظ Screwdriver مفك Scrub brush فرشاة ثياب Scuba diving الغوص/السباحة تحت الماء Sculptor النحات Sea بحر Sea lion عجل البحر Sea plane طائرة مائية Seafood طعام بحري Seagull النورس Seal عجل البحر Seashell قوقعة Seashore شاطئ البحر Seat Seat belt حزام أمان Seaweed العشب البحري Second ثان Second-hand مستعملة Second hand عقرب الثواني Secretary سكرتير Secretary general لأمين العام Section قطاع Secured loans القروض المضمونة Securely بطريقة آمنة Security check فحص أمني Seeds بذرة Selfish أناني Sell يبيع Semivariable costs تكاليف شبة متغيرة September سبتمبر Series مسلسلات Serious جاد Serious جاد، جدي Servants of God عباد Service provider مقدم أو مكتب خدمات Set يضبط Set off يبدأ رحلة Set up يؤسس – يقيم Settle يستقر / يستوطن Settle (v) يستقر / يستوطن Settlement تصفية – تسوية Sevebteeb 17 Seven سبعة Seven 7 Seven hundred سبعمائة Seventeen سبعة عشر Seventh سابع Seventy سبعون Seventy 70 Seventy five percent خمسة و سبعون بالمائة Severance pay مكافأة ترك الخدمة Sewing machine ماكينة خياطة Shade ظل Shadow ظل Shampoo شامبو Share يشارك Shareholder مساهم – حامل السهم Shares أسهم Shark القرش Sharp حاد She هي She is هي تكون She is هى تكون She was هى كانت Sheep خروف Sheets ملاءات Shelf رف Shell صدفة البحر Shift وردية عمل Shiite شيعى Shin قصبة الرجل Shiny لامع Ship سفينة كبيرة Shipwreck سفينة غارقة Shirt قميص Shoe soles نعل الحذاء Shoelaces رباط الحذاء Shoes حذاء Shop متجر Shopping تسوق Shopping bag حقيبة تسوق Shore شاطئ Short قصير Short circuit الماس الكهربائي Shorts Shoulder كتف Shoulders أكتاف Shovel مجرفة Shower دش Shows عروض Shrimp جمبري Shutter مصراع النافذة Sick leave إجازة مرضية Side جنب Side جانب Sigh يتنـهد Sign إشارة Signature identification بطاقات التوقيع Silhouette غروب Silk حرير Silk worm دودة القز Silly ساذج Silt غرين / طمى Silt (n) غرين / طمى Silver فضة Silver فضي Similar مشابه / مماثل Sinful آثم Sing يغني Single منفرد Singles tournament دورة ألعاب فردية Singular مفرد Sink حوض المطبخ Sister أخت Sister-in-law أخت الزوج Sit يجلس Sites مواقع تاريخية Situated واقع – قائم Siwans أهل سيوة Siwi اللغة السيوية Six ستة Six 6 Six hundred ستمائة Sixteen ستة عشر Sixteen 16 Sixth سادس Sixty ستون Sixty 60 Skate تزحلق علي الجليد Skateboard لوح تزحلق Skeleton هيكل عظمى Ski أداة التزحلق Ski boots حذاء التزحلق Ski lift مصعد التزحلق Ski poles عصا التزحلق Ski slope منحدرالتزحلق Skiing التزحلق Skin جلد skin cream كريم البشرة St جونلة Skis التزحلق علي الجليد Skull جمجمة Skydiving السباحة في الفضاء Skylight منور Skyline الأفق Sled عربة متزحلقة Sleep ينام Sleeping bag حقيبة نوم Sleeve كم Slice شريحة Slide ينزلق Slope ينحدر / يميل Slow بطيء Slow down يبطئ / يتمـهل Small صغير Smaller أصغر Smash يحطم/يكسر/يدفع بشدة Smell يشم Smell رائحة Smile ابتسامة Smoke يدخن Smooth أملس Smooth أملس Snail حلزون Snake أفعى Snarled زمجر Sneakers حذاء خفيف Snorkelling الغطس بأنابيب التنفس Snow ثلج Snowmobile عربة ثلج Soap صابون Soccer لعبة كرة القدم Soccer كرة القدم Soccer ball كرة القدم Soccer field ملعب الكرة Social overhead capital المقومات الهيكلية Socks جورب قصير Soft ناعم Soft boiled eggs بيض نصف مسلوق Software برامج كمبيوتر Software برنامج كمبيوتر Software برامج الكمبيوتر Solar city مدينة الشمس Solar power طاقة شمسية Sold out بيعت Soldier جندي Soldiers جنود Solid color لون قاتم Solo flight رحلة طيران فرديه Solvent موسر Sombrero قبعة مكسيكية Some بعض Son ابن Sore throat حلق ملتهب Sorrow الأسف SOS نداء استغاثة Soufflé سوفلية Sounds تبدو Soup حساء Soup bowl طبق الحساء Soup spoon ملعقة الحساء Sour حامض ، فاسد South الجنوب South الجنوب South America أمريكا الجنوبية South American جنوب أمريكي Souvenir تذكار Sow يزرع / يبذر Sow (v) يزرع / يبذر Space shuttle مركبة فضاء Space suit حلة فضاء Spade مجراف Spain أسبانيا Spanish إسباني Speak يتكلم Speaker سماعة Speaker رئيس البرلمان Spear throwing لعبة رمى الرمح Special delivery خدمة خاصة Specialist اخصائى Specialize in يتخصص في Speculations مضاربات Speculative building مبنى للاستغلال التجاري Speed سرعة Speedboat زورق بخاري سريع Spice tour رحلة مليئة بالإثارة والمتعة Spices توابل- بهارات Spider عنكبوت Spill يصب Spine نتوء Spirit روح Spiritual genius الإشراقات الروحية Splinter group مجموعة منشقة Split تنفصل / تنشطر Sponge إسفنجة Spoon ملعقة Sports car سيارة رياضية Spotted منقط Spray يرش Spray رذاذ / رشاش Spread ينشر Spread ينشر – يبذر Spring الربيع Spring الربيع Square المربع Square ميدان Squash القرع الصيفي Squid حبار Squirrel السنجاب Stack كومة Stadium إستاد Staff هيئة الموظفين Stage خشبه مسرح Stagflation ركود مقترن بالتضخم Staggered على مراحل Stagnation / recession ركود Stained glass زجاج معشق Stairs سلالم Stake نصيب Stamp طابع Stamp طلبع بريدى Stand someone يتحمل شخص Stand up انـهض Standard deviation الانحراف القياسي Standby tax ضريبة إحتياطية Stapler دباسة Star نجم Starfish نجم البحر Starvation مجاعة Statement of condition بيان بالوضع المالي Station محطة Statistics الإحصائيات Statue تمثال Statue تمثال Stay يبقي Steak شريحة لحم Steam بخار Stem ساق Stereo استريو Sterilize يعقم Stern دفة Stethoscope سماعة الطبيب Stew ساخن Stir يحرك Stirrup ركاب Stock turnover دوران البضاعة Stomach معدة Stone حجر Stool كرسي طويل Stop قف Stop watch ساعة إيقاف Store متجر Storm عاصفة Storm يندفع غاضبًا Straight مستقيم Straight ahead للأمام Straighten يستقيم – يقوم Strategy of triage استراتيجية تحديد الأولويات Strawberries الفراولة Street شارع Street sign علامة طريق Street vendor بائع في الشارع Streetcar ترام Streetlight إنارة الطريق Stretch يمط Strike إضراب String خيط String beans فاصوليا Striped مقلم Stripped مخطط – مقلم Stroller كرسي متحرك Struggle كفاح - نضال Studio مرسم Study يدرس Stupid أحمق، غبي Submarines غواصات Submerge يغمر تحت المياه Subsidy الدعم Subsistence الكفاف Subtraction طرح Suburb ضاحية Subway مترو الأنفاق Successor خليف – وريث Suddenly فجأة Suede سترة Sugar سكر Suit بذلة Suitable for مناسب لـ Sultan السلطان Summer الصيف Summer الصيف Sun الشمس Sun block كريم شمس Sun glasses نظارة شمس Sunbather شمسي Sunburn حرق شمسي Sunday الأحد Sunday الاحد Sunflower عبّاد الشمس Sunna السنة Sunni سني Sunset الغروب Super profits أرباح خيالية Supervisor مشرف Supply and demand العرض والطلب Support price سعر مدعوم Surf the net يدخل شبكة المعلومات Surgeon طبيب جراح Surroundings البيئه المحيطه Surtax ضريبة إضافية Survival البقاء Survival البقاء علي قيد الحياة Survivors الناجون (بعد الحادثة) Suspenders حمالة البنطلون Suspicious مشكوك فيه Swallow يبتلع Swan بجعة Sweater بلوفر Sweet حلو Swimming سباحة Swimming cap قبعة السباحة Swimming pool سباحة Swimsuit ثوب السباحة Swing أرجوحة Symbol رمز Symphony سيمفونية Synergism تضافر الجهود Syrup System نظام T-shirt تى شيرت Table طاولة Table cloth مفرش السفرة Tacit consent موافقة ضمنية Tact لباقة - ذوق Tail ذيل Tailor الخياط Tailor-made مصنوع بمواصفات خاصة Take- off – break through انطلاقة Take over يقوم بمـهمة / يتولى عملاً Take place يحدث Taken on شغلت / استقدم للعمل Taken up شغلت وقتا طويلا Talking about people التحدث عن الناس Tall طويل Talons مخالب Tampons صمام Tan طوبى Tandem دراجة ذات ين Tangerine نارنج Tangle تشويش – ارتباك Tangle كتلة متشابكة غير منتظمة Tank صهريج Tape شريط Tape deck كاسيت Tape dispenser حامل الورق اللاصق Target الرمية Tax ضريبة Tax dodger متهرب من الضرائب Tax evasion تهرب ضريبي Tax exemption إعفاء ضريبي Taxi تاكسي Tea شاي Teacher المدرس Team Sports / Games ألعاب جماعية Teapot إبريق الشاي Tease contract عقد الإجارة Teaspoon ملعقة شاي Technical terms مصطلحات فنية Technique أسلوب- طريقة Teddy bear الدبة تيدي Teeth أسنان Telegram برقية Telephone التلفون Telephone line خط تليفون ، سلك تليفون Telescope تليسكوب Television التلفزيون Teller الراوي Temperate معتدلة الحرارة Temperature درجة الحرارة Temple معبد Temporarily مؤقتًا Ten عشرة Ten 10 Ten minutes عشر دقائق Ten minutes past one a.m. الواحدة و عشر دقائق صباحا Ten minutes past one p.m. الواحدة و عشر دقائق مساءا Ten minutes past two a.m. الثانية و عشر دقائق صباحا Ten minutes past two p.m. الثانية و عشر دقائق مساءا Tender عطاء Tennis تنس Tennis ball كرة التنس Tennis court ملعب التنس Tent خيمة Tenth عاشر Term deposits ودائع الأجل Term loan قرض لأجل Term loans قروض متوسطة الأجل terrifying مخيف Test tube أنبوبة أختبار Tewlve 12 Thank you شكرا the back row الصف الخلفى The books of Abraham and Moses صحف إبراهيم وموسى The Boot maker of Damascus صانع الاحذية الدمشقي The Boot maker of Damasucs صانع الاحذية الدمشقي The chain of hope سلسلة الامل The day of judgement يوم الدينونة ( الحساب) The dead الموتى The food we eat الطعام الذى نأكله The government’s policy statement بيان الحكومة The Holy House ( kaaba ) البيت الحرام the indian ocean المحيط الهندى The Internet is for every one الانترنت للجميع The Last Day اليوم الآخر The Mediterranean sea البحر الأبيض المتوسط The national vote العدد الكلي للأصول The needy المحتاجون the other day منذ بضعة أيام The poor due ( alms giving ) الزكاة The press الصحافة The propagation of Islam نشر الإسلام The Prophet’s Birthday المولد النبوي The right path الطريق المستقيم the suez canal قناة السويس The true religion الدين الحنيف The unseen الغيب The wise chief الرئيس الحكيم Theater مسرح Theatre المسرح Theory of probabilities نظرية الاحتمالات There is no question لا مجال للشك There may be ربما يوجد ، قد يوجد There might be قد يوجد ، يحتمل وجود Thermos bottle ترموس These هؤلاء They are هم يكونوا They are هن تكن They are هم يكونوا، هن تكن (لغير الإنسان) They are هن تكن They are هم يكونوا، هن تكن (لغير الإنسان) They were هم كانوا They were هن كن They were هم كانوا، هن كن (لغير الإنسان) Thief لص Thigh فخذ Think يفكر Third الثالث Thirsty ظامئ Thirteen ثلاثة عشر Thirteen 13 Thirty ثلاثون Thirty 30 Thirty one واحد و ثلاثون Thirty two أثنين و ثلاثون This fall الخريف الحالي This month الشـهر الحالي This spring الربيع الحالي This summer الصيف الحالي This week الأسبوع الحالي This winter الشتاء الحالي This year العام الحالي Thoughtful عميق التفكير Thousand ألف Three ثلاثة Three 3 Three hundred ثلاثمائة Three o'clock a.m. الثالثة صباحا Three o'clock p.m. الثالثة مساءا Three thirty a.m. الثالثة و النصف صباحا Three years ثلاثة أعوام Throat حنجرة Throat البلعوم Throw يقذف Throw pillow وسادة جانبية Thumb إبهام اليد Thumbtack دبوس رسم Thunderstorm عاصفة رعدية Thurday الخميس Thursday الخميس Ticket تذكرة Tie رابطة Tie يربط Tie يربط Tiger نمر Tights الرداء المحكم Tile بلاط Tilt يميل Time وقت Time study دراسة الوقت Tin قصدير Tip بقشيش Tire إطار سيارة Tissues مناديل ورقية To abstain from food and drink يمتنع عن الطعام وال To adopt Islam يعتنق الإسلام To be exempted from fasting يعفي من الصوم To be stuffed يحنط To belie religicn يكذب بالدين To break one’s coverant ينقص الميثاق To call for prayer ينادي للصلاة To change words from their context يحرف الكلم عن مواضعه To debate an issue يناقش موضوع To dissolve parliament يحل البرلمان To fire a worker (dismiss) يفصل عامل To give a month’s notice يعطي اخطار لمدة شـهر To give notice يعطي اخطار بترك العمل To hospitalise ينقل للمستشفى To interfere يتدخل To judge with equity يحكم بالقسط To modify يحور / يعدل To process food يصنع الطعام To recite the creed ينطق بالشـهادة To recruit workers يجند عمال To renegade from one’s religion يرتد عن دينـه To renew the contract يجدد العقد To testify يشـهد To vote a law يصوت بالموافقة علي قانون To vote down يصوت ضد To wash hands up to the elbow غسل اليدين إلي المرفقين To worship يعبد Toast خبز محمص Toast محمصة Toaster محمصة كهربائية Today اليوم Toenail ظفر إصبع القدم Toes إصبع القدم Together معاً Toilet مرحاض Toilet paper ورق تواليت Tolerant متسامح Tomato طماطم Tomorrow غداً Tomorrow afternoon غدا بعد الظهر Tomorrow evening غدا مساءا Tomorrow morning غدا صباحا Tongue لسان Tongue اللسان Tongue لسان Toolbox صندوق العدة Tools أدوات ميكانيكا Toothache وجع السن Toothbrush فرشاة الأسنان Toothpaste معجون الأسنان Top قمة Top management الإدارة العليا Top surgeons مشاهير الجراحين Torah التوارة tort تعددت Torte تورتة Toss يقذف بإهمال Totally تماما Tote bag حقيبة Touch يلمس Touch اللمس Tour bus أتوبيس سياحي Tour guide مرشد سياحي Tourism Today السياحه اليوم Tourist attractions الأشياء التى تغرى السياح Tourist information استعلامات سياحية tow hundred مائتان Towel منشفة Towel rack حامل مناشف Tower برج town hall المجلس المحلى Toy store متجر لعب Toys لعب Tractor جرار Trade تجارة Trade الحرفة Trade balance الميزان التجاري Trade discount خصم تجاري Trade routes خطوط تجارية Trade union committee اللجنة النقابية Trade unions نقابات العمال Trading posts مراكز تجارية Tradition تقاليد Traffic حركة المرور Trail قافلة Train قطار Transaction تداول Transaction عملية – صفقة – معاملة Transfer ينقل Transfer الانتقالات Transfer ينتقل Transfer تحويل Transferable قابل للتحويل Translate يترجم Transplant عملية زرع عضو Transport ينقل Travel agent وكيل سياحى Travel chart رسم بياني للحركة Travel costs تكاليف السفر Travel insurance التأمين الخاص بالسفر Traveler's check شيك سياحي Tray صينية Treasury خزانة Tree شجرة Tremble يرتعش، يرتجف Trend forecasting التنبؤ بالاتجاه Triangle المثلث Tribe قبيلة Tricks خدع، حيل Tricycle الدراجة الثلاثية Trillion تريليون Tripod ثلاثي القوائم Tripod حامل لاجراء التجارب Tront money مقدم أتعاب Tropical استوائي Trowel أدوات زراعية Truck شاحنة Trumpet البوق Trunk جذع الشجرة Tuba بوق Tubes أنابيب Tuesday الثلاثاء Tuesday الثلاثاء Tulip تيوليب Tuna تونة Turbines تربينات Turkey ديك رومي Turn دوران Turnip لفت Turnout الإقبال علي Turtle السلحفاة Turtleneck sweater سويتر برقبة Tusk ناب Tutor معلم بالاجر TV. set جهاز تليفزيون Twelve اثنا عشر Twenty عشرون Twenty 20 Twenty five percent خمسة و عشرون بالمائة Twenty one واحد و عشرون Twenty one 21 Twenty two أثنين و عشرون Two اثنان Two 2 Two fifteen a.m. الثانية و النصف صباحا Two forty five a.m. الثالثة إلا الربع صباحا Two hours ساعتان Two hundred مائتان Two months ago منذ شـهرين Two o'clock a.m. الثانية صباحا Two o'clock p.m. الثانية مساءا Two thirty a.m. الثانية و النصف صباحا Two weeks ago منذ أسبوعين Two years عامان Two years ago منذ عامين Two years old عمر سنتين Typewriter الآلة الكاتبة Ugliness قبح – بشاعة Umbrella مظلة Umbrella project المشروع الأم Unbelievable لا تصدق Uncle العم Unclear power طاقة نووية او ذرية Uncomfortable غير مريح Under تحت Under management قصور الادارة Under the banner of Islam تحت لواء الإسلام Underconsumption تدني الإستهلاك Underneath اسفل / تحت Understand يفهم Undertake يتعهد بـ / ينفذ – يتمم Underwear ملابس داخلية Unemployment البطالة Unemployment rates معدلات البطالة Unfair غير عادل Unfamiliar غير مالوف Unfortunately لسوء الحظ Unfortunately لسوء الحظ Uniform زى Uniform value قيمة موحدة Union رابطه-اتحاد بلاد Unique فريد / لا مثيل له United متحد Unity وحدة – اتحاد University جامعة Unkind قاس، غير كريم Unlicensed غير مرخص Unsecured loans قروض غير مضمونة Unthinkable لا يخطر ببال- لا يتصور Unusual غير معتاد Up فوق Upright معتدل Upturn تحسن Use يستعمل Utilities facilities/ amenities مرافق – منافع عامة Vacant job وظيفة خالية Vacation عطلة Vacation أجازة Vacations العطلات / الإجازات Vaccination تلقيح Vacuum cleaner مكنسة كهربائية Valid vote صوت صحيح Valley واد Valuation تحديد القيمة Valve صمام Van شاحنة Variable costs تكاليف متغيرة Variance / divergence تباين Variety تنوع Vase زهرية VCR فيديو Vegetables خضراوات Vegetarian النباتي Vegetarian شخص نباتى Vehicle عربة / مركبة Vein وريد Velvet مخمل Verse ىية Verse شعر / نظم Vest ثوب Veterinarian طبيب بيطري Veterinary طبيب بطرى Viable قابل للاستمرار Video cassette شريط فيديو View منظر Village قرية Vinegar خل Violin الكمان Visa تأشيرة Visible exports صادرات منظورة Vitamins فيتامينات Vocational training التدريب المـهني Volcano بركان Volleyball الكرة الطائرة Volume حجم – مقدار Volume chart رسم بياني للحجم Volunteer متطوع Vrertical expansion توسع رأسي Wage per hour أجر بالساعة Wagon حافلة Waist خصر Waist خصر Wait ينتظر Waiter نادل Walking المشي Wall حائط Wallet محفظة جيب Walnuts جوز Wander يتجول Want يريد Wards عنابر المستشفى Warm ئ Warning الإنذار Was made صنع Washer الغسالة Waste basket سلة مـهملات Waste energy يبدد طاقة Waste matter فضلات Watch ساعة Watchdog committee لجنة رقابة Watchtowers ابراج مراقبة Water الماء Water bottle زجاجة ماء Water cooler مبرد مياه Water glass كوب ماء Water pipe burst إنفجار ماسورة المياه Waterfall شلال Watering can رشاش مياه Watermelon البطيخ الأحمر Watermelon بطيخ Waterway المجرى المائي Wave موجة Wave يلوح بيده We نحن We are نحن نكون We are نحن نكون We were نحن كنا Wealth ثروة Wear يرتدي Wear away يبلى / يتآكل Weather الطقس Weave نسيج Wedding زواج Wedding حفل زفاف Wednesday الأربعاء Wednesday الاربعاء Weight وزن Weights أوزان Welcome مرحبا Welder اللحّام West الغرب West الغرب Wet مبتل Wet مبتل Wet suit بدلة الماء Whales حيتان Wheat قمح Wheel عجلة Wheelbarrow عجلة اليد Wheelchair معاق Wheelchair sports رياضات المعاقين Whip يضرب بالسوط Whip السوط Whipped cream كريمة مخفوقة Whiskers شوارب Whistle صفارة White أبيض White wine نبيذ أبيض Whole كل Wholesale تجارة الجملة Wide واسع Wife زوجة Wild life الحياة البرية Wildcat strike إضراب غير مشروع Wilty شديد الذكاء Win يفوز Wind ريح Wind farms مصانع تدور بقوة الرياح Wind surfing لوح الابحار Windbreaker سترة قصيرة جلدية Windfall كسب مفاجئ Windmill طاحونة هوائية Windmills طواحين الهواء Window نافذة Window box صندوق شباك Window pane لوح زجاجي في نافذة Windsurfing رياضة ركوب الأمواج Windy عاصف Wine خمر Wine glass كأس خمر Winery المخمرة Wing جناح Winter الشتاء Winter الشتاء Wire fence سور سلك Wisdom الحكمة Wise حكيم Withdraw يسحب Withdrawal استرداد Without prejudice to دون الاخلال بـ/ دون المساس بـ Withstand يحتمل/ يصمد / يقاوم Witness شاهد Wolf الذئب Woman امرأة Women in History نساء فى التاريخ Wood خشب Wool صوف Word – processor كمبيوتر صغير Work عمل Work conditions ظروف العمل Work cycle دورة العمل Work evaluation تقييم العمل Work factor معامل الشغل Work his way up يتقدم / يرتفع شأنـه Work licence رخصة العمل Work load حمل العمل Work measurement قياس العمل Work permit تصريح العمل Work study دراسة العمل Workers gains المكاسب العمالية Workers rights حقوق العمال Workers social welfare الرعاية الاجتماعية للعمال Workers’ remittances تحويلات العمال المـهاجرين Workforce عدد العاملين (في شركة او مصنع) Working capital رأس المال العامل Works اعمال – عمليات – مصنع World peace السلام العالمى World Wide Web نظام تخزين للكمبيوتر Worldwide عالمى/على مستوى العالم Worm دودة Worried قلق Worship يعبد Worship حرفة Wounds الجروح Wrap لفة Wrench يلوي Wrestling مصارعة Wrist الرسغ Writer الكاتب x- axis المحور الأفقي y- axis المحور الرأسي Yam بطاطا Yard حديقة Year سنة Yell يصيح Yellow أصفر Yesterday أمس Yesterday afternoon أمس يعد الظهر Yesterday evening أمس مساءا Yesterday morning أمس صباحا You are أنت تكون You are أنتم تكونوا You were أنت كنت You were أنتم كنتم Your excellency سعادتك، فخامتك Youth الشباب Zebra حمار وحشي Zero صفر Zero deposit- import استيراد بدون تحويل العملة Zipper سوسته Zoo حديقة الحيوان Zucchini كوسة : معني flood control

[معني flood control]

نویسنده و منبع | تاریخ انتشار: Wed, 26 Sep 2018 03:21:00 +0000

معني flood control

Top 5000 Arabic Words | Modern Standard Arabic

Here are the top 5000 most common Arabic words. معني flood control Actually, 5,313 to be exact. معني flood control Master this list, and you are definitely cruising towards proficiency in your Arabic skills, and you will understand most of the Arabic you will encounter on a daily basis.

1 ال : معني flood control the 2 و : and; with 3 في : in, inside; on (a date); at (a time); about (a topic); among (with pl pronoun) فيكم among you all; could (in requests) هل فينا أنْ could we…? 4 مِن : from; (with following verb or masdar) since 5 ل : for, to 6 ب : with, by 7 بِسَبَب : because of, due to 8 عَلى : on, above 9 أنَّ : that 10 إلى : to, towards; till, until 11 كانَ، معني flood control يَكونُ، الكَوْن : to be 12 لا : no; not, non- 13 ولا…ولا : neither…nor 14 ألا : doesn’t/didn’t? 15 الله : Allah 16 والله : I swear (by God) 17 أنْ : to 18 لِأنْ : in order to 19 بَعدَ أنْ : after (with perf. or imperf) بَعدَ أنْ ذَهَبَ after he went, بَعدَ أنْ يَذهَبَ : after he goes 20 عَن : from, about 21 عَن طَريق : by way of, via 22 قالَ، يَقولُ، القَوْل : to say إنَّ that, to tell ل sb إنَّ that 23 هذا : this (masc sing) 24 مَعَ : with 25 مَعَ هَذا/ذَلِك : nevertheless 26 معاً : together 27 ألَّتي : (fem sing) who, whom; which, that 28 كُلّ : each; every; all (of) 29 الكُلّ : everyone 30 كُلُّ شَيْءٍ : everything 31 كُلُّ ما : everything that 32 كُلُّ مَن : everyone that 33 كُلُّ مِن : each one of (the following) 34 عَلى كُلٍّ : in any case, anyhow 35 هُوَ : he, it 36 ف : and, so 37 هَذِهِ : this (fem sing) 38 أَوْ : or 39 ألَّذي : (masc sing) who, whom; which 40 أنا : I 41 يَوْم، أيّام : day 42 اليَوْم : today 43 يَوْماً ما : someday 44 يَوماً : ever; (with neg) never 45 لَم : (with jussive) did not 46 ألَم : didn’t…? 47 ما : not 48 أما : don’t/doesn’t/didn’t…? 49 إنَّ : truly; that (after قالَ) 50 ما : what, whatever, that which 51 يَيْنَ/ما بَيْنَ : between; among 52 فيما بَينَنا : among ourselves 53 هِيَ : she; it; they 54 بَعدَ : after 55 يا : O…! 56 ذَلِك : (masc sing) that 57 قَد : (with perf) has/have already 58 كانَ قَد : had already 59 يَكونُ قَد : will have already 60 آخَر، أُخرى : other, another; one more, additional 61 شَيْء، أشياء : thing, something 62 عِندَ : with, next to; at (time, location); (to have) 63 أوَّل، أُولى، أوائِل : first; best, top-most 64 أوَّل : beginning 65 أوائِل : forefathers 66 أوَّلاً : first of all, primarily 67 غَيْر : other (than), different (than); not 68 غَيْر أنَّ : however, but 69 بِغَيْر : without 70 إذا : when, if, whenever; 71 و إذا ب : and (then) suddenly 72 نَفْس، أنفُس : same, self 73 عَرَبيّ، عَرَب : Arab; Arabian; Arabic 74 أيّ : any (in idaafa); what, which; whatever, whoever 75 رَئِيس، رُؤَساء : president, leader; chief, head, chairman; main, chief, principal 76 عَمَل، أعمال : working; work, activity, action 77 وَطَنيّ : national; nationalistic 78 عَرَفَ، يَعرِفُ، المَعارِفة : to know sth/sb or أنّ that; (perf) to learn, find out أنَّ that 79 بَعْض : some, several 80 بَعضَ الشَّيْءٍ : a little, to some extent 81 بَعضُهُم بَعضاً : each other 82 مَعَ بَعض : together 83 على بَعض : on top of each other 84 وَراء بَعض : in line, in a row (one behind the other) 85 دَوْلة، دُوَل : state, country 86 كَما : and, also, as well 87 إلّا : except (for), but (for), save 88 إلّا أنَّ : however, except that 89 وإلّا : otherwise 90 أنتَ : you (masc) 91 كَثير : many, much, numerous 92 كَثيراً : very much 93 كَثيراً ما : frequently, often 94 واحِد : one, single 95 لِأنَّ : because 96 لَكِنَّ : (with following noun) however, but 97 لَيْسَ : to not be 98 ألَيْسَ : isn’t…? 99 جَديد، جُدُد : new, modern 100 مِن جَديد : again, anew 101 إنْ : if; whether 102 وإنْ : even if, although 103 ما إنْ… حَتّى : no sooner had… than, had just…when 104 عام، أعوام : year 105 أحَد/إحدى : one (of, someone; anyone; (neg) nobody, no one 106 أكثَر : more/most, greater/est in number 107 كَبير، كِبار : large; great, important, major; adult, senior 108 الكِبار : the adults 109 أخ، إخوان/إخوة : brother 110 يا أخي : my friend; (hey) buddy 111 كَيْفَ : how 112 قَبلَ : before 113 مِن قَبلِ : before, prior to 114 قَبلُ/من قَبلُ : previously, earlier 115 سَنة، سَنَوات : year 116 أمْر، أُمور : matter, issue, concern, affair 117 قُوَّة، ات/قُوىً : power, strength, force 118 هَل : (question marker) 119 خِلال : during, through 120 في خِلال : in the course of 121 في خِلال ذَلِك : meanwhile 122 من خِلال : by means of, through; across, via; on the basis of; based on 123 مَرّة، ات/مِرار : time, moment, occasion 124 مَرّةً : once 125 مَرَّتَيْن : twice 126 مِراراً : repeatedly 127 مَرّاتٍ : several times, repeatedly 128 بِالمَرّة : totally; completely; (with neg) never, not at all 129 رَأَى، يَرى، الرَّؤية : to see sth/sb; to think, believe أنَّ that 130 أب، آباء : بشفاثق 131 الأبَوان : the parents 132 هُناكَ : there, over there; there is, there are 133 تَمَّ، يَتِمُّ، التَّمام : to finish, conclude, come to an end; to take place, be held (event) 134 حَيْثُ : where, in which (non-question word) 135 حَيْثُ/بِحَيْثُ : so that, in order to 136 حَيْثُ أنَّ : since, because, given that 137 من حَيْثُ ال : in terms of, based on 138 ثانٍ/الثّاني : second, additional; next, following 139 ثانياً : secondly, furthermore 140 ثَانيةً : again, once more 141 حَتّى : until, up to 142 جَميع : all (of); everyone one (of) 143 الجَميع : everyone 144 جَميعاً : altogether; all, entirely 145 مِنطَقة، مَناطِق : region, area, zone, territory 146 حَقّ، حُقوق : truth; legal right; true, right 147 الحُقوق : the law 148 حَقّاً : really, truly 149 أمريكيّ : American 150 مِثْل، أمثال : like, similar to 151 لَوْ : if 152 وَلَوْ : even if 153 لَوْ لا : if not, if it weren’t for 154 عامّ : general, common, public 155 اِسم، أسماء : name 156 أمكَنَ : to be possible (ل for sb) to do sth 157 يُمكِنُ أنْ : it’s possible to (do sth) 158 رَجُل، رِجال : man 159 لَكِن : but 160 عالَم، عَوالِم : world 161 حَياة : life 162 مَوْضوع، مَواضيع : subject, topic, issue, theme; placed, laid down; located, situated 163 وَزير، وُزَراء : minister 164 نَحنُ : we 165 وَقْت، أوْقات : time, moment, period 166 في الوَقْت الذي : while 167 بَلَد، بِلاد/بُلدان : country, nation 168 مَن : who, whom 169 مَجلِس، مَجالِس : council, board 170 مَجلِس الشَّعْب : parliament 171 مَجلِس الشُّيوخ : US Senate 172 قامَ، يَقومُ، القَوْم : to rise, stand up; to undertake, carry out ب (task, activity); to play ب (a role); to be based على on; (with imperf) to start to do sth 173 حُكومة ات : government, administration 174 بَيْت، بُيوت : house; family 175 بَيْت، أبَيات : verse (of poetry) 176 دونَ : without; under, below 177 مِن دَونَ/بِدونَ : without 178 فِلَسطينيّ : Palestinian 179 ثُمَّ : then, afterwards; besides, furthermore 180 جاءَ، يَجيء، الجَيْئة : to come (إلى to); to come to sb; to appear, show up (في in sth written or spoken) 181 قَلْب، قُلوب : heart; center, essence; overthrowing, toppling (a regime); turning over (pages) 182 ألْف، آلاف : thousand 183 ناس : people, humans; persons 184 طَريق، طُرُق : road, course; way, method 185 أرْض، أراضٍ/الأراضي : earth, ground; land, territory 186 سَبَب، أسباب : reason, cause 187 شَرِكة ات : company, corporation 188 عَدَد، أعداد : number, quantity; (periodical) issue, edition 189 بَيْنَ أعداد ال : among those who 190 صورة، صُوَر : picture, image, photo; manner, way, form 191 دَوْليّ : international, wold, global 192 دُوَليّاً : internationally, worldwide, globally 193 شَعْب، شُعوب : people, nation 194 عادَ، يَعودُ، العَوْدة : to return, go back إلى to sth; to be attributed إلى to sth/sb; (with imperf) عادَ يَفعَلُ to repeat sth, do sth again; لم يَعُد to no longer do sth or be sth 195 إنْ شاء الله : hopefully, God willing 196 كَما شِئْتَ : as you wish 197 الآن : now 198 أرادَ، يُريدُ، الإرادة : to want, desire sth or أنْ to do sth 199 أهْل، أهالٍ/الأهالي : family, relatives, folks; people, inhabitants 200 تِلكَ : (fem sing) that, those 201 عَيْن، عُيون : eye; water spring, water source; spy, secret agent; eye (needle) 202 الَّذينَ : (masc pl) who, whom 203 شَكْل، أشكال : manner; form, shape; appearance, look 204 عَمَليّة ات : operation, process 205 أمّا : as for…, concerning…, 206 أمّا بَعدُ : and now to our main point 207 خاصّ : special, specific; private, personal; exclusive, elite 208 حَوْلَ : around: about, concerning 209 عَمِلَ، يَعمَلُ، العَمَل : to work, function; to make, prepare, build sth 210 عَنى، يَعني، العِناية : to mean, imply sth or أنّ that 211 عُنِيَ، يُعنى : to be concerned ب with, take an interest ب in 212 وَجَدَ، يَجِدُ، الوَجْد : to find sth/sb 213 يوجِد : there are 214 خَيْر : goodness, good; better (من than), best 215 وَطَنيّ : national; nationalistic; nationalist 216 مَدينة، مُدُن : city 217 اِبْن، أبناء : son 218 أبناء : children 219 أبناء البِلاد : th native population 220 أيضاً : also, as well; besides 221 سَ/سَوْفَ : will 222 طَيِّب : good, nice; pleasant; delicious; OK 223 يَد، الأيدي : hand 224 مَشروع، مَشاريع : project, enterprise; lawful, legal 225 مَشروع قانون : bill, draft law 226 صَوْت، أصوات , voice, sound; vote 227 أمامْ : front, font part 228 أمامَ : in front of, facing 229 إلى الأمام : forward 230 سَمِعَ، يَسمَعُ، السَّماع : to hear sb, listen (إلى) to sb 231 نِسبة، نِسَب : ratio, rate, percentage 232 بِالنِّسبة إلى : concerning, regarding, in relation to 233 حال، أحوال : situation, condition, case 234 حالاً : immediately, right now 235 شَهُر، شُهور/أشـهُر : month 236 بَل : but, rather; in fact 237 بَرنامَج، بَرامِج : program 238 أُمّ، أُمِّهات : mother 239 بِأُم العين : with one’s own eyes; the best, greatest, finest 240 حَرب، حُروب : war, warfare 241 عِندَما : when, as soon as 242 وَضْع، أوْضاع : laying down, putting, placing; drafting (document); situation, state of affairs, status, condition 243 دَوْر، أدْوار : role, part, task, function; floor (building level); stage; turn (chance to act, play a role) 244 وَجه، وُجوه : face, font; side; way, manner 245 وَجه، أوْجُه : aspect, facet 246 بِوَجهٍ عامّ/خاصّ : generally/specifically 247 جِدّ : seriousness, earnestness 248 بِجِدٍّ : seriously, in earnest 249 بَدَأَ، يَبدَأُ، البَدء : to start, to begin (في) sth or (with imperf) to do sth 250 كَلِمة ات : word; remark; speech 251 طِفل، أطفال : child, infant 252 مُنذُ : since, ago; ever since, starting from 253 لَدى : with, by, at; to have 254 أصبَحَ : to become sth; to being, start (to do sth) 255 مَكان، أمكِنة/أماكِن : place, location; position, role, post 256 صارَ، يَصيرُ : to become; to happen; (with imperf) to begin to do 257 مُشكلة، مَشاكِل : problem, issue 258 عَشَرات : tens, scores, dozens 259 وَصَلَ : to arrive إلى at; to connect, link, join (بين) between 260 إسلاميّ : Islamic; Islamist 261 ساعة ات : hour, time, o’clock; clock, watch 262 شَيخ، شُيوخ : sheikh, leader; old man; senator 263 أكَّدَ : to confirm sth or أنّ that; to underscore, emphasize (على) sth or على) أنّ) that 264 سَلام ات : peace; (pl) greeting, salute 265 السلام الوَطَنيّ : the national anthem 266 سَِّد، سادة : Sir, Mr; lord, master, boss 267 صاحِب، أصحاب : owner, possessor; originator; friend, companion 268 حَرَكة ات : movement, motion, activity; organization, (political) movement 269 رَبّ، أرباب : lord, master; Lord; owner, proprietor 270 حَدّ، حُدود : extent, limit, level; edge, corner 271 حُدود : border, frontier; range, scope 272 أخَذَ، يَزْخُذ، الأخذ : to take sth; (imperf) to begin to do sth 273 نِظام، نُظُم/أنظِمة : regime, government, system; orderliness 274 ذات، ذَوات : ego, self; (idaafa) a certain, a given (day, time, occasion, person, thing) 275 بالذّات : exactly, precisely 276 قَضِيّة، قَضايا : problem, issue; lawsuit, legal case 277 ماضٍ/الماضي : past; previous, last; the past 278 إنسان، أُناس : human being 279 حالة ات : condition, state, situation; case, instance 280 أخير : last; latest, recent 281 الأخير : the latter 282 أخيراً : finally; recently lately 283 رَغم، على الرَّغمِ من، بالرَّغمِ من : in spite of, despite 284 جانِب، جَوانِب : side, aspect, part 285 إلى جانِب، بِجانِب : next to, beside 286 حُبّ : affection, love 287 حُبّاً ل : out of affection for, for love of 288 جامِعة ات : university; league 289 قَرار ات : decision, resolution 290 لَقَد : (with perf) has/have already 291 زالَ : to cease 292 لا يَزالُ، ما زالَ، لا زالَ، ما يَزالُ : to continue to be or do sth 293 رَأْس، رُؤُوس :head; tip, top 294 رَأْس مال، رُؤُوس أموال : capital; (geo) cape 295 رَأساً : immediately 296 تَحتْ : bottom part 297 تَحتَ : below, under 298 وِزارة ات : ministry 299 هَدَف، أه : goal, target; intention, objective; (sports) goal, point 300 عَلاقة ات : relation, link, tie, connection 301 مُتَّحِد : united 302 مُجتَمَع ات : society 303 مَركَز، مَراكِز : center; station; (sports) ranking, position 304 حَكى، يَحكي، الحِكاية : to tell, relate, report 305 نَتيجة، نَتائِج : result, outcome; consequence 306 نَتيجةً ل : as a result of 307 رَأْي، آراء : opinion, view; idea 308 إدارة ات : administration, management; bureau, office, directorate 309 صَغير، صِغار : small; young; children, youths 310 قانون، قَوانين : law, statues, regulations 311 بما أنّ : because, in light of the fact that, considering that 312 بما في ذلك : including 313 اِستَطاعَ : to be able ْأن/vn. to do sth, to be capable أنْ/vn. of doing sth 314 ماء، مِياه : water; liquid; juice 315 مِياه : (body of) water 316 أمْن : safety, security, protection; order, control, discipline 317 قَدَّمَ : to offer, present sth; to submit (request, complaint) to apply على for (position) 318 شَخص، أشخاص : person, individual 319 كَلام : speech, talk; statement, remark; saying, quote 320 مَوقِع، مَواقِع : position, location, site; website 321 مِئَة، مائِة : hundred 322 مئات : hundreds 323 حينَ : when 324 داخِلْ : interior, inside 325 داخِلَ : inside (of) 326 وَحدة ات : unity, solitude, loneliness; unit, item; portion, selection 327 أُمّة، أُمَم : nation; people, community 328 مُهِمّ : important, serious 329 من المُهِمّ : the important thing is that, what’s important is 330 مِليُون، مَلايين : million 331 دُكتور، دَكاتِرة : doctor (physician or holder of doctorate); (title) Dr 332 فِعْل، أفعال : doing; deed, act, action, (ling) verb 333 فِعلاً، بالفعل : really, actually, in fact 334 بِفِعل : because of, owing to 335 حُلو : sweet, nice pleasant 336 فَريق، فرقاء : team, group, band; faction, party; (pl) lieutenant general 337 بَقِيَ، يَبقى البَقاء : to remain, stay (على in a state); to last, endure; to be left over; to continue doing sth or being sth; (with neg) to no longer do sth or be sth 338 لَجنة، لِجان : committee, council, commission 339 مُختَلِف : different, divergent; various; in disagreement (في/على about sth) 340 وَجَبَ، يَجِبُ : to be necessary على for sb أنْ to do sth; to be incumbent upon على sb أنْ to do sth 341 نَظَر، أنظار : looking إلى at; examining, looking في into; view, looking, glance, opinion 342 نَظَراً ل : due to, in view of the fact that 343 مَجال ات : area, space; field, domain, sphere; sector; arena 344 مَجال جَوِّيّ : air space 345 فَتْرة، فَتَرات : time period, phase, interval 346 شَبّ، شَباب : young man, youths 347 شَأْن، شُؤون : matter, affair, case; situation, condition 348 ذَكَرَ، يَذكُرُ، الذِّكر : to mention sth/sbh; to remember sth/sb; 349 يُذكَر أنّ : it’s worth mentioning that 350 سُؤال، أسئِلة : question, inquiry 351 وُجود : existence, presence, being present 352 حَلّ : solving (a problem); solution; dissolution, annulment; cancellation 353 طالِب : student, applicant; seeking, requesting 354 مُستَوىً، مُستَوَيات : level, standard 355 وَاللّهِ : by God; I swear (an oath) 356 وحياتك : I swear (on your life) 357 أمْ : or (in questions) 358 أمْ لا؟ : …or not? 359 فَقَط : only, just, solely 360 ..ليس..فقط بل : not just… but (also) … 361 وِلاية ات : mandate, term of office; state, province 362 قَدْ : (imperf) may, might 363 عَضو، أعضاء : member, associate; (anat) organ, limb 364 حَتّى : (with subjunctive) in order to, so that 365 عُمْر، أعمار : age (of a person); life, lifetime 366 دائِم : lasting, enduring; permanent, constant 367 سابِقٍ : former, previous, preceding 368 سابِقاً : formerly, perviously 369 خَبر، أخبار : news, report; (gram) predicate 370 تاريخ : date, history 371 دِراسة ات : study, research, examination 372 مَوقِف، مَواقِف : position 373 حِزْب، أحزاب : political party 374 مُؤَسَّسة ات : institution, organization; foundation 375 أضافَ، يُضيفُ، الإضافة : to add sth 376 قِطاع ات : sector, section 377 قِطاع غَزّة : Gaza Strip 378 مَجموعة ات : collection, group; squad; bloc 379 سَلَّمَ : to turn over, surrender sth إلى to sb; to great, salute sb 380 سَلِّم لي على : give my regards to 381 سوق، أسواق : market 382 حَمْد : praise, commendation 383 دَخَلَ، يَدخُلُ، الدُّخول : to enter sth 384 باب، أبواب : door, gate; category, rubric; section, chapter 385 مِمّا : which 386 أجْل : sake 387 من أجلِ/لأجلِ : because of, for the sake of 388 لأجلِ أنْ : in order to 389 اِتِّحاد ات : unification, unifying; union 390 تَحقيق ات : achievement, realization; investigation; interrogation (مع of sb) 391 الفُنون الجَميلة : fine arts 392 نَوْع، أنواع : type, kind, form 393 نَوْعاً ما : somewhat, more or less 394 طَلَعَ : to appear, emerge rise; to go outcome out, get out 395 خِدمة، خَدَمات : service, assistance, aid 396 فيما : while, meanwhile 397 فيما بَعدُ : later 398 حاليّ : present, current 399 حاليّاً : presently, currently 400 حُكم، أحكام : rule, government; (pl) judgement, decision, verdict; statutes laws 401 بِحُكمِ : by virtue of, because of 402 أشارَ، يُشيرُ، الإشارة : to indicate, mention, cite, refer to إلى sth 403 جِهة ات : side; direction; part, party; sector, office, institution 404 جِهات : entities, parties, individuals, “players” 405 نَحوَ : towards, approximately 406 طَويلاً : for a long time, extensively 407 كَذَلِكَ : likewise, also 408 حاوَلَ : to attempt, try to do sth 409 قَوْل، أقوال : statement, remark; saying, utterance 410 اِمرَأة/المَرأة : woman, wife 411 حَقيقة، حَقائِق : truth, reality; fact 412 جَعَلَ، يَجعَلُ، الجِعل : to make sb/sth do sth (imperf); to cause sb/sth to be sth; to appoint sb; to begin to do sth (imperf) 413 لَمّا : when, after 414 سَأَلَ، يَسألُ : to ask sb (في/عن about; إذا/إنْ whether); to request from sb (أنْ to do sth); to pray to (God) 415 عاشَ، يَعيشُ، العِيْش : to live, be alive, to experience sth 416 مُواطِن ون : citizen, compatriot 417 سُلطة، سُلُطات : power, rule, authority 418 سُلُطات : authorities, people in power 419 بَدا، يَبدو : to appear, seem (ل to sb, أنّ that); to look, seem (big, small, happy, sad, etc) 420 على ما يَبدو/كَما يَبدو : evidently, apparently, it seems 421 اِقتِصاديّ : economic, economical 422 بَحْث، أبحاث : search (عن for); discussion (في of); research, examination (في of) 423 دين، أديان : religion 424 حَمَلَ، يَحمِلُ، الحَمَل : to carry, bear sth; to transport (cargo); to become pregnant, to attack على sth, campaign على against 425 عَسكَريّ : military; solider 426 كَم : how many/much 427 جَيْش، جُيوش : army; armed forces; troops 428 جِهاز، أجهِزة : apparatus, machine; device, appliance; organization; agency, bureau, office 429 مُشارَكة : participation, association 430 طَبْع : nature, character; printing 431 طَبعاً/بالطَّبع : of course, naturally 432 اِعتَبَرَ : to consider sth/sb to be; to regard sb/sth as; to believe أنّ that 433 أحَبَّ : to love, like sb; to want, like sth or to do sth 434 أتى : to come إلى to sth; to come to sb; to bring ب sth 435 خَرَجَ، يَخرُجُ، الجُروج : to exit, go out من/عن from; to leave من (a place); to deviate عن from; 436 أعطى : to give, provide sth to sb or ل to sb 437 حَبيب، أحباب/أحِبّة : dear, darling, beloved, sweetheart 438 فَوْقْ : top, upper part 439 فَوْقَ : above, over 440 خارِِجْ : outside, outer part, exterior 441 خارِجَ : outside of 442 في الخارِج/بالخارِج : overseas, abroad 443 خارِجاً : outside 444 مَثَل، أمثال : example; proverb 445 مَثَلاً : for example 446 رَقْم، أرقام : number, numeral, figure; rate; record 447 ضِدّْ : opposite 448 ضِدَّ : against 449 جَرى، يَجرى، الجَري : to occur, take place, to happen ل to sb; to flow, run (liquid); to run (person) وراء after sb 450 مَسؤول : official, functionary; employer, boss, supervisor; responsible, dependable 451 بَعيد، بِعاد : distant, far, remote 452 بَعيداً عن : far away from 453 كَبَبَ : to write sth 454 كُتِبَ لَهُ : to be granted (success) 455 كُتِبَ عليهِ أنْ : to be destined (by God) to 456 حين، أحيان : time, moment, opportunity 457 وَضَعَ، يَضَعُ، الوَضَع : to put, place sth في/على/تحت inside/on/under; to lay down (rules, conditions); to lay (an egg); to give birth to (a child); to write, compile, draft, compose sth 458 نائِب، نُوّاب : deputy, delegate, vice- 459 خاصّةً : especially, particularly 460 الخاصّة : the elite, the upper-class 461 وَلَد، أوْلاد : child, son, boy 462 دَم، دِماء : blood 463 صَحيح : true, correct; sound, healthy; authentic (Hadith); yes, right 464 صَحيحاً : really, truly 465 مَرحَلة، مَراحِل : phase, stage, step; (sports) round 466 اِجتِماعيّ : social 467 حَديث، أحاديث : discussion, conversation, talk; story, interview; Hadith 468 سِياسة ات : politics; (pl) policy 469 طَرَف، أطراف : edge, side; tip, end; extremity (body limb); participant, player, party, team 470 وَطَن، أوْطان : nation, homeland 471 رُبَّما/لَرُبَّما : perhaps, maybe 472 قَليل : few, small amount 473 قَليلاً : a little, somewhat; briefly, shortly 474 عَلِمَ : to know sth or أنّ that; of find out أنّ that 475 حَتّى : even, including; although, even though 476 مُدير : director, manager; (office) boss, chief 477 نِهاية : end, finish; termination, ending 478 إضافة : addition 479 بالإضافة إلى : in addition to 480 واقِع : reality, fact; actual situation; falling (date), occurring (time); located, found, situated (place) 481 كامِل : complete, full; integral, perfect 482 بالكامِل : completely 483 عَبرَ : across, over, via; through, by means of 484 شَرق : east 485 شَرقاً : eastward 486 ظَلَّ، يَظُلُّ : to stay, remain; to continue to be; (imperf) to keep on doing 487 تَعليم : education, teaching; instruction 488 تَعليمات : instructions, guidelines 489 تَعاليم : precepts 490 روح، أرواح : spirit, should; life 491 أفضَل : better/best 492 مال : money, capital 493 أموال : assets, funds, monies 494 لَيْلٍ/اللَّيْلي : night, night-time 495 لَيْلاً : by night 496 لَيْلاً ونَهاراً : day and night 497 أُسبوع، أسابيع : week 498 مُؤْتَمَر ات : conferences, congress, convention 499 لِقاء ات : meeting, encounter; interview 500 رَدَّ، يَرُدُّ، الرَّدّ : to answer على sb, to respond على to sth/sb; to return, reciprocate (a favor) 501 كَي/لِكَي : in order to, so that 502 بِناء : building, constructing, erecting; structure, building, edifice 503 بِناء على : based on, according to 504 طَريقة : method, procedure, way 505 أعلى/عُليا : higher/highest; advanced, superior 506 أعلاه : above (mentioned), aforementioned 507 مُمكِن : possible 508 دَعم : support, assistance, bolstering, promotion 509 مَصدَر، مًصادِر : source 510 حَدَثَ، يَحدُثُ : to happen, occur, take place 511 لَحظة، لَحَظات : moment, instant 512 فُرصة، فُرَص : chance, opportunity 513 نادي، أندية : club, association 514 مَعلومات : information, data 515 هَيئة ات : agency, organization; outward appearance, look 516 قِصّة، قِصَص : story, tale 517 بِداية ات : beginning, start; starting point 518 بِدايات : origins, early history 519 جُنوب : south, southern part 520 دَرى، يَدري : to know, be aware of sth or ب sth or أنّ 521 دَعا، يَدعو، الدَعوة : to call إلى for sth; to call (upon) sb إلى to do sth; to invite sb إلى to or to do sth 522 مُباراة، مُبَريات : game, match, bout; competition 523 إذ : as, since, seeing that; while, when 524 إذ أنّ : since, given that 525 اِعتَقَدَ : to believe في in sth, or بأنّ/أنّ that 526 ِحًسًب/بِحًسًبِ/على حًسًب : according to 527 دَقيقة، دَقائِق : minute 528 مَلِك، مُلوك : king 529 أعلَنَ : to announce, declare, proclaim (عن) sth or أنّ that 530 قيمة : value, worth, importance 531 قِيَم : values, morals, ethics 532 لاعِب : player, athlete; playing 533 أدّى، يُؤدّي : to cause, produce إلى sth; to lead, direct, guide ب sb إلى to; to perform (function), to carry out (duty, mission); to take (test, oath) 534 مادّة، مَوادّ : substance, material; subject matter, topic; (school) course, subject; article, paragraph; material things, money 535 خَظ، خُظوظ : line; phone line; air route; airline (company); handwriting; script, calligraphy 536 عَرْض، عُروض : show, display presentation; offer, tender; width, breadth 537 رِسالة، رَسائِل : letter, missive; message, communication; dissertation, thesis 538 رِسالات : mission, task 539 اِنتِخاب ات : election, selection 540 مَعنىً، مَعانٍ/الَمعاني : sense, meaning, significance; concept, nuance 541 نُقطة، نِقاط : point, dot; location, position 542 قَوِيّ : strong, powerful; great 543 حِوار ات : discussion, conversation, dialogue, talk 544 رَدّ، رُدود : response, reply 545 رَدّ فِعل : reaction 546 لُغة ات : language 547 بَلَغَ، يَبلَغُ، البُلوغ : to reach, arrive at, attain sth; to hear أنّ that 548 سِعر، أسعار : price, cost, rate 549 حَصَلَ، يَحصُلُ، الحُصول : to get, obtain, acquire على sth 550 أقَلّ : less/least, smaller/smallest, lower/lowest; minimum 551 قَلَّ، يَقُلُّ : to be less (عن than), decrease, diminish 552 تَمام : exact; complete; good, fine 553 تَماماً : exactly; completely, totally 554 صَباح : morning 555 صَباحاً : in the morning 556 مَوجود : existing, found, located; present 557 تَمَنّى : to wish ل sb (happiness, success); to hope أنْ that 558 مَرَض، أمراض : illness, disease 559 تَحَدَّثَ : to speak إلى/مع to/with sb; to discuss عن (a topic) 560 أهَمّ : more/most important 561 بُدّ : escape, avoidance 562 لا بُدَّ من : there’s no escaping, it’s inevitable 563 فَعَلَ، يَفعَلُ، الفِعْل : to do sth 564 طَلَبَ، يَطلُبُ : to request, ask for sth (من from sb); to apply for sth; to order, place an order for sth; look for sth; to fail, press (number on a phone) 565 صِحّة : health, wellness; authenticity, truth 566 وَقَعَ، يَقِعُ : to fall down; to take place; to be located 567 لازِم : necessary, required; needed 568 تَعاوُن : cooperation 569 زَوْج، أزواج : spouse; husband 570 زَوْجان : married couple 571 لِذَلِك : therefore 572 تالٍ/التّالي : following, subsequent 573 بِالتّالي : therefore, consequently 574 شارِع، شَوارِع : street 575 الشّارِع : (figurative) the public, public opinion 576 نار، نيران : fire; gunfire; hellfire 577 عَديد : large number, large quantity; numerous, many 578 صَلّى، يُصَلّي، الصَّلاة : to pray; to worship; to say a prayer على for sb 579 فِكرة، أفكار : idea, concept, notion (عن about) 580 على فِكرة : now that you mention it, by the way 581 تَرَكَ، يَترُكُ، التُّرك : to leave (behind), quit, abandon, sth 582 دَرَجة ات : degree, grade, level; class, rank 583 آخِر، أواخِر : last, final, concluding; end, tail, conclusion; bottom, foot 584 إلى آخِرِهِ : et cetera 585 أخيراً ولَيسَ آخِراً : last but not least 586 اِجتِماع ات : meeting, gathering 587 قَريب : near, close; related 588 وَسَط، أوساط : middle, center; environment 589 وَسطَ : amid, among, in the middle of 590 أوْساط : diplomatic circle, quarters 591 نَظَرَ، نَنظُرُ، النَّظر : to look إلى at; to examine, look في into 592 واضِح : clear, explicit; obvious, visible 593 مَوْت : death 594 خُصوص : regarding this matter, issue; in this regard, respect 595 خُصوصاً : especially, particularly 596 إنّما : but rather, on the contrary; (not just) but (also) 597 مَصلَحة، مَصالِح : interest, advantage, favor; department, agency 598 أساس، أُسُس : foundation, base; basis, principle 599 أساساً : basically, fundamentally 600 على الأساسِ : on the basis of 601 في الأساسِ : in principle 602 صَحيفة، صُحُف : newspaper 603 وَقَفَ، يَقِفُ : to stop, cease (doing sth); to stand, rise 604 ْقِف : stop! 605 وَقَفَ جَنبَهُ : to stand by, support sb 606 ذَهَبَ، يَذهَبُ، الذَّهاب : to go, leave, depart 607 زِيارة ات : visiting, visit 608 رائِع : fantastic, amazing, marvelous, magnificent, awesome 609 إجراء : conducting, carrying out, undertaking; procedure, process; step, measure; move, action 610 اِتِّصال ات : contact, communication; connection, relation, relationship 611 دُنيا : world 612 حَبَّ، يُحِبُّ، الحُبّ : to love, like sb; to want, like sth or to do sth 613 زَوْجة ات : wife 614 تَنفيذ : execution, implementation, carrying out 615 لَوْن، ألوان : color, tint, hue; type, sort, kind 616 قَديم، قُدَماء : old, ancient 617 قُدامى : old-timers, veterans 618 قادِم : next, following, future; arriving, coming 619 كُرة ات : ball, globe, sphere 620 زادَ، يَزيدُ، الزِّيادة : to grow, increase; to exceed, go beyond على/عن sth; to increase, add to (من) sth 621 عِدّة : (idaafa) a number of, (invariable) several, numerous 622 عَودة : return, going; return trip 623 عالٍ/العالي : high, elevated 624 سِوى : other than, except for 625 بَحر، بِحار : sea 626 شَعَرَ، يَشعُرُ، الشِّعر : to feel, be aware of ب sth 627 تَقرير، تَقارير : report, account 628 مَرَّ، يَمُرُّ، المَرارة : to pass by, go by (time, event); to pass by, go past على/ب sth/sb; to visit, stop by على (sb’s place) 629 نِساء : women 630 فَتَحَ، يَفتَحُ، الفَتْح : to open sth; to open, start (a business); to turn on (lights, radio, TV); to conquer (city, land) 631 شَهِدَ، يَشـهَدُ، الشَّهادة : to witness, observe, see sth/sb; to testify, bear witness 632 سِلاح، أسلِحة : weapon; branch of the armed forces 633 سِلاح الجَوّ : air force 634 عِلم : knowing; knowledge, information 635 عِلماً أنّ : knowing that, in view of the fact that 636 إعادة : repeating, doing sth again; returning, giving sth back 637 لَيْلة، اللَّيالي/لَيالٍ : night, evening 638 اللَّيْلة : tonight 639 ثَقافة ات : culture, civilization 640 داخِليّ : internal, domestic 641 مُنَظَّمة ات : organization 642 فِكْر، أفكار : thinking, thought; idea, concept, notion 643 رَسول : messenger (Muhammad) 644 رُسُل : messenger, apostle 645 جُزء، أجزاء : part, section, piece; portion, fraction 646 اِنتَهى : to end, finish, conclude sth 647 غَريب، غُرَباء : strange; stranger, foreigner 648 غُرفة، غُرَف : room, chamber 649 مُرور : passing (of time); going through; passing by; stopping by (to visit); traffic 650 كَلِمة المُرور : password 651 مُروراً ل : passing, crossing, going through, via 652 حُرِّيّة ات : freedom 653 تَسلَمُ : thanks! 654 زِيادة : increase, rise, growth; addition, supplement 655 قائِد، قادة : leader, commander 656 وَسيلة، وَسائِل : device, instrument, medium, means 657 نَقْل : transportation, transfer; transmission, relaying (of news) 658 نَقْلاً عن : quoting, as reported by 659 حَقيقيّ : true, real, factual, authentic 660 اِحتاجَ : to need, want إلى sth/sb 661 مُستَقبَل : (noun) future 662 مُستَقبَلاً : in the future 663 مَحكَمة، مَحاكِم : court, tribunal 664 قِيادة : leadership, command; driving (a vehicle), piloting (an aircraft) 665 قِيادات : leaders, commanders 666 دِفاع : defense (military, legal, sports); protection 667 سَبيل، سُبُل : way, road; means 668 عِلميّ : scientific, scholarly, academic 669 خِيال عِلميّ : science fiction 670 بَينَما : while 671 أصل، أُصول : source, origin; descent, lineage; original, master copy 672 أصلاً : originally, primarily 673 أُصول : principles, basic rules; funds, assets, capital 674 عِلم، عُلوم : science; the study of… 675 أمْنيّ : security, safety, protection 676 مَنزَل، مَنازِل : house, residence 677 زَمَن : time, period, duration 678 بَيان : statement, declaration; bulletin, communiqué; press release 679 بَيانات : data, information 680 غَنيّ عن البَيان : needless to say, it goes without saying 681 غَربيّ : Western; Westerner; west of 682 أثَر، آثار : record, trace; sign, mark; effect, influence 683 ِعلى/في أثَر : immediately after 684 ضَرورة : necessity, need 685 بالضَّرورة : necessarily 686 كَريم، كِرام : noble, distinguished; decent, dignified; generous; dear, precious 687 أساسيّ : basic, fundamental 688 وَرَقة، وَرَق/أوْراق : (collective) paper; leaves; cards 689 الوالِدان : parents 690 جَمعيّة ات : association, society 691 رَسميّ : official, formal 692 رَسمياً : officially, formally 693 أُستاذ، أساتِذة : professor, teacher; (title) Prof, Mr; (polite) sir 694 اِحتِلال : occupation (of land or property); filling (a post, a position) 695 أبيَض/بَيضاء/بِيض : white; whites, Caucasians 696 مَكتَب، مَكاتِب : office, bureau, department 697 مُنتَدىً، مُنتَدَيات : assembly room, gathering place; (Internet) forum 698 مُقاوَمة : resistance, opposition 699 شِعر : poetry 700 مُحَلّيّ : local 701 مُحَلّيّاً : locally 702 عَظيم، عِظام : great, mighty, powerful 703 إعلام : information, media; informing, notifying 704 فيلم، أفلام : film, movie 705 طَبيعيّ : natural, normal 706 طَلَب ات : request; demand; application; (purchase) order 707 َوَراء : behind, past, beyond 708 إلى الوَراء : backward, in reverse 709 وَحْد : (with pron) alone, by itself, only it 710 فَهِمَ، يَفهَمُ، الفَهْم : to understand sth/sb or في sth or أنّ that 711 بِلا : without 712 دَعوة ات : call; invitation; propaganda; (Islamic) missionary work 713 خَطوة، خَطَوات : step, stride; measure 714 تَقديم : offering, presenting, submitting 715 مَدىً : range, extent, reach; time period, duration 716 تَجرِبة، تَجارِب : experiment, test; experience, encounter; trial, ordeal 717 وَحيد : only, sole, exclusive; alone 718 أمير : prince, commander 719 مُدّة : time period, length of time, interval 720 تَغْيير ات : change, modification; replacement, switch 721 ماتَ، يَموتُ، المَوْت : to die, pass away 722 دار، دِيار/دور : house, home, abode; family, household 723 دُخول : entering; entrance 724 أهَمّيّة : importance, significance 725 صَعْب : difficult, hard 726 مُقبِل : next, coming, approaching, nearing 727 حَدَث، أحداث : event, incident 728 دَوْرة ات : (sports) championship, tournament; cycle, turn, rotation, lap; circulation; round (elections); session (meeting); tour, patrol, round; (school) course, class 729 دَوْرة مِياه : bathroom, toilet 730 نَشاط، أنشِطة : activity, movement, action 731 ضِمنَ : within, inside; among 732 فَنّيّ : artistic, technical; technician 733 أوُضَحَ، يوضِحُ، الإيضاح : to clarify, explain (ل to sb) أنّ that 734 قُدرة، قُدُرات : capacity, ability, potential, power 735 نِصْف : half, middle, semi- 736 صَراحة : sincerity, candor, frankness 737 بِصَراحة/صَراحةً : frankly 738 جَماعة ات : group, party; gang 739 مَعرِفة : knowing sth/sb; meeting sb, becoming acquainted with sb 740 مَعارِف : knowledge, information; culture, education 741 ظَهَرَ، يَظهَرُ، الظُّهور : to appear; seem كَأنّ as if 742 مُواجَهة ات : facing, confronting, encountering; confrontation, encounter 743 رَجَعَ، يَرجَعُ، الرُّجوع : to return, go back, come back إلى to; to even عن (one’s decision); to go back (بِكَلامِهِ on one’s word) 744 إيّا : (with object pron) to/of it 745 وَإيّا : (with object pron) with it 746 بُطولة ات : heroism; starring role; championship, tournament 747 نَجاح ات : success 748 شُرطة : police 749 لَعِبَ، يَلعَبُ، اللَّعِب : to play (game, role) 750 تَنمية : development, growth; progress 751 حاجة ات : need, want (for what one lacks); desire, wish; objective, purpose, goal 752 بِحاجة إلى : in need of 753 فَكَّرَ : to think في/ب about sth/sb; to consider في أنّ doing sth; to think believe أنّ that 754 تَطوير : development, advancement; promotion, encouragement 755 شَمال : north; northern 756 بَنك، بُنوك : bank (financial institution) 757 فَرْد، أفراد : individual, person 758 فَرداً فَرداً : one by one, separately, individually 759 قَدَم، أقدام : foot (also as a unit of measure) 760 عامِل، عُمّال : employee, worker, laborer; operator; regent, prefect 761 العامِلون : staff, workforce, personnel 762 ثَقافيّ : cultural, intellectual, educational 763 قاعِدة، قَواعِد : rule, principle, basis; military base 764 عاديّ : regular, normal; ordinary 765 أكيد : sure, certain, definite 766 أكيداً : definitely, for sure 767 سَواء : except, whether (or not), regardless, either (or); equality 768 يَوْميّ : daily 769 يَوْميّاً : every day, on a daily basis; per diem 770 صَلاة، صَلَوات : prayer 771 شاعِر، شُعَراء : poet 772 حُلْم، أحلام : dream 773 وُصول : attainment, achievement 774 قَتَلَ، يَقتُلُ، القَتْل : to kill (often passive) 775 سُرعة : speed 776 بِسُرعة : quickly 777 عَزيز، أعِزّاء : dear, precious 778 مَساء : evening 779 عُنوان، عَناوين : address; title, headline; URL 780 طَبيب، أطِبّاء : physician, doctor 781 اِستِخدام : usage, using, utilization 782 عَقْل، عُقول : mind, intellect 783 عيد، أعياد : holiday, festival, feast 784 أمَل، آمال : hope, wish 785 أمَلاً : hoping, wishing, in the hope (في أنْ that) 786 خارِجيّة : foreign ministry, foreign office 787 دَفَعَ، يَدفَعُ، الدَّفْع : to push sth; to pay (a sum of money); to compel, move sb إلى to do sth 788 قِيام : undertaking, carrying out ب (task, activity); playing ب (a role); rising, standing up 789 مُنتَخِب ات : elected; national team 790 جُرديّ، جُنود : soldier 791 إذَن/إذاً : therefore, consequently 792 اِتِّفاق ات : agreement; accord, treaty 793 نور، أنوار : light; lamp 794 شَديد : intense, strong, severe 795 شَعبيّ : popular; national, of the people 796 مُحافظة ات : province, governorate 797 اِنتَظَرَ : to expect, wait for sth/sb 798 مَثَّلَ : to represent, speak for sb; to play, act as sb (film); to exemplify, illustrate sth 799 ظَرْف، ظُروف : circumstance, condition, situation 800 أُسرة، أُسَر : family, community 801 قَريّة، قُرىً : village 802 مُقابِل : opposite (to), corresponding (to), vis-à-vis 803 جَوّ، أجواء : air, atmosphere; weather, climate 804 جَوّاً : by air, by plane 805 وِكالة ات : agency; office; dealership; proxy, deputation, power of attorney 806 خُطّة، خُطَط : plan, project 807 مَدَنيّ : civil; civilian 808 شارَكَ : to participate, share (with sb) في in sth 809 نَزَلَ، يَنزِلُ، النُّزول : to descend; stay في at 810 صَحّ : right, correct; true 811 أزمة، أزَمات : crisis, crunch 812 بَحَثَ، يَبحَثُ، البَحْث : to look, search عن for; to discuss, debate (في) sth; to research, examine, look into في sth 813 مَملَكة : kingdom 814 إطلاق : releasing, launching; (النّار) firing, shooting 815 إطلاقاً/على الإطلاق : (yes) absolutely, definitely; (no) not at all 816 على وَجه الإطلاق : for sure 817 أوْسَط/وُسطى : middle, central 818 مُحاوَلة ات : attempt, effort 819 قَدَرَ، يَقدُرُ، القُدرة : to be able to, be capable of (doing sth) 820 أسوَد، سَوداء، سود : black; black people 821 قِسْم، أقسام : section, portion; department, division 822 تَحديد : specification; definition 823 تَحديداً : specifically 824 خَلْف : back, rear part 825 من خَلف : behind (of) sth/sb 826 من الخَلف : from the back, from the rear; at the back, in the rear 827 شَمس : (feminine) sun 828 مَزيد : addition, added amount, greater number (من of); more, additional, increased (من) 829 تَعَرَّضَ : to be exposed إلى to sth; to encounter, run into, have to deal with إلى sth 830 اِهتِمام : interest, attention; care, concern 831 دينيّ : religious; spiritual 832 مُساعَدة ات : help, support 833 مُساعَدات : aid 834 كافّة : (idaafa) all of, the entirety of 835 كافّةً : all together 836 عَبْد، عَبيد : servant, slave 837 العِباد : humanity, humankind 838 غَرْب : west; West 839 غَرْباً : westward, in the west 840 عاصِمة، عَواصِم : capital city 841 إطار : framework, context 842 صِحّيّ : health-related, sanitary 843 مَشكور : thankful, grateful; thanks! 844 حُضور : arrival, coming; attending, being present at (meeting, party, concert); viewing (film, TV show) 845 مَحَلّ، ات/مَحالّ : place, location; shop, store 846 يَهوديّ، يَهود : Jew, Jewish 847 تَنظيم ات : organizing, planning; regulating, controlling; organization, network 848 رِياضة : sports; physical exercise; physical education; mathematics 849 فَضْل : favor, grace; kindness, goodwill; distinction, merit, credit; surplus 850 بَفَضْل : due to, thanks to 851 فَضْلاً عن : aside from, not to mention 852 فَضلاً عن ذلك : futhermore, moreover 853 أثناء/ في أثناء : during 854 في هذه/تلك الأثناء : meanwhile 855 حَقَّقَ : to achieve, realize (success, goals); to serve, promote (interests); to investigate في sth; to interrogate مع sb 856 رَفَضَ، يَرفُضُ، الرَّفْض : to reject, refuse sth 857 شَخصيّة ات : personality, identity; person, individual 858 أمين، أُمَناء : trustee, keeper; secretary; loyal, faithful, reliable 859 أمين الصُّندوق : treasurer 860 مُستَشفىً، مُستَشفَيات : hospital 861 طولْ : length; height 862 طولَ : throughout, during (the entire) 863 كَذا : thus, like that, in this way 864 كَذا وكَذا : such-and-such, so-and-so 865 كَذا وكَيْتَ : this and that 866 طاقة : energy, power; potential, ability 867 قائِل : saying; (noun) saying 868 كاتِب، كُتّاب/كَتَبة : writer, author; office worker, clerk; writing 869 مَعروف : known, well-known; favor, kind gesture, good deed; what is right 870 رِياضيّ : sports, sportive; mathematical; mathematician 871 رِياضيّات : mathematics 872 تَربية رِياضية : P.E. 873 اِتَّصَلَ : to contact ب sb, get in touch ب with sb; to be connected or related إلى to sth 874 أجنَبيّ، أجانِب : foreign, foreigner 875 جُمـهور، جَماهير : multitude, public, the masses 876 اِستَمَرَّ : to last, go on (for a certain amount of time); to continue في doing sth 877 قَرَأَ، يَقرَأُ، القِراءة : to read sth 878 سَماء، سَمَوات : sky, heaven 879 نَسِيَ، يَنسى، النِّسيان : to forget sth/sb 880 حَهْد، جُهود : effort, exertion; endeavor 881 شَهيد، شُهَداء : martyr 882 رَفَعَ، يَرفَعُ، الرَّفْع : to lift, raise sth; to increase, boost sth; to lodge على against sb (a complaint) 883 عادة ات : habit, custom, practice 884 عادةً : usually, generally, typically 885 ضَغْط، ضُغوط : pressing, exerting pressure; pressure, stress; voltage 886 سَهْم، أسهُم : (econ) share, stock 887 سَهْم، سِهام : arrow 888 زَمان : time, period, duration 889 من زَمانٍ : (it has been) for some time; (it was) a long time ago 890 مَسألة، مَسائِل : issue, affair; matter, question 891 كَوْن : being, by virtue of being 892 لِكَوْنِ : because 893 الكَوْن : the universe, existence 894 جَريمة، جَرائِم : crime 895 إرهاب : terror, terrorism; terrorizing, frightening 896 قَدْر : extent, degree; amount, value; ability, capability, capacity 897 نِهائيّ ات : final, definitive, conclusive; final (in sports) 898 نِهائيّاً : finally, in the end 899 جِسْم، أجسام : body; form, mass; organism 900 حِساب ات : calculation, appraisal; account, invoice; expense 901 إنسانيّ : human; humane, humanitarian 902 ساكِن، سُكّان : resident, inhabitant; residing 903 شُغْل، أشغال : work, labor; occupation, business 904 عِلاج : treatment, therapy 905 يَعْني : (used as filler) I mean, y’know, like, uh; (as a response) sort of, more or less 906 إقامة : residency; setting up, establishing; erecting 907 سَعادة : happiness; (honorific) His Excellency 908 أُصيبَ : (passive) to suffer ب (injuries); to be struck, afflicted ب by (illness) 909 تَعَلَّقَ : to be connected ب with, have to do ب with sth/sb 910 حِماية : protection, protecting 911 اِعْتِبار ات : considering, regarding; consideration, regard, belief 912 اِعْتِباراً من : beginning on, starting from (date) 913 تَقَدُّم : progress, advancement; coming forward 914 شَخصيّ : personal, private 915 شَخصيّاً : personally, in person 916 مُشير : pointing out, indicating; indicative 917 شَبَكة، ات/شِباك : net; web, network; grid, system 918 زَواج : marriage; wedding 919 خارِجيّ : foreign; outer, exterior, outside 920 مُجَرَّد : bare, naked; from (عن/من from); pure, absolute (truth); mere, nothing but 921 بِمُجَرَّد : as soon as, the instant 922 لِمُجَرَّد : for no other reason but, for the sole reason that 923 قَرَّرَ : to decide, resolve أنْ to do sth 924 حَديث : new, recent; modern 925 حَديثاً : recently, lately 926 عَمّ، عُموم : paternal uncle 927 بال : mind, attention 928 خَطَرَ على بالي : it occurred to me 929 راحَ عن بالي : it slipped my mind 930 كَشَفَ، يَكشِفُ، الكَشْف : to reveal, disclose عن sth; to expose, uncover النِّقاب عن sth; to examine على sb (medically) 931 ذو : possessing, having 932 طالَبَ : to demand, call for ب sth (from sb); to require ب sth (from sb) 933 غَد/غَداً : tomorrow 934 أحسَن : better/best 935 مِلَفّ ات : file, folder; dossier; (computer) document, file 936 حَجْم : volume, size 937 شَرْط، شُروط : precondition, stipulation 938 شَكَّلَ : to constitute, form, compose sth 939 وَفْقَ/وِفْقاً ل : according to, in accordance with, pursuant to 940 عُنصُر، عَناصِر : factor, element; component, ingredient; race, ethnicity; member, agent 941 مُناسِبة ات : occasion, opportunity 942 مُناسِبات : special occasions (feasts, holidays) 943 بِالمُناسِبة : incidentally, by the way 944 اللَّهُمَّ : oh God! dear God! 945 اللَّهُمَّ إلّا : apart from (the fact that) 946 غالٍ/الغالي : expensive, costly; dear, precious, beloved 947 غالياً : dearly 948 صَدْر، صُدور : chest; bosom 949 سَمَحَ، يَسمَحُ، السَّماح : to allow, permit ل sb (to do sth) 950 اِسمَح لي : excuse me (allow me) 951 لَوْ سَمَحْت : please (if you don’t mind) 952 فَوْز : victory 953 سِجْن، سُجون : prison 954 فَتاة، فَتَيات : young woman, girl 955 سِرّ، أسرار : secret 956 سِرّاً : secretly, privately 957 أمين/كاتِب السِّرّ : secretary 958 حُرّ، آحرار : (adj) free, independent 959 أحرار : liberals; independents 960 مَسؤُوليّة ات : responsibility, duty 961 نَشْر : spreading, propagation; publication, announcement 962 صِناعة : manufacture, industry 963 صِناعات : trade, craft 964 قِمّة، قِمَم : summit 965 عَدُوّ، أعداء : enemy 966 مَلَكَ، يَملِكُ، المِلْك : to own, possess sth; to control sth 967 ناحية، نَواحٍ/النَّواحي : side, perspective, aspect; area, region 968 مَطلوب : wanted, needed; demanded, required, necessary 969 اِستِثمار ات : investing; investment 970 تَوَقَّعَ : to expect, anticipate sth; to look forward to sth 971 نَفْس، نُفوس : (fem) soul, spirt 972 اِستِمرار : continuation, continuity 973 باِستِمرار : constantly 974 مُناسِب : suitable, appropriate 975 حَوالَيْ : approximately, around, about 976 حَضَرَ، يَحضُرُ، الحُضور : to come, show up; to attend, be present at (meeting, party, concert); to view (film, TV show) 977 إمارة ات : Emirate 978 خَطَأ، أخطاء : mistake, blunder, error; (invariable) wrong, mistaken 979 تَحيّة، ات/تَحايا : greeting, salute, salutation 980 نَبيّ، أنبياء : prophet 981 تَطَوُّر ات : progress, development, growth 982 تَطَوُّرات : events, developments 983 إصابة ات : affliction, illness; casualty, injury; point, score, goal 984 فَنّ، فُنون : art; specialty; type, variety 985 قَتْل : murder, killing 986 سارَ، يَسيرُ، السَّيْر : to move, march 987 مَهَمّة، ات/مَهامّ : task, assignment, mission 988 مُهِمّات : equipment, material, supplies 989 حُزْن، أحزان : sadness, grief, sorrow, anguish 990 مَريض، مَرضى : patient, sick person; ill, sick 991 مُشتَرَك : shared, common, join, collective 992 جُمـهوريّة : republic 993 واسِع : wide, broad, extensive, widespread 994 قادِر : capable, able 995 حاكِم، حُكّام : ruler, governor; ruling, in power 996 تَربية : education, pedagogy; raising, child-rearing; breeding 997 جَبَل، جِبال : mountain 998 أطلَقَ : to let go, let out sth; to release, set free سِراح sb; to fire, shoot النّار/الرَّصاص على at sb; to call على sth/sb (ب a name) 999 جَلسة، جَلَسات : session, meeting; court hearing 1000 حَيّ، أحياء : quarter, district 1001 عَدَّ، يَعُدُّ، العَدّ : to count, enumerate sth; to consider, regard sth/sb as 1002 لا يُعَدُّ : countless 1003 عافية : good health, vigor 1004 يُعطيكُم العافية : well done! nice job! 1005 تِجاريّ : commercial, business 1006 أُغْنية، أغانٍ/الأغاني : song, melody 1007 رَئيسيّ : main, chief, principle 1008 كَأس، كُؤوس : cup; Cup (in prize names) 1009 مُعظَم : (idaafa) most of, the majority of 1010 شَكّ، شُكوك : doubt 1011 لا شَكّ/بِلا شِكّ : without a doubt 1012 لَعْب، ألعاب : playing; game, sport 1013 قَناة، قَنَوات : canal; channel (broadcasting) 1014 إنتاج : production, output 1015 حُصول : obtaining, getting, acquiring; occurring, happening 1016 مُعَيَّن : specific, determined; fixed, set, prescribed; appointed, designated 1017 رَفْع : raising, lifting, elevating; increasing, augmenting, boosting 1018 بَسيط، بُسَطاء : simple, plain; naive, unsophisticated; easy, uncomplicated; insignificant (amount), trifle, pinch 1019 عائِلة ات : family, household, clan 1020 مَسجِد، مَساجِد : mosque 1021 سَريع : quick, prompt 1022 سَريعاً : quickly, promptly 1023 سَلامة : security, safety; integrity 1024 ماليّة : finance 1025 اِتِّجاه : direction; course; trend, movement 1026 نَقَلَ، يَنقُلُ، النَّقْل : to transfer, transport sth; to transmit (news); to translate sth 1027 ضَمْت : silence 1028 سَعى، يَسعى، السَّعَيْاً : to strive إلى for sth; to pursue, chase وَراء after (a goal) 1029 أقامَ : to install, establish, set up sth; to hold, host (event, party); to reside, live, set up residence في at 1030 ضَوْء، أضواء : light, lamp 1031 دَوْريّ الأضواء : Premier League 1032 بَدَل : substitute 1033 بَدَلاً من : instead of, in lieu of 1034 طِبّيّ : medical 1035 دائِرة، دَوائِر : office, bureau; district, circuit; circle, ring 1036 رِئاسة : presidency, leadership, direction, chairmanship 1037 اِرتِفاع : rise, increase; height, elevation 1038 عالِم، عُلَماء : scientist, scholar; knowing, knowledgeable of 1039 كَالتّالي : as follows 1040 بَطَل، أبطال : hero; (sports) champion; (film) star 1041 خُروج : departure, leaving; getting out, exit; deviation (عن from) 1042 إعلان ات : announcing, declaring; announcement, declaration, statement; advertisement; billboard 1043 عَقَدَ، يَعقِدُ، العَقْد : to hold, conclude, convene (meeting) 1044 ظِلّ، ظِلال : shade; patronage 1045 ظِلال : auspices 1046 سَجَّلَ : to register; to record (audio); to score (point) 1047 ساحة ات : scene; filed, arena 1048 عَصْر عُصور : age, period, time, epoch 1049 نَوَويّ : nuclear, atomic; nucleic 1050 فِرقة، فِرَق : group, team, troupe; (music) band, ensemble; (mil) division, squad 1051 قَرْن، قُرون : century, age; horn 1052 حُكوميّ : governmental, state; official; state or government officer 1053 رُؤُية : vision, sight; view, viewing; perspective, view, opinion 1054 تِجارة : commerce, business 1055 تابَعَ : to continue, follow sth/sb; to monitor, keep an eye on sth/sb 1056 تَصريح ات : declaration, statement 1057 وَقْف : stopping, ceasing 1058 صِراع ات : struggle, conflict, fight 1059 تَعامُل ات : working, doing business (مع with); relations, (business) dealings 1060 عَهْد، عُهود : age, period; tenure, administration, reign; treaty, pact, promise, oath 1061 وَلّي العَهْد : crown prince 1062 كُلِّيّة ات : college, institute, faculty; entirety, totality 1063 ثِقة : confidence, trust 1064 ضَبْط : adjusting; regulating; seizure, confiscation 1065 بِالضَّبْط : exactly 1066 سَمّى : to name, designate, call 1067 عانى : to suffer sth or من from sth 1068 مُعَلِّم : teacher, instructor, master (of a trade); foreman, boss, chief 1069 عْنف : violence, force 1070 طَبيعة : nature, character 1071 مُمَثِّل : representing, acting on behalf of; representative, delegate; actor 1072 عِبارة ات : expression; phrase, word 1073 بِعِبارةٍ أُخرى : in other words 1074 صَفّ، صُفوف : line, row, rank; class, classroom 1075 تَحرير : liberation; editorship, editing 1076 مَضى، يَمضي : to pass, go by, elapse (time); to continue (في) doing sth; to proceed, go نحو/إلى to/towards 1077 سُمُوّ : loftiness, nobility; (title) His/Her Highness 1078 فَتْح : opening; beginning; conquest (esp in Islamic history) 1079 خَطَر، أخطار : danger, threat; risk, hazard; alarm (signal), warning (sign) 1080 مُباشِر : direct, immediate; live (broadcast) 1081 تَقريب : approximation 1082 تَقريباً : approximately, around; almost, not quite 1083 نَصّ، نُصوص : text; wording 1084 مُوَظَّف : employee 1085 صَفحة، صَفَحات : page; leaf 1086 مُسَلَّح : gunman; armed, bearing arms; armored; reinforced 1087 حَملة، حَمَلات : campaign, expedition; attack, raid 1088 باقٍ/الباقي، باقون : remaining, lasting; remainder, remnant 1089 شَكَرَ : to thank, give thanks to sb 1090 لَعَلَّ : perhaps, maybe; (with pro) perhaps I, maybe I 1091 تَدريب ات : training, coaching; practicing; exercise, drill, practice session 1092 قِرأءة : reading; recitation; interpretation 1093 جَلَسَ، يَجلِسُ، الجُلوس : to sit (down); to sit إلى at (a table) to sit على on/upon sth 1094 فَنّان : artist 1095 تَكَلَّمَ : to speak (a language); to speak مع with sb (عن/حول/على about) 1096 بَقيّة، بقايا : remainder, left over, remnant; end, ending, conclusion (article or story) 1097 ألَم، آلام : pain; hurt; suffering 1098 نَوْم : sleep 1099 ضَمَّ، يَضِمُّ، الضَّمّ : to include, incorporate sth 1100 ما دامَ : as long as, provided that 1101 ما لَم : unless 1102 دَليل، أدِلّة/دَلائِل : sign, clue, indication, evidence, proof (على of) 1103 أدِلّة : guide, handbook 1104 رَغْبة، رَغَبات : wish, desire 1105 تَوَقَّفَ : to stop, halt; to be dependent على on (sb’s will) 1106 قائِم : carrying out ب (task, activity); playing ب (a role); ongoing, present; standing 1107 صُحُفيّ : journalistic, press; journalist, reporter 1108 صَهْيونيّ : Zionist 1109 مُحَطّة ات : station (gas, electrical power, broadcasting); stop, layover 1110 مِلْيار ات : billion 1111 ديمُقراطيّ : democratic; democrat, Democrat 1112 إيرانيّ : Iranian 1113 إصلاح ات : reform, restoration 1114 إصلاحات : corrections, amendments 1115 أداء : performance, execution; rendering, carrying out; fulfillment, satisfaction 1116 شَعْر : hair 1117 نِفْط : petroleum, (mineral) oil 1118 صالِح : advantage, interest; suitable, applicable; pious, upright, righteous 1119 سُاطان : Sultan; power, authority (على over) 1120 إلى حَدٍّ ما : to a certain extent 1121 تَغَيَّرَ : to change, be modified 1122 شامِل : comprehensive, thorough; extensive, sweeping, global; full, complete 1123 نَجَحَ، يَنجَحُ، النَّجاح : to succeed 1124 شَهادة ات : certificate, degree; testimony, witness 1125 تابِع : belonging ل to; attached ل to, associated ل with; adherent, follower 1126 خِلاف ات: dispute, conflict; disagreement, difference (في الرَّأي of opinion) 1127 اِختِيار : choice, selection; election; preference 1128 ذِكرى، ذِكرَيات : remembrance, memory; anniversary 1129 ذِكرَيات : memoirs, diary 1130 زَيْن : beautiful, lovely, pretty, charming 1131 مَبلَغ، مَبالِغ : amount, sum (of money); extent, degree; scope, range 1132 جَسَد، أجساد : body 1133 ّرَجا، يَرجو، الرُّجُو : to hope for sth; to request sth من from sb 1134 يُرجى الاِتِّصال ب : would you please contact… 1135 أرجوكَ : please! 1136 كِتابة ات : writing; script; essay, piece of writing 1137 إنشاء : establishing, setting up, founding 1138 سَيَّدة ات: lady 1139 اِقتِصاد : economy; saving 1140 مَعْرَكة، مَعارِك : battle, campaign 1141 بارَكَ : to bless في sb; to send blessings على upon 1142 رَحْمة : mercy, compassion 1143 طائِرة ات : aircraft, airplane 1144 كُلَّما : (with perf verb) whenever; the more (this)… the more (that) 1145 دَمعة، دَمْع/دُموع : teardrop, tears 1146 كَفى، يَكفي، الكِف : to be enough, be sufficient (for sth/sb) 1147 قُربْ : nearness, proximity 1148 قْربَ/بِالقُربِ من/بِقُربِ : near, near to 1149 مَوْسِم، مَواسِم : season, festival 1150 ماليّ : financial, monetary, fiscal 1151 نَهار : daytime, day 1152 نَهاراً : by day, during the day 1153 تَمَكَّنَ : to be able من to do sth 1154 وَجَّهَ : to send, direct sth إلى to 1155 جَنّة، جِنان/جَنّات : paradise; garden 1156 كادَ، يَكادُ، الكَوْد : to almost (with imperf) do sth or أنْ do sth 1157 ما كادَ…حَتّى/لَمْ يَكَدْ…حَتّى : and as soon as (this happened)…(that happened); no sooner had (this happened) than (that happened) 1158 تَطبيق : implementation (plan, project, decision, strategy); application, enforcement (law, regulation, standards) 1159 مُمارَسة ات : practice, pursuit (profession, hobby); practicing, playing (sport); exercising, carrying out (policy); exerting (pressure); activity, practice, action 1160 صَدَّقَ : to believe sb/sth; to confirm, ratify على sth 1161 وَفْد، وُفود : delegation 1162 نَفْسيّ : mental, spiritual; psychological 1163 تَقدير : appreciation, gratitude (ل for); estimate, calculation; appraisal; (academic) level, performance 1164 تَقديراً ل : in appreciation for 1165 خَليج : gulf 1166 نَظْرة ات : look, glance, view 1167 عَكْس : opposite, reverse, contrary 1168 قَصيدة، قَصائِد : poem, ode 1169 اِستِقرار : stability; setting down 1170 تَشكيل : formation, composition, constitution 1171 مُستَمِرّ : continuous, incessant; continuing 1172 شَجَرة، شَجَر/أشجار : tree 1173 ذِكْر : mention, citation; memory 1174 ديمُقراطيّة : democracy 1175 مَوْعِد، مَواعِد : appointed time or date; deadline; appointment, engagement, commitment, rendezvous 1176 بَغى، يَبغي، البَغي : to pursue, strive for sth 1177 واجَهَ : to face, be opposite sth; to confront sb 1178 ضابِط، ضُبّاط : officer 1179 ضابِط، ضَوابِط : controller, controlling device 1180 رِحلة ات : trip, excursion; journey, voyage; career 1181 مَعرِض، مَعارِض : exhibit, exhibition, show 1182 جُرْح، جُروح/جِراح : wound, injury 1183 تارِجييّ : historical 1184 تَوْفير : providing, furnishing; fulfillment (conditions, requirements); saving (time, money) 1185 سَفير/ سُفَراء : ambassador 1186 كمبيوتر : computer 1187 أُسلوب، أساليب : style, manner, way; method, device 1188 دَوْريّ ات : (sports) league, tournament; regular periodic, intermittent, cyclical; circulatory 1189 نَجْم، نُجوم : star, constellation; celebrity 1190 تَأْثير ات : effect, impact, influence, impression (على/في on) 1191 قَلَم، أقلام : pencil;pen 1192 بَقَلَم : written by 1193 مَقال ات : article, essay 1194 بَدء : start, beginning 1195 بَدءاً من : starting from 1196 أظهَرَ : to show, manifest, demonstrate 1197 سَبَقَ، يَسبِقُ، السَّبْق : to precede, come before sth/sb 1198 سَبَقَ لَهُ أن : to have done sth previously 1199 لِسان، ألسَنة : tongue; language; spokesperson 1200 سَفَر : travelling; journey, trip 1201 غاية ات : (noun) utmost, extreme; goal, objective, purpose 1202 لِلغاية : extremely, greatly 1203 لِغاية : until 1204 شَمِلَ، يَشمَلُ، الشَّمْل : to include, comprise, contain sth 1205 قَطَعَ، يَقطَعُ، القَطْع : to cut off, sever sth; to interrupt, stop (flow); to block (street); to cover, travel (a distance); to pledge (a vow) 1206 ثَوْرة : revolution, uprising 1207 تَأْكيد : confirmation; affirmation; certainty 1208 بِالتَّأكيد : certainly 1209 تَأْكيداً لِ : in confirmation of; underscoring, emphasizing 1210 دارَ، يَدورُ، الدَّوْر : to revolve, turn; to circle, go around حَوْلَ sth 1211 نَشَرَ، يَنشُرُ، النَّشْر : to publish st; to announce sth; to propagate sth 1212 دينار، دَنانير : dinar 1213 إشارة ات : mentioning, pointing out; indication, sign, signal 1214 ظَنَّ : to think, believe, presume أنّ that 1215 بِيئة : environment; milieu 1216 مُسابَقة ات : contest, competition; race 1217 رِعاية : custody, protection; patronage, sponsorship; (social) welfare, (health) care 1218 خافَ، يَخافُ، الخَوْف : to fear sth/sb; to be afraid من of sth/sb; to be worried على about sth/sb; to fear على for (sb’s safety) 1219 ألقى : to throw, toss; to deliver, give (a speech) 1220 ألقى القَبْضَ على to arrest sb 1221 اِحتِرام : respect, honor 1222 اِحتِراماً ل : out of respect for, in honor of 1223 مَفتوح : open, opened 1224 تَحَوَّلَ : to be changed, be converted, be transformed 1225 فَجْر : dawn 1226 اِلتَقى : to meet, encounter مع/ب sb 1227 صَدَرَ، يَصدُرُ، الصُّدور : to be published, be issued; to emerge, come forth, appear 1228 طَعام، أطعِمة : food 1229 ضَحِكَ، يَضحَكُ، الضِّحْك : to laugh (على at) 1230 اِستَخدَمَ : to use, employ, utilize sth 1231 ساعَدَ : to help, assist, support sb 1232 ظاهِرة، ظَواهِر : phenomenon 1233 سَقَطَ، يَسقُطُ، السُّقوط : to fall; drop, decline 1234 سُبحان : praise 1235 مُؤَكِّد : confirming; underscoring; emphasizing 1236 قَصير : short, small (of stature) 1237 تَعبير : expressing عن (opinion, feeling), stating عن (position, policy); expression, word, phrase 1238 عامِل : working, operating, active; doing, making 1239 تَفكير : thinking, pondering; reflection, meditation 1240 دَرَسَ، يَدرُسُ، الدِّراسة : to study, learn sth 1241 تلفزيون : television 1242 بَشَر : humankind, humans 1243 صُندوف، صَناديق : box, bin; treasury, fund; trunk (of a car) 1244 حَيّ، أحياء : alive, living; active, lively; creature, living thing 1245 مَرحَباً : hello! 1246 أقصى : farthest, most remote 1247 رِيال : riyal (currency) 1248 إعْلاميّ : media, information; journalist, person from the media, media worker 1249 مُشارِك : participant; participating 1250 مُتابَعة : pursuing, following; continuation 1251 بَيْع : sale; selling 1252 باتَ، يَبيتُ، البَيات : to become (known, certain); to start, begin to do sth; to spend the night, stay overnight (في/عند at) 1253 نَحو، أنحاء : way, manner, method; grammar; area, region 1254 قَمَر، أقمار : moon 1255 قَمَر صِناعيّ : satellite 1256 أعادَ : to repeat sth, do sth again; to give back, return sth 1257 سِنّ : age (of a person) 1258 أدرَكَ : to grasp, understand, comprehend sth of أنّ that; to reach, attain sth 1259 قَوْميّ : national, sate; nationalist 1260 جائِزة، جَوائِز : prize, award, reward 1261 جارٍ/الجاري : current, present (time); occurring, taking place, in progress; flowing, running (liquid) 1262 ضَرَبَ، يَضرُبُ، الضَّرْب : to strike, hit 1263 ضَرَبَ مَثَلاً : to give an example (ل of) 1264 قَضاء : justice, judiciary; court, court system; district, province; judgement, ruling, decision; fate, destiny 1265 اِشتَغَلَ : to work, be employed 1266 صِفْر، أصفار : zero; empty 1267 حاضِر : present (time); (person) present, attending 1268 الحُضور : audience 1269 اِرتَفَعَ : to rise, ascend; to increase, grow 1270 خَلْق : creating, forming; creation; creatures, humankind 1271 قَبِلَ، يَقبَلُ، القُبول : to accept, receive; approve 1272 قَائِمة، قَوائِم : list, index; leg (of a chair) 1273 مَبدَأ، مَبادِئ : principle, basis; fundamental concept 1274 تَقَدَّمَ : to present, submit (request), offer (suggestion); to advance, be ahead (in age, experience) 1275 ثَمَن : price, cost; value, worth 1276 إمام، أئِمّة : imam 1277 جيل، أجيال : generation, age 1278 مَشْعَر، مَشاعِر : feeling, sense, emotion 1279 مُبادَرة ات : initiative, proposal 1280 جَمَعَ، يَجمَعُ، الجَمْع : to bring together, gather, assemble (things, people) 1281 اِختَلَفَ : to be different عن from sb/sth; to disagree مع with sb (في/على about) 1282 أجابَ : to respond, reply (إلى to sb or a question) على/عن about; to answer, reply أنّ that or ب with (a yes, a no); to comply إلى with (sb’s request) 1283 شُعور : feeling, sentiment, awareness 1284 تَفصيل، تَفاصيل : detail; elaboration 1285 بالتَّفصيل : in detail 1286 إعداد : preparation 1287 شَرقيّ : Eastern, oriental; East, eastern region 1288 أَسَف : sorry, regret, remorse; pity, sympathy 1289 لِلأسْفِ : unfortunately 1290 يا لِلأسْف : how unfortunate 1291 أفادَ : to report أنّ/بِأنّ that; to provide ب (information); to be useful, effective (for sb) 1292 عَقْد : holding, concluding, convening (meeting) 1293 بَشَريّ : human 1294 صَيْف : summer 1295 مُعَدَّل ات : average, rate, mean figure; modified, altered, amended 1296 خَسارة، خَسائِر : loss, failure; casualty, damage 1297 فائِدة، فَوائِد : benefit, use, usefulness; (finance) interest 1298 خِبرة ات : experience, expertise 1299 صِفة ات : feature, characteristic, attribute; trait 1300 مَشـهَد، مَشاهِد : scene, view, spectacle, sight 1301 لَقِيَ : to find; meet, encounter sb/sth 1302 تَحَدًّ/التَّحَدّي ات : challenge 1303 عَمّا : about what, from what; concerning, regarding 1304 عَمّا قَريبً : shortly, soon 1305 عَمّا إذا : (about, as to) whether 1306 جِدار، جُدران : wall 1307 الجِدار العازِل/الفاصِل : the Wall of Separation, the West Bank Wall 1308 مَجَلّة ات : magazine, journal 1309 هُجوم : attack, assault; raid, charge 1310 مُهَندِس : engineer, technician 1311 تَجاوَزَ : to surmount, overcome sth; exceed, go beyond, overstep sth; to disregard, bypass sth 1312 صِناعيّ : industrial, industrialized; manufacturing, artificial 1313 مِساحة ات : surface; space; land, terrain 1314 قَضى، يَقضي، القَضاء : to eliminate على sth/sb; to pass, spend (time, holiday); to stipulate, decree ب sth; to fulfill, complete (a duty) 1315 قُضِيَ عَلَيْهِ : he was sentenced 1316 مُحَدَّد : defined, determined, set 1317 تَعديل ات : change, modification; adjustment; amendment; reshuffle (cabinet) 1318 نُمُوّ : development, growth; progress 1319 حَرْف، حُروف : letter (of the alphabet) 1320 مُؤْمِن : believing, faithful; believer; Muslim 1321 اِعتَمَدَ : to depend, rely على on sth/sb; to adopt, authorize, accredit (plan, method, curriculum) 1322 فَجأَة : surprise 1323 فَجأَةً : suddenly 1324 سَهْل : easy, simple 1325 مُباشَرة : pursuit, practice; performance, execution, implementation 1326 مُباشَرةً : directly, immediately 1327 بَنو : sons 1328 مَنْع : prevention, prohibition; depriving, withholding 1329 خَطير : significant, important; serious, grave; dangerous, risky 1330 رَحِمَ : to have mercy (God) on sb 1331 رَحَمِهُ الله : God rest his soul 1332 حاجّ، حُجاج : pilgrim, title of respect for someone who has completed pilgrimage to Mecca or is an older person 1333 لِذا : therefore, that’s why, because of that 1334 وَظيفة، وَظائِف : job, position; work, employment; function, task 1335 قانونيّ : legal, law-related, statutory; legitimate, licit, legal 1336 قانونيّاً : legally, from a legal standpoint 1337 عامِل، عَوامِل : factor, element, agent; (math) coefficient 1338 إداريّ : administrative, management, departmental 1339 إرهابيّ : terrorist 1340 صَبْر : patience, endurance 1341 َضحيّة، ضَحايا : victim 1342 غَضَب : anger, rage 1343 غَضَباً : in anger, angrily 1344 ألمانيّ، ألمان : German 1345 إنْجاز ات : implementation, carrying out (project); accomplishment, achievement, success 1346 عَبَّرَ : to express عن (opinion, feeling), state عن (position, policy) 1347 جَمال : beauty 1348 صادِر : issued, published; exported 1349 صادِرات : exports 1350 فِئَة ات : faction, party; group, sector; type, class, kind 1351 مُتَوَسِّط : middle, central; medium, average 1352 زَعيم، زُعَماء : leader, head of state 1353 اِنطَلَقَ : to depart, take off; to begin, get started, to be fired (bullet) 1354 دَقَّ : to beat (heart); to strike, hit sth; to knock on (door) or على (door); to ring bell, to call ل sb (on the phone) 1355 اِستِعداد : preparation; readiness, willingness 1356 على استعداد : ready 1357 دَفْع : pushing; compelling, moving, driving; pushing back, repelling; payment 1358 تَعَلَّمَ : to learn, study sth 1359 مِثال، أمثِلة/مُثُل : example, model, ideal 1360 فَرَح، أفراح : joy, happiness; party, celebration, festivity 1361 فَرَحاً : with joy, joyfully 1362 رِواية ات : novel, story; narration; report, account 1363 نَهْر، أنـهار : river 1364 كَهرَباء : electricity 1365 وَصَفَ، يَصِفُ، الوَصْف : to describe, characterize sb ب/بأنّ as; (doctor) to prescribe sth ل to sb 1366 مَهرَجان ات : festival 1367 ألّا : not to 1368 اِنتِظار : waiting, anticipating 1369 رَضِيَ، يَرضى، الرِّضى : to be pleased, satisfied ب/عن/على with sth 1370 سَنَويّ : annual, yearly 1371 سَنَويّاً : annually, yearly 1372 نَصْر : victory, triumph 1373 تَعزيز : strengthening, bolstering, reinforcing; reinforcement 1374 أَدَب، آداب : literature; good manners, etiquette 1375 لَعبة : game, contest, competition; (one) match, game; (fig) trick, fast one 1376 عَقْد، عُقود : contract, agreement 1377 أثارَ : to raise, provoke, stir up sth; to bring up (a subject) 1378 شَرّ : evil, malice 1379 مُعارَضة : opposition (esp in politics), resistance 1380 نَبَأ، أنباء : news item, report 1381 عُدوان : aggression, hostility; enmity, animosity 1382 خِطاب : speech, message, letter 1383 عُموم : generality, totality, whole; people, masses, public 1384 عُموماً : generally, in general 1385 مَجلِس العُموم : House of Commons 1386 اِختارَ : to select, pick, choose sth/sb; to prefer, choose sth على over sth else 1387 إيجابيّ : postive, good; affirmative 1388 جَوْلة ات : tour, round, session; patrol 1389 رَفْض : refusal, rejection 1390 أعظَم، عُظمى : greater/est, mightier/est 1391 شِراء : buying, purchasing; purchase acquisition 1392 مَسرَح، مَساِح : theater, stage 1393 غِياب : absence, disappearance 1394 حَلَقة ات : ring, circle; link; program, show; (student) class, course 1395 شَريف، شُرَفاء : honorable, noble, respectable 1396 ضَروريّ : necessary, required 1397 فَساد : corruption; deterioration, decomposition 1398 اِتِّفاقيّة ات : treaty, accord 1399 تَذَكَّرَ : to remember sth 1400 تَناوَلَ : to deal with, treat (a subject, an issue); to eat (a meal); to ingest (medicine) 1401 هَواء : air, atmosphere; climate 1402 على الهَواء : live (broadcasting) 1403 الحرمَيْن الشَّريفَيْن : The Two Holy Mosques (of Mecca and Medina) 1404 قاضٍ/القاضي، قُضاة : judge, magistrate 1405 داعٍ/الداعي، دُعاة : reason, cause, motive; calling for sth, calling on sb, inviting sb; person (or voice) calling for 1406 عَدْل : justice, fairness 1407 وَزير العَدْل : Minister of Justice 1408 طَرَحَ، يَطرَحُ، الطَّرْح : to throw, cast sth; to pose, present, suggest (question, issue) على to sb (for discussion); to offer (gesture, greeting); to offer sth (for sale); to invite (bids, tenders); to float, put into circulation (shares) 1409 شَماليّ : northern 1410 جَدّ/ة : grandfather/mother 1411 هاتِف، هَواتِف : phone 1412 حَفِظَ، يَحفَظُ، الحِفْظ : to save, preserve, maintain; to protect, guard; to memorize 1413 ضُعْف : weakness 1414 إقليميّ : regional, territorial, area; provincial, district 1415 مَعهَد، مَعاهِد : institute, academy, school 1416 طَيْر، طُيور : bird 1417 إمّا/إمّا…أو : either…or 1418 ريح، رِياح : wind; odor 1419 سَلبيّ : negative, passive 1420 سَلبيّات : negative points 1421 بَكى، يَبكي، البُكى : to cry, weep (على over sth/sb); to mourn, weep for sb 1422 دَواء، أدوية : remedy, medicine, medication 1423 وِجهة ات : direction, angle 1424 وِجهة النَّظَر : point of view 1425 عُمْق، أعماق : depth, deep, bottom 1426 عَميق : deep, profound 1427 بَلَديّة ات : municipality, community, township; city council 1428 لاسِيَّما : especially 1429 ضَمان ات : guarantee, insurance 1430 خَبير، خُبَراء : expert, specialist 1431 مَشى، يَمشي، المَشي : to walk, go; to leave, go away 1432 مَخُيَّم ات : camp, refugee camp 1433 ماديّ : material, physical; materialistic; financial 1434 ماديّاً : materially, physically; financially 1435 تَوْفيق : success; reconciliation, mediation 1436 صَعيد، أصعِدة : level plane 1437 الصَّعيد : Upper Egypt 1438 فَوْراً/على الفَوْر : immediately, at once 1439 فَورَ : immediately after 1440 فَرْض : imposing, levying; religious duty 1441 مُدَرِّب : trainer, coach; instructor 1442 حَمْل : carrying; pregnancy 1443 يالله : C’mon! Hurry up! Let’s go! 1444 كَمّيّة : quantity, amount 1445 أيْ : that is to say, in other word, i.e. 1446 قَدَّرَ : to estimate, calculate, appraise sth; to appreciate, value sth; to allow, make possible (of God); to respect sth, take sth into consideration 1447 حَرام : forbidden, out of bounds; sacred, holy 1448 يا حَرام : what a shame! 1449 مِتْر، أمتار : meter 1450 سوء : offense; bad, ill; miss- 1451 فَقَدَ، يَفقُد، الفَقْد : to lose sth; to lack, be missing sth 1452 اِشتَرى : to buy, purchase sth 1453 كَلْب، كِلاب : dog 1454 نامَ، يَنامُ، النَّوْم : to sleep; lie down 1455 قَصْر،قُصور : castle, palace 1456 حادِثة، حَوادِث : accident, mishap; event, incident 1457 دَرْس، دُروس : studying; examining, checking; lesson, course, study 1458 اِنتِهاء : finish, completion, conclusion 1459 تَضَمَّنَ : to guarantee; to include, comprise 1460 حَدَّدَ : to specify, determine sth; to set, define sth 1461 لَوحة ات : painting, picture; panel, board 1462 لَوحة المَفاتيح : keyboard 1463 مِمَّن : from whom 1464 طَرْح : suggestion, proposal (topic, idea); offering (gesture, greeting); inviting (bids, tenders); floating, putting into circulation (shares) 1465 جُنوبيّ : southern, south 1466 عَرَضَ، يَعرِضُ، العَرْض : to show, exhibit, present sth; to review, inspect sth 1467 مَقَرّ : center, headquarters, main residence 1468 باحِث : searching (عن for); discussing (في sth); researching (في sth); researcher, scholar 1469 صُعوبة ات : difficulty 1470 طالَ، يَطولُ، الطَّوْل : to be long or length; to take a while ب for sb 1471 ضَعيف، ضُعَفاء : weak, powerless 1472 مَفهوم، مَفاهيم : understood; concept, notion; meaning, sense, definition 1473 دُستور، دَساتير : constitution 1474 سَيْطَرة : control, dominion 1475 قادَ، يَقودُ، القِيادة : to lead, guide sb إلى to; to drive (a vehicle), pilot (a plane) 1476 إذْن : permission, authorization 1477 بِإذْنِ الله : god-willing 1478 أحَد : Sunday 1479 اِثنَيْن : Monday 1480 ثُلَثاء : Tuesday 1481 أربِعاء : Wednesday 1482 خَميس : Thursday 1483 جُمعة : Friday 1484 سَبت : Saturday 1485 أسير، أسرى : prisoner, captive 1486 تُجاهَ : towards; facing 1487 حَسَّ، يَحِسُّ، الحَسّ : to feel, sense ب sth or أنَّ that 1488 سَعيد، سُعَداء : happy, content 1489 حِكاية ات : story, tale, account, narrative 1490 تَشجيل : registration; recording; documentation 1491 تَيّار ات : current, stream 1492 جازَ، يَجوزُ، الجَوْز : to be allowed, be possible ل بخق سز 1493 قُبول : reception; acceptance, approval 1494 كافٍ/الكافي : sufficient, adequate; competent 1495 إيمان : faith, belief (ب in, بِأنّ that) 1496 حَفْل : celebration, ceremony 1497 مَلعَب، مَلاعِب : playground; stadium, sports field 1498 بَعدَما : after 1499 ذاكِرة : memory (human and computer) 1500 غاز : natural gas 1501 شَرعيّ : legitimate, lawful; legislative 1502 أحلى : sweeter/sweetest 1503 مِن ثَمَّ : therefore, because of that, that is why 1504 مَركَزيّ : central 1505 هُدوء : calmness, quiet, peace 1506 تَحَقَّقَ : to become reality (dreams); to be achieved (peace, goals); to verify من sth 1507 حَيَوان ات : animal, creature 1508 خَلَصَ، يَخلُصُ، الخُلوص : to conclude إلى أنَّ that; to arrive إلى at (a place, a result) 1509 مُناقَشة ات : argument, debate 1510 تَوْزيع : distribution, handing out (على among) 1511 بالِغ : extreme, intense, profound; serious, critical; reaching, attaining; adult 1512 تَأْمين : securing, safeguarding, protecting; insuring, insurance 1513 خِيار : option, choice; selection, preference 1514 مُعالَجة : treatment (disease, sick person); dealing with (topic, problem, issue); processing (data) 1515 نُسخة، نُسَخ : copy, replica 1516 تَعليق ات: commenting; suspending; comment, remark, commentary 1517 تَصميم, تَصاميم : determination, perseverance; design, sketch, plan 1518 إله : deity, god; God 1519 يَمين، أيمان : right side; (fem) right hand; (fem) oath 1520 سَكَنَ، يَسكُنُ، السَّكْن : to reside, live, dwell في at/in 1521 ساكِن : residing, living في at/in 1522 شِعار ات : slogan, motto; emblem, symbol 1523 قَصْد : intent, purpose, goal 1524 يَنبَغي : (imperf) to be to do sth; to be incumbent upon على sb أنْ to do sth (he should do sth) 1525 اِتَّفَقَ : to agree (مع with sb, على on/about sth) 1526 واصَلَ : to continue doing sth 1527 اِعتَرَفَ : to admit, confess ب (having done) sth; to acknowledge, recognize, accept ب sth 1528 أثَّرَ : to affect, influence على sb/sth 1529 قَصَدَ، يَقصِدُ، القَصْد : to intend, mean sth; to pursue sth 1530 أكَلَ، يَأْكُلُ، الأكْل : to eat sth; to corrode sth; (fig) to consume, gnaw at sth/sb 1531 جَريدة، جَرائِد : newspaper, periodical, journal 1532 آه : ouch 1533 مُتَوَقَّع : expected, anticipated 1534 اِلتِزام ات : following, adhering to ب (rules, laws, plans); commitment, obligation 1535 طِوال : throughout, during 1536 مُمَيِّز : distinguished, prominent, outstanding; special 1537 مِنصِب، مَناصِب : post, position; office 1538 مَعقول : reasonable, plausible, logical 1539 مَطار ات : airport, airfield 1540 ثَمّة : there is/are 1541 مُشتَرِك : participant, subscriber; participating, subscribing 1542 فُندُق، فَنادِق : hotel 1543 لاحَظَ : to notice, observe sth or أنّ that 1544 أقرَب، أقارِب : closer/closest, sooner/soonest; relative 1545 اِتِّخاذ : taking; adopting, passing (a resolution) 1546 فِكريّ : intellectual, mental 1547 فَقير، فُقَراء : poor, destitute; poor person 1548 بُعد، أبعاد : dimension; distance 1549 أصدَرَ : to publish (book), release (film); to issue (decree, ruling, decision); to pass (sentence); to emit (sound) 1550 نَظَّمَ : to organize, arrange; regulate 1551 صِفّة، صِفاف : bank, shore 1552 الصِّفّة الغَربيّة : the West Bank 1553 اِعتِماد : reliance, dependence على on; recognition (of) 1554 حَجَر، حِجارة : stone 1555 قَلَق : unrest, unease; concern, anxiety 1556 مَسيرة : march, parade; movement, course 1557 اِزدادَ : to grow, increase, rise 1558 هامّ : important, significant 1559 حَرارة : temperature, heat; fever; passion 1560 خَليجيّ : relating to the Persian Gulf 1561 سَيْر : course, motion, march; going, walking 1562 ظَهْر : back; rear; deck (ship) 1563 عن ظَهْرِ قَلبٍ : by heart 1564 هَدَفَ، يَهدَفُ، الهَدْف : to target, aim at إلى sth; to be intended, designated إلى for sth (as a goal) 1565 مُتَعَدِّد : diverse, numerous, multi-, poly- 1566 إيجاد : finding, discovery 1567 فَصْل : separating, detaching; firing, laying off; rendering a judgement, reaching a decision (في قَضية in a case) 1568 عَفو : pardon, amnesty 1569 بارِد : cold, frigid; (food) dull, flat, bland 1570 تَحَرَّكَ : to move, get moving 1571 واجِب ات : necessary, obligatory (على for); duty, obligation, requirement 1572 اِقتَرَبَ : to get close من to sth; approach من sth 1573 شِدّة : intensity, forcefulness 1574 بِشِدّة : forcefully, strongly 1575 مُفيد : useful, beneficial 1576 اِبنة : daughter (of) 1577 رَسَمَ، يَرسَمُ، الرَّسْم : to draw, sketch (picture); to outline, describe sth; to design, plan sth; to chart (a course) 1578 فَهْم : understanding, comprehension 1579 مَعنيّ : concerned, affected; interested ب in, concerned ب with 1580 جَواب ات : answer, response 1581 صادِق : truthful, veracious 1582 مارَسَ : to practice, pursue (profession, hobby); to practice, play (sport); to exercise, carry out (policy); to exert (pressure) 1583 وَليّ، أوْلِياء : patron, protector 1584 وَليّ الأمْر : legal guardian, parent 1585 مَيِّت، مَوْتى/أموات : dead, deceased 1586 وادٍ/الوادي : wadi (dry riverbed); valley 1587 أجرى : to conduct, carry out, perform sth 1588 غالِب : winner, victor; majority, most of 1589 غالِباً : mostly, largely 1590 إلِكتُرونيّ : electronic 1591 البَريد الإلِكتُرونيّ : email 1592 تَعليميّ : educational, instructional, pedagogical 1593 مُقارَنة ات : comparison 1594 قَوْم : people, nation 1595 ضَخْم : large, voluminous 1596 ظُلْم : injustice 1597 ظُلماً : wrongly, unjustly 1598 مَغرَبيّ، مَغارِبة : Moroccan; Maghrebi 1599 اِحتِمال : probability, likelihood 1600 اِحتِمالات : possibilities 1601 نافِذة، نَوافِذ : window 1602 عَيْش : life, living 1603 إمكانيّة ات : possibility; capability 1604 أهليّ : civil, domestic; family, home; private (school) 1605 آمَنَ : to believe ب in sth or بِإنّ/أنّ that 1606 حَضارة ات : civilization; culture 1607 بَرلَمان : parliament 1608 تَقنيّة ات : technology, technique 1609 جُهُد : effort, exertion, strain 1610 وَعي : consciousness; awareness, attention 1611 حارِس، حُرّاس : guard, sentry; guardian, keeper; (sports) goalie, goal-keeper 1612 صَحافة : journalism, press 1613 طَلَما/لَطَلَما : as long as; how often! 1614 طَلَما أنّ : provided that 1615 خَفيف : light; slight, minor; sparse 1616 مَنَعَ، يَمنَعُ، المَنْع : to prevent, forbid sth; to prevent sb من/عن from doing sth; to deprive sb عن/من of sth 1617 جُملة، جُمَل : sentence, clause; group, bunch, handful 1618 بِالجُملة : on the whole, altogether 1619 جُملةً وتَفصيلاً : completely, through and through 1620 عَقْب، أعقاب : heel 1621 عَقِبَ : immediately after 1622 مُبَكِّر : early 1623 ظُهْر : noon, afternoon 1624 ظُهْراً : in the afternoon, at noon 1625 وافَقَ : to agree with sb على on sth; to approve, authorize على sth 1626 مُتَعَلِّق : attached, connected (ب to sth/sb); concerning (ب sth/sb) 1627 زَميل، زُمَلاء : colleague, associate, companion 1628 كَيْفيّة : manner, mode; way; how 1629 نَموذَج، نَماذِج : sample; model, example 1630 حادِث، حَوادِث : event, occurrence; incident, accident 1631 فازَ، يَفوزُ، الفَوْز : to win (ب sth); to defeat على سز 1632 ثَوْب، ثِياب : garment, robe, tunic 1633 ثِياب : clothes, clothing 1634 بَديل، بَدائِل : altenative; replacement, substitute; (adj) alternate, substitute; equivalent 1635 مُحيط : (adj) peripheral, surrounding; periphery, surrounding area; milieu, environment; ocean 1636 المُحيط الهادِئ : the Pacific Ocean 1637 آية ات : verse (in the Quran); sign, wonder, miracle 1638 تَهديد ات : threatening, menacing; threat, menace; danger, risk 1639 هَديّة، هَدايا : gift, present 1640 هَديّةً : as a gift 1641 قاعِد : sitting; (with imperf) in the process of doing sth 1642 موسيقى : music 1643 بَعَثَ، يَبعَثُ، البَعْث : to send, mail sth or ب sth إلى to sb 1644 نَدوة، نَدَوات : seminar, symposium, colloquium 1645 جِهاد : jihad (struggle, from the phrase الجِهاد في سبيل الله) 1646 قاعة ات : hall, large room 1647 فَرْق : difference, distinction; discrepancy 1648 حِفاظ : guarding, preserving; memorization; diaper 1649 جَبهة : (military, political, weather) front; front line 1650 الجَبهة الشَّعبيّة : Popular Front 1651 تَوْقيع : signing; signature 1652 مُمتاز : excellent, superior, first-class; privileged, favored 1653 هَمّ، هُموم : worry, concern; anxiety, distress; care, interest 1654 مُكافَحة : fight, battle, confrontation 1655 فَشِلَ, يَفشَلُ، الفَشْل : to fail, be unsuccessful في in sth 1656 حَظّ : luck, fortune 1657 ضَيْف، ضُيوف : guest, visitor 1658 ثانَويّ : secondary; lower-ranking, subordinate 1659 جِسر، جُسور : brige; (reinforcement) beam or bar; (dental) bridge 1660 مُتَمَيِّز : distinguished, outstanding, prominent; different (عن from) 1661 بَلدة : town, township, community 1662 اِستَحَقَّ : to deserve, merit sth 1663 تَنفيذيّ : executive, implementing 1664 وَزْن : weighing, measuring the weight of 1665 أوْزان : weight 1666 طَيَران : aviation, flying; airline 1667 عُقوبة ات : punishment, penalty, sanction 1668 ثابِت : firm, established, constant; stable, steady 1669 مُؤَشِّر ات : indicator, index; measure, gage 1670 مُؤَشِّرات : clues, indications, pointers 1671 مَطَر، أمطار : rain 1672 مَفروض : necessary, required; imposed, prescribed; obligation, duty 1673 فَضَّلَ : to prefer sth (على to sth else) 1674 جَمْع : bringing together, gathering, assembling; joining together 1675 مَقعَد، مَقاعِد : seat, place 1676 مَقتَل : muder, killing 1677 ساهَمَ : to participate in, contribute to 1678 اِتَّخَذَ : to take sth; to adopt, pass (a resolution) 1679 راحة : rest, relaxation, repose, leisure 1680 راحة اليَد : palm of the hand 1681 أحَسَّ : to feel, sense ب sth of أنّ that 1682 فَضاء : space; (outer) space, cosmos; vacant (plot of land) 1683 مُستَقِلّ : independent, autonomous 1684 تُركيّ، أتراك/تُرْك : Turk; Turkish 1685 أُفْق، آفاق : horizon; view, perspective; outlook, prospects 1686 حُثّة، حُثَث : corpse, body 1687 شِبه : semi-, almost, like 1688 شَرَف : honor, distinction 1689 هِويّة : identity; identity card 1690 بَطاقة ات : card; tag; ticket; ballot 1691 رُكْن, أركان : pillar, foundation, support; (mil) chief of staff; corner, nook; section (newspaper) 1692 مُصاب : injured, wounded; afflicted 1693 صاروخ، صَواريخ : missile, rocket 1694 تَحَوُّل ات : change, transformation, conversion 1695 روسيّ، روس : Russian 1696 ّجَوّي : air, aerial; atmospheric; climatic, weather-related 1697 سَيِّء : bad 1698 أمان : safety, security, protection 1699 أكْل : eating; consuming; food, meal 1700 مُرَشَّح : nominated, selected; expected, prepared, slated; (most) likely; candidate, nominee 1701 وَصْف، أوْصاف : description, portrayal, characterization; characteristic, trait 1702 بِوَصْفِهِ : in his capacity as (chairman, minister, etc) 1703 مُلاحَظة ات : observing, noticing; note, remark, observation 1704 لَقَب، ألقاب : title; nickname 1705 مَسافة ات : distance, interval 1706 فَقْر : poverty, lack of 1707 فَقْر الدَّمّ : anemia 1708 اِنتِشار : spreading, diffusion 1709 خائِف : afraid, fearful, frightened 1710 ما أحلاها : how pretty she is! 1711 تَواصُل : continuation, maintaining; interconnection, mutual contact; intercommunication 1712 ظُهور : appearance, emergence; advent 1713 زِراعة : agriculture, cultivation; implanting, transplanting (organ) 1714 غَرَض، أغراض : goal, purpose, intent 1715 إمكان ات : capability, ability, power; possibility, (what is) possible 1716 أثبَتَ : to prove, ascertain, establish sth 1717 تَلَقّى : to receive, get 1718 جلالة : majesty; (in titles) His Majesty 1719 بِنية، بُنىً : structure; make-up, physique 1720 بَنية تَحتيّة : infrastructure 1721 تَحسين : improving, enhancing, bettering; improvement, enhancement 1722 مَبنى، مَبانً/المَباني : building, edifice; structure 1723 فَم، أفواه : mouth 1724 أهَمَّ : to concern sb; to be important to sb 1725 اِمتِحان ات : examination, test; trial 1726 طِبّ : medicine, medical treatment 1727 مُقَدِّمة ات : preface, introduction; front part 1728 فَرْع، فُروع : branch, department, subdivision, section 1729 مَصير : path, destiny, fate 1730 سَليم : correct, sound; flawless; safe 1731 تَرتيب ات : preparation, arrangement, putting in order; organization, planning 1732 مَبروك : (adj) blessed. happy; congratulations! (على on/for) 1733 ألف مَبروك : many congratulations 1734 مُطلَق : absolute, unlimited 1735 مُطلَقاً : absolutely 1736 نَفَّذَ : to implement, carry out, execute 1737 حَسْب : sufficiency, enough 1738 فَحَسْب/وَحَسْب : only 1739 قَبيلة، قَبائِل : tribe 1740 تَوَفَّرَ : to be plentiful; to be available ل for sb; to be met, fulfilled (condition, requirements) في in sth/sb 1741 تَمَتَّعَ : to enjoy ب sth, be blessed ب sth; to possess, be endowed ب with (qualities) 1742 قَطْع : breaking off, interruption; traversing (a distance); issuing (a ticket) 1743 قَطْعاً : absolutely 1744 وَفاة، وَفَيات : death 1745 الوَفَيات : obituaries (newspaper section) 1746 سُقوط : downfall, collapse; crash (aircraft) 1747 رائِحة، رَوائِح : scent, odor, perfume 1748 فَعّاليّة : effectiveness, efficiency 1749 فَعّاليّات : events, activités 1750 داخِليّة : (ministry) interior, of state 1751 عَدالة : justice, fairness 1752 جار، جيران : neighbor 1753 وَثيقة، وَثائِق : document; certificate; title, dead; paper, record 1754 عَلامة ات : mark, indiction, sign; point 1755 تَنسيق : coordination, collaboration 1756 فَرَضَ، يَفرِضُ، الفَرْض : to impose sth على on sb; to assume أنّ that 1757 بَقاء : survival; remaining, staying 1758 اِحتِفال ات : celebrating; celebration, ceremony 1759 أبرَز : more/most prominent 1760 قَيْد، قُيود : restriction, condition, stipulation; fetter, chain, shackle 1761 قَيْدَ : undergoing, in the process of 1762 قَيدَ الإنشاء : under construction 1763 على قَيد الحَياة : alive 1764 لا قَيْد أُنمُلةٍ : not one iota, not an inch 1765 حِكمة، حِكَم : wisdom; wise saying, proverb, moral 1766 فِتنة، فِتَن : charm, allure, enchantment; dissent, unrest; riot, rebellion 1767 مَسيحيّ : Christian 1768 تليفون ات : telephone 1769 زارَ، يَزورُ، الزِّيارة : to visit sb or a place 1770 هائِل : great, huge, formidable; frightful, appalling 1771 مُؤَخَّر : rear, end, back; balance (of a payment) 1772 مُؤَخَّراً : recently, lately; finally, in the end 1773 سِياحة : tourism 1774 وُقوف : standing, stopping, halting 1775 ثَقيل : heavy, cumbersome 1776 رَسْم، رُسوم : drawing, sketching, illustrating; picture, drawing; tax, fee 1777 جامِعيّ : (adj) university 1778 أسبَهَ : to ressemble, look like, be similar to sth/sb 1779 تَطَلَّبَ : to require, demand sth (من from sb) 1780 تَوْجيه ات : directing, guiding, sending; instruction, guideline, directive 1781 حَطَّ، يَحُطُ، الحَطّ : to put, place, set down 1782 حَبّ : (collective) grain, seed(s) 1783 حَبّة، حُبوب/حَبّاب : grain, seed; pill; bead 1784 شَوْق : desire, yearning 1785 دَقيق : precise, accurate; minute, micro-; delicate 1786 مُتَقَدِّم : advanced, developed; applicant; applying, seeking (job position or admission) 1787 زِراعيّ : agricultural, farming 1788 شَيْطان، شَياطين : devil 1789 قَتيل، قَتلى : casualty, dead/killed person 1790 اِستِفادة : benefiting من from, making use من of 1791 اِستِقبال : reception; receiving, welcoming 1792 وَرْد : (collective) roses, flowers 1793 وَرَدة، وُرود/وَرَدات : rose, flower 1794 مَدَّ، يَمُدُّ، المَدّ : to extend, stretch sth; to spread out, stretch out sth 1795 ظَلام : darkness, injustice 1796 مُوافَقة : agreement; approval 1797 سِياق : context, course 1798 دَرْب، دَروب : path, pathway, trail, road 1799 دُعاء : call, appeal, request; invocation 1800 أرسَلَ : to send, transmit (ب) sth إلى to sb 1801 هَوىً : love, affection; inclination, preference; desire, wish 1802 على هَواهُ : as he likes, according to his preference 1803 ذَهاب : going; leaving, departure; first half (game, match) 1804 كَثرة : abundance, large amount, great number 1805 هادِئ : calm, quiet, peaceful 1806 حِفْظ : saving, preserving, maintaining; protecting, guarding; memorizing 1807 شاشة ات : screen, computer monitor 1808 شَريك، شُرَكاء : partner, associate 1809 مَحدود : limited; determined 1810 أدخَلَ : to insert, introduce, include sth في/إلى هر 1811 تَبادُل : exchange, interchange 1812 سِادة : sovereignty, supremacy 1813 سِيادَته : His Excellency 1814 رَمْز، رُموز : symbol, sign, emblem; symbolic figure; (computer) icon; (telephone, postal) code; indicator; symbolizing, indicating, pointing (إلى to); dialing (phone number) 1815 ضَربة ات : blow, strike; shot 1816 مَلامِح : features, characteristics 1817 ُغابَ، يَغيب : to be absent (عن from); to set (sun) عن on 1818 مُفاوَضة ات : negotiation, discussion, talk 1819 تَدمير : destruction, demolition; wrecking, ruining, damaging 1820 تَحليل، تَحاليل : dissolution, dissolving; legalizing; analysis, (laboratory) test 1821 دَوْم : continuance, continuation 1822 دَوْماً : always 1823 وُلِدَ : to be born 1824 شَريط : tape, strip, ribbon 1825 مُتَحيل : impossible 1826 مُحافِظ : governor; conservative; preserving, protecting 1827 بَيَّنَ : to clarify, explain sth; to show, demonstrate sth 1828 مُراقَبة : surveillance, monitoring; censorship; observation, inspection; supervision, oversight 1829 تَفَضُّل : please (followed by imperative) 1830 لَوْ تَفَضَّاْتَ : if you would be so kind 1831 كُتلة، كُتَل : bloc, group; mass, bulk 1832 باعَ، يَبيعُ، البَيْع : to sell sth (ب for a price) 1833 ماشي : ok 1834 إحساس : feeling, sensation; sensitivity 1835 اِنفِجار ات : explosion, detonation 1836 حَديقة، حَدائِق : garden 1837 اِهتَمَّ : to be interested ب in sth; to care, be concerned ب about sth 1838 اِعتِراف : admission, confession (ب of sth); acknowledgement, recognition, acceptance (ب of sth) 1839 مَنطِق : logic, mentality 1840 مُتَّهَم : accused ب of, charged ب with, indicted ب for; (noun) suspect 1841 أصليّ : original, master; real, true; genuine, authentic 1842 مِثلَما : like, as, just as 1843 صَفقة، صَفَقات : deal, transaction 1844 مَنـهَج، مَناهِج : method, approach; program, curriculum 1845 تَعَرَّفَ : to get to know على sb, become acquainted على with sb; to identify على sb 1846 جِنسيّة : nationality, citizenship 1847 اِتِّهام ات : accusation, charge, indictment 1848 صِدْق : sincerity, candor 1849 عاشِق, عُشّاق : lover, person in love; admirer, fan; enthusiast, aficionado 1850 مُقَدَّس ات : holy, sacred; sacred sites; sacred things 1851 هِنديّ، هُنود : Indian (from India) 1852 الهُنود الحُمْر : Native Americans 1853 تُهمة، تُهَم : accusation, charge 1854 إبداع : creativity, originality 1855 حادّ : sharp, intense 1856 اِمتَدَّ : to extend, reach, spread إلى to 1857 مِحوَر، مَحاوِر : axle; axis; pivot 1858 طائِفيّ : sectarian, factional 1859 إصدار : exporting; issuing, publication 1860 غَيَّرَ : to change, modify sth; to replace, switch sth 1861 مُنتَصَف : (noun) middle, halfway 1862 حَلَّ، يَحُلُّ، الحَلّ : to dissolve, split up, untie sth 1863 حَلَّ مَحَلَّهُ : to replace, take the place of sth/sb; to solve (problem) 1864 أجَل : time, period, term; final moment, death 1865 شاهِد، شُهود : witness; spectator; witnessing, viewing 1866 جَماعيّ : (adj) group, collective; common 1867 زاوية، زَوايا : corner, nook; section (newspaper); angle 1868 تَصَرُّف ات : behavior, conduct 1869 تَصَرُّفات : actions 1870 مُساعِد : assistant, aide, support; helping, assisting, supporting 1871 اِغتِيال ات : assassination 1872 اِعتِداء ات : assault, attack, aggression 1873 مَيْدان، مَيادين : arena, field, domain; city square, plaza 1874 تاجِر، تُجّار : merchant, businessman, trader; trading, dealing 1875 هَجمة ات : attack, assault; raid, strike 1876 أداة، أدَوات : tool, utensil, instrument; appliance, apparatus; (ling) particle 1877 تَدَخُّل : intervention, interference 1878 أمْر، أوامِر : order, command 1879 سَبَّبَ : to cause, produce, provoke sth 1880 بواسِطة : by means of, by using, by making use of 1881 عَيْب، عُيوب : fault, weakness; shame, disgrace, shameful behavior 1882 صَرَّحَ : to declare, announce بِأنَّ that 1883 سافَرَ : to travel إلى to; to depart (on a trip) 1884 بَريء، أبرِياء : innocent, blameless; naive, unsuspecting; exempt, free (من of); innocent person 1885 اِنطِلاق : start, departure 1886 اِنطِلاقاً من : proceeding from; on the basis on 1887 تامّ : (adj) complete, concluded 1888 جُنَيْه ات : pound (currency); Egyptian currency 1889 مِعيار، مَعايير : standard, criterion, norm; standard measure, gauge 1890 تَمويل : financing, funding, backing, underwriting 1891 خَشِيَ : to fear sth/sb or من sth/sb; to fear, anticipate أنْ that; to be afraid, anxious على for (sb’s safety) 1892 تَقليديّ : traditional, conventional 1893 أمانة : loyalty, reliability; honesty, integrity; deposit, safekeeping; secretariat; office of mayor 1894 أمانة الصُّدوق : office of treasurer 1895 في أمانة الله : May God keep you safe (goodbye) 1896 اِختِلاف : variance, difference, disagreement; conflict, controversy 1897 سُكَّر : sugar 1898 مَرَض السُّكَّر : diabetes 1899 تَركيز : emphasis, focus, concentration (على on) 1900 أقوى : stronger/est, more/most powerful 1901 تَناوُل : dealing with (subject, issue); eating (meal); taking, ingesting (medicine) 1902 تَحويل : conversion, transfer 1903 حَرَم : holy site; (university campus) 1904 اِنتِخابيّ : electoral, election; selection 1905 إستراتيجيّ : strategic; strategist 1906 ذَهَبيّ : golden, gilded 1907 صَحراء : desert 1908 حَكَمَ، يَحكُمُ، الحُكْم : to rule, govern (people, country); to judge, sentence على sb 1909 إستراتيجيّة ات : strategy 1910 مُقَرَّر : decided upon, stipulated; scheduled; agenda, plan; curriculum 1911 اِنسِحاب : withdrawal, evacuation; pulling out, removing 1912 تَبَعَ، يَتبَعُ، التَّبَع : to follow, pursue sth/sb 1913 تَزَوَّجَ : to marry sb; to get married (من to sb) 1914 لَفَتَ، يَلفِتُ، الَّفْت : to draw, turn (نَظَر/اِنتِباه) sb’s attention إلى to 1915 لَفَتَ نَظَرَهُاِنتِباهَهُ : to catch sb’s attention 1916 ذاتيّ : autonomous, self-, auto-; personal, individual 1917 مُسَلسَل ات : serial show (esp. soap opera) 1918 وَلَيَ، يَلي، الوِلاية : to follow, come after (sth/sb); to govern, rule sth or على over sth 1919 غادَرَ : to leave (a place), depart (on a trip) 1920 كارِثة، كَوارِث : catastrophe, tragedy 1921 اِستَهدَفَ : to target, aim at sth/sb 1922 مَلبَس، مَلابِس : clothes, dress, attire 1923 قاتِل، قَتَلة : murderer, assassin; deadly, lethal; fatal 1924 سِياحيّ : tourist, tourism 1925 نيّة، نَوايا : intention, purpose; desire 1926 شيعة : Shiites; partisans, followers 1927 نَقْص : lack, loss; decrease, diminution; deficit; deficiency; inferiority 1928 تَدَخَّلَ : to intervene, interfere, meddle 1929 إجابة ات : answer, reply, response 1930 خَلَقَ، يَخلِقُ، الخَلْق : to create, form sth 1931 دِراسيّ : study-, school-related; instructional, pedagogical 1932 سِلسِلة : chain, series 1933 حَديد : iron; steel 1934 جِوار : proximity, vicinity 1935 بِواجِر : near, next to 1936 شِتاء : winter 1937 حُسْن : good, goodness; beauty 1938 ضَرَر, أضرار : damage; injury, harm; evil, sin 1939 سُنّة : Sunna (orthodox Islam; body of Islamic law; customary procedure) 1940 استَقبَلَ : to meet, welcome, greet sb; to receive sth 1941 سُلوك : behavior, conduct 1942 حَسَن : good 1943 حَسَناً : well; (interjection) good, fine, ok 1944 سينَما : cinema 1945 مُرتَبِط : connected, linked ب to; in a relationship ب with 1946 حَفلة، حَفَلات : party, ceremony, celebration 1947 جَزيرة، جُزُر /: island 1948 شِبه جَزيرةٍ : peninsula 1949 اِستَفادَ : to benefit, profit من from, to make use من of 1950 صِلة ات : link, connection; contact 1951 تَراجُع : retreat, backing down/off عن from; decrease, decline 1952 اِكتَشَفَ : to discover sth; to detect, uncover sth 1953 تَرَدَّدَ : to hesitate في to do sth; to pause, wait (an instant); to frequent على (a place); to be repeated, occur repeatedly; to be widely discussed 1954 نَقْد : criticism, critique 1955 مَجهول : unknown, unidentified; unknown person, unidentified person 1956 صَنَعَ، يَصنَعُ، الصَّنْع : to design, build; fabricate 1957 ثَروة، ثَرَوات : wealth, fortune; abundance 1958 حِصار : siege, blockade 1959 زَيْت : oil (food, mineral) 1960 سَحَبَ، يَسحَبُ، السَّحْب : to withdraw (support); to take out, pull sth (عن from) 1961 من قِبَلِ : on the part of; by 1962 إرسال : sending; deploying (troops); transmission, broadcast; signal (cell phone) 1963 كُرسيّ، كَراسٍ/الكَراسي : chair, seat 1964 طَبَقة ات : class, category, rank; level, layer 1965 صَحافيّ : journalistic, press; journalist, reporter 1966 أكمَلَ : to complete, finish sth 1967 تَجاوُز : surmounting, overcoming; exceeding, going beyond, overstepping; disregarding, bypassing 1968 تَجاوُزات : abuses, violations 1969 أزرَق/زَرقاء : blue 1970 تَبَيَّنَ : to become clear or evident (أنّ that); to appear, become visible 1971 تَخطيط : planning, preparation; plan, sketch, diagram 1972 إرادة : desire, will 1973 نِقاش : argument, debate 1974 مُتَحَدَّث : spokesperson, speaker 1975 هِجرة : migration; emigration, exodus, flight 1976 هِجرة العُقول : brain drain 1977 دَوام : office of business hours, work schedule; duration, time period; constancy, permanence 1978 خَسَرَ، يَخسِرُ، الخَسْر : to fail, lose, suffer a loss; to lose (a game, one’s life, time) 1979 صينيّ : Chinese 1980 تَساءَلَ : to ask oneself, wonder, ponder 1981 ناجِح : successful, winning; winner 1982 حَزين : sad, unhappy, sorrowful 1983 شَقيق، أشِقّاء : brother, full brother 1984 خَدَمَ، يَخدِمُ، الخِدمة : to serve, assist sb; to serve (الوَطَنَ one’s country, في الجَيْش in the army) 1985 مَزرَع، مَزارِع : farm, plantation 1986 جَرّاء/من جَرّاء : because of, as a result of 1987 رائِد، رُوّاد : pioneer, explorer; leader; (mil) major, commandant; pioneering, leading 1988 رائِد الفَضاء : astronaut!! 1989 قِلّة : scarcity, lack of; small number or amount of 1990 مَهلَكيّ : royal; of or relating to a kingdom 1991 مُوَحَّد : united, unified, standardized, normalized 1992 جاهِز : ready, prepared; equipped, outfitted 1993 راهِن : present, current 1994 دُستوريّ : constitutional 1995 راتِب، رَواتِب : salary, wage, pay 1996 أمَلَ، يَأْمَلُ، الأمَل : to hope أنْ or في أنْ that; to hope for, expect (ب/في) sth, من from sth/sb 1997 اِفتِتاح : opening, inauguration 1998 سَفينة، سُفُن : ship, vessel 1999 اِعتِقال ات : arrest, detention 2000 لاحِق : later, subsequent; next, flowing 2001 لاحِقاً : shortly, soon 2002 ضَيِّق : narrow, restricted, tight 2003 أخْذ : taking; seizure 2004 قَبْر، قُبور : tomb, sepulcher 2005 عَجيب : wonderful, amazing; astonishing, strange 2006 تَمَثَّلَ : to be represented, be incorporated في in sth; to appear, be seen في in sth 2007 شاهَدَ : to see, watch, observe sth/sb 2008 اِنتِصار ات : victory, triumph 2009 هُنالِك : there, over there; there is, there are 2010 أدنى : lower/est, nearer/est; inferior, low, near; (n/adj) minimum 2011 مُجاوِر : neighboring, adjacent 2012 نِعمة، نِعَم : blessing, grace 2013 لا بَأْس بِهِ : not a bad…at all 2014 سَطح : surface 2015 اِحتَوى : to contain, include على sth 2016 أشَدّ : stronger/est, more/most intense 2017 سُهولة : ease, facility 2018 نالَ، يَنولُ، النَوْل : to attain, achieve (prize); to acquire, gain (distinction) 2019 مُحامٍ/المُحامي، مُحامون : lawyer, defense counsel 2020 عِذائِيّ : nutritional, food-related 2021 مِسكير، مَساكير : poor soul, wretch; poor, humble, miserable 2022 مِهنة، مِهَن : vocation, trade, profession, occupation 2023 مَكتَبة ات : library; bookstore 2024 مَظهَر، مَظاهِر : view; appearance, looks 2025 ظاهِر : evident, apparent; (n) obvious 2026 تُراب : dirt, soil 2027 وُضوح : clarity 2028 بِوُضوح : clearly, plainly, explicitly 2029 مَكتوب, مَكاتيب : written; predestined, message, letter 2030 حاجِز، حَواجِز : obstacle, hurdle; blocking, blockading 2031 رَغِبَ، يَرغَبُ، الرَّغْبة : to wish for, desire, want في sth 2032 مَوْرِد، مَوارِد : source, resource 2033 قَهوة : coffee; cafe, coffeehouse 2034 مَطلَب، مَطالِب : request; demand, claim; desired goal, objective 2035 مُشرِف : supervisor, director; supervising, directing 2036 ضَرْب : beating, hitting, striking; striking, attack; type, kind, variety 2037 تَحَمَّلَ : to bear, carry (burden); to should (responsibility) 2038 مِفتاح، مَفاتيح : key (door, lock, computer keyboard); switch, wrench 2039 جَزى، يَجزي، الجَزاء : to repay, reward sb 2040 جَزاك اللهُ خَيْراً : may God reward you! (thanks) 2041 سِرّيّ : secret; private 2042 تَشغيل : operation, activation, employment, hiring 2043 حُجّة : pretext, excuse; proof, evidence 2044 بِحُجّة أنّ : under the pretext that 2045 مُستَعِدّ : getting ready, preparing ل for; ready, prepared 2046 أُذُن، آذان : ear 2047 مُفاجَأة، مُفاجَآت : surprise 2048 عاجِل : urgent, speedy 2049 فَصل، فُصول : section, chapter; season; class, classroom; semester, term 2050 طاوِلة : table 2051 مُعتَقَل : prison camp; prisoner, detainee; detained, held prisoner 2052 مَصنَع، مَصانِع : factory, industrial plant 2053 أصغَر : smaller/est, younger/est; lesser, minor 2054 نادِر : rare, unusual, infrequent 2055 نادِراً : rarely, seldom 2056 مِقدار : extent, amount; value; degree, level, dosage 2057 مِهنيّ : professional, vocational, occupational, trade 2058 حِصّة، حِصَص : share, quota, portion; (school) class period 2059 نَصيحة، نَصائِح : advice, word of advice, counsel 2060 هَدَّدَ : to threaten sb ب with (murder, blackmail); to threaten, intimidate sb ب with (a weapon) 2061 تِكنولوجِيا : technology 2062 تَراجَعَ : to retreat, back down/off عن from (a position); to lag behind, fall back, decrease 2063 وَرَدَ، يَرِدُ، الوَرْد : to arrive, show up; to appear, be mentioned في in (a text) 2064 مُساهَمة : participation, contribution 2065 شيعيّ : Shiite 2066 تَعامَلَ : to deal with مع sb/sth (ب with); to work together, do business مع with sb 2067 بَحْريّ : maritime, sea; naval, navy 2068 ذِهْن, أذهان : mind, thought, intellect 2069 أُولَئِك/أُولائِك : those (human) 2070 رِبْح، أرباح : winning, gaining; profit, gain; dividend, revenue; interest 2071 مُراجِعة : review, inspection; checking, consulting 2072 زَهْر : (collective) flowers 2073 تَصوير : photography, filming; illustration; depiction; characterization, description 2074 بَنى، يَبني، البَناء : to build, construct, erect sth 2075 كَرامة : dignity, honor; generosity, magnanimity 2076 تَقَبَّلَ : to receive, accept 2077 سِباق ات : race; competition 2078 مُحافَظة : protection, preservation; guarding, safeguarding; conservatism, modesty 2079 دِرهَم، دَراهِم : Dirham (UAE currency) 2080 مُقَدَّم : offered, submitted; advanced, ahead of schedule 2081 مُقَدَّماً : in advance, beforehand 2082 جَدوَل، جَداوِل : table, chart; schedule; stream, rivulet 2083 مُنافَسة ات : competition, rivalry 2084 مَسار ات : path, route; trajectory, orbit 2085 سِفارة ات : embassy 2086 خَليّة، جَلايا : (biological, political) cell; beehive 2087 صَرَخَ، يَصرُخ، الصُّراخ : to shout, scream 2088 حَلَمَ، يَحلُمُ، الحُلْم : to dream ب of sth/sb 2089 تَغَيُّر ات : change, variation 2090 فَوْضى : chaos, anarchy 2091 اِستِقلال : independence 2092 وَدَّ، يَوَدُّ، الوَدّ : to want, like sth or أنْ to do sth 2093 أوَدُّ : I would like 2094 ضَريبة، ضَرائِب : tax, levy 2095 علا، يَعلو، العُلوّ : to rise, ascend, loom; to be elevated 2096 عِناية : care, concern, attention, regard 2097 مُوَجَّه : directed, aimed 2098 ذَهَب : gold 2099 قاسٍ،القاسي : harsh, cruel, severe 2100 طائِفة، طَوائِف : faction, sect 2101 صَرْف : spending, changing (money); diverting (attention) 2102 بِصَرفِ النَّظَرِ عن : regardles of 2103 مُواصَلة ات : continuation, continuing; communication, connection 2104 مُواصَلات : public transportation 2105 إنـهاء : termination, completion, ending 2106 فَراغ : vacuum, empty space; free time, leisure 2107 تَشريعيّ : legislative 2108 آل : family, clan 2109 فَصَلَ، يَفصِلُ، الفَصْل : to separate, detach, disconnect sth; to dismiss, fire sb; to lay sb off; let sb go; to hang up (phone), get off (the line); to get disconnected, get cut off; to render a judgement, reach a decision (في قَضية in a case) 2110 سَمَك : (collective) fish 2111 تَوَجُّه ات : attitude, orientation, approach 2112 رَدَّدَ : to repeat, reiterate sth 2113 إذاعة ات : broadcasting; broadcast, transmission 2114 تَأْسيس : establishment, foundation, creation; installation 2115 تَحَرُّك ات : movement, activity, motion 2116 تَشجيع : encouragement, promotion, support 2117 نادى، يُنادي، المُناداة : to call ب for sth/sb; to call على for sb; to call out, announce (ب) sth 2118 مَنَحَ، يَمنَحُ، المَنْح : to grant, bestow, award sb sth or sth ل to sb 2119 كَبُرَ، يَكبُرُ، الكِبَر : to grow up, grow older; to get bigger 2120 فاعِل : effective, efficient; active; doer, agent 2121 فاعِل خَيْر : philanthropist, do-gooder 2122 بَرَكة ات : blessing 2123 خالِص : sincere; pure, clear 2124 ميلاد : birthday; birth 2125 عيد الميلاد : Christmas 2126 إجماليّ : comprehensive, full; total, gross 2127 شِعريّ : poetic 2128 نِطاق : scope, range, extent 2129 مُعاناة : effort; hardship, suffering 2130 تَأَكُّد : assurance, confirmation (من of); certainty, conviction 2131 تَكوين : creating, forming; educating, training (specialists); structure; education; formation 2132 تَمَيَّزَ : to stand out, distinguish oneself ب by, due to (على compared with, above); to be different عن from 2133 قَدَر : fate, destiny 2134 تَوَتُّر ات : tension, strain, unrest 2135 دِقّة : accuracy, precision; minuteness 2136 كِيان : entity; essence, being; structure 2137 رَبيع : spring (season) 2138 مُؤَقَّت : temporary, interim, provisional 2139 مُوَقَّتاً : temporarily 2140 بُكاء : crying, weeping 2141 رَصاص : lead (metal); (collective) bullets 2142 تَفاهُم : mutual understanding, mutual comprehension 2143 حَكيم : wise; wise man, sage; philosopher 2144 طُفولة : childhood, infancy; youth 2145 جَلَّ، يَجِلُّ، الجَلالة : to be majestic, exatled, lofty (of God) 2146 سَرير، أسِرّة : bed, couch 2147 عُجوز : old person, elderly 2148 فاقَ، يَفوق، الفَوْق : to surpass, excel sth/sb; to wake up, regain one’s senses 2149 إيطاليّ : Italian 2150 أرضيّ : ground, land; ground-based, land-based 2151 مُضيف : host, steward; adding; (sports) home team 2152 اِستِغلال : utilization; exploitation, taking advantage (of an opportunity) 2153 ميزان، مَوازِين : weight scales, balance; measure, standard 2154 سائِق : chauffeur, driver 2155 مَدخَل، مَداخِل : entrance; introduction, beginning 2156 مُحاضَرة ات : lecture 2157 مَقبول : acceptable; welcome 2158 تَربَويّ : pedagogical, educational; related to child-rearing or breeding 2159 مُحتَلّ : occupied (land); filled (post, position) 2160 تَعَرُّف : getting to know على sb, becoming acquainted على with sb 2161 صُبْح : morning, daybreak 2162 اِنتَشَرَ : to spread out, extend; to be diffused, be publicized 2163 حَضاريّ : cultural, civilized 2164 خاطِر، خَواطِر : idea, thought; mind, feeling; wish, volition; inclination 2165 خِتام : conclusion, closure, end 2166 مُثَقَّف : (noun) intellectual; (adj) cultured, educated, cultivated 2167 اِجتَمَعَ : to meet, hold a meeting مع/ب with 2168 خِيال : imagination, fantasy 2169 الخِيال العِلْميّ : science fiction 2170 مُتَواصِل : continuous, constant, unceasing; connected 2171 جَريح، جَرحى : wounded, injured 2172 مُستَشار : counselor, advisor 2173 اِمتَلَكَ : to possess, own sth 2174 جِنْس : gender, ; ual intercourse; type, kind 2175 غِذاء، أغذية : food, nourishment 2176 سِلميّ : peaceful 2177 جَنْب : side 2178 جَنْبَ : next to 2179 جَنْباً إلى جَنْبٍ : side by side 2180 تَجَمُّع ات : gathering, assembly; grouping 2181 فَحْص، فُحوص/فُحوصات : examination, check-up (medical), test (blood, IQ) 2182 سَعي : endeavor, pursuit; striving, endeavoring 2183 آلة ات : instrument, device; apparatus, appliance, machine 2184 عَريض : wide, broad; bold (line) 2185 رَفيق، رِفاق : companion, partner, colleague; comrade 2186 تَسليم : delivery, handing over; surrender 2187 اِستِعمال : usge, usage; handling; application 2188 عَكَسَ، يَعكِسُ، العَكْس : to reflect, mirror (light, image); to contradict or oppose sb 2189 رَوى، يَروي، الرِّواية : to tell, narrate sth; to report, provide an account of sth 2190 كَشْف : revelation, disclosure, report; النِّقاب عن exposing, uncovering sth; examination, detection 2191 خُطورة : significance, importance; seriousness, gravity; danger 2192 ذَنْب، ذُنوب : fault, offense, misdeed 2193 تَفسير : explanation, commentary; Tafsir (Quranic exegesis) 2194 جَناح، أجنِحة : wing (of a bird, airplane, building; army wing; political wing; wing position in soccer); flank 2195 قُطعة : parcel (of land), plot, lot 2196 فِعليّ : actual, real; de facto 2197 فِعلياً : really, actually 2198 مَذكور : mentioned, cited 2199 كُلّيّ : complete, total, full, entire 2200 كُلّيّاً : completely, entirely 2201 قَضائيّ : judicial, legal 2202 مُعامَلة ات : treatment, procedure; dealing with 2203 ضاعَ، يَضوعُ، الضَّوْع : to disappear, vanish 2204 مَنْح : granting, bestowing, awarding 2205 اِتَّجَهَ : to turn, face إلى/نَحو towards; to go, proceeds إلى to/towards; to be directed, be aimed إلى at 2206 وارِد : arriving, coming; imported; recently arrived; apparent, showing; appearing, mentioned 2207 الوارِدات : imports 2208 رَقابة : censorship; surveillance; supervision, oversight 2209 وِلادة : birth; childbearing, parturition 2210 رَصيد : balance; funds; stock, inventory 2211 تَوَلّى : to take charge of sth, to be in charge of sth; to seize control of sth; to go by, pass, be gone; to turn away عن from 2212 رَحيل : departure; death, demise 2213 مُتَأَجِّر : late, delayed 2214 مُتَأَخِّراً : late, too late 2215 عُمانيّ : Omani 2216 أعرَبَ : to express, indicate, manifest عن (opinion, sentiment) 2217 مُخاطِر : dangers, perils; adventures 2218 أخرَجَ : to take out sth; to expel, oust sb; to emit, send out sth; to direct (film); to stage (play); to produce, publish sth 2219 ههه : hahaha 2220 رَحَّبَ : to welcome, receive ب sth/sb 2221 تَقليد، تَقاليد : tradition, custom 2222 تَخَلُّص : escape, freedom (من from); getting rid (من of) 2223 حَذَّرَ : to warn, caution sb من of 2224 مُختَصّ : responsible; competent, specialized; specialist, expert 2225 تَفعيل : putting into effect, activating 2226 كيلو : kilo, kilogram 2227 اِقتِراح : proposal, suggestion 2228 أدَبيّ : literary; ethical, moral 2229 اِبتِسامة : smile 2230 اِختِبار ات : testing, experimenting, probing; test, experiment, probe 2231 لَحِقَ، يَلقَقُ، اللَّحاق : to follow, be attached to; to befall, afflict, hit, strike ب sb (calamity, tragedy, damages, loss) 2232 واقِف : standing; stopped 2233 أعجَبَ : to delight, please sb 2234 يُعجِبُني : it pleases me, I like it 2235 أُعجِبَ ب : to admire, be amazed at sth 2236 قَعَدَ، يَقعُدُ، القُعود : to sit down, be seated 2237 مُقيم : resident; residing في at 2238 تَوَصُّل : arrival; attainment, achievement 2239 مُجاهِد : fighting; fighter, warrior 2240 دَخْل : income, revenue 2241 شَدَّدَ : to strengthen, intensify, emphasize sth 2242 تَداوُل : circulation, dissemination; alternation; consultation, deliberation 2243 تَسَبَّبَ : to cause, result in في/ب sth 2244 مُخَصِّص : designated, singled out; allocated, set aside 2245 عادِل : fair, just, honest, equitable 2246 وَفاء : loyalty, allegiance, faithfulness; fulfillment (promise, obligation) 2247 كَهرَبائيّ : electrical; electrician 2248 عَميل، عُمَلاء : agent, representative; lackey, stooge; operative, spy; client, customer 2249 خاليّ : empty, devoid, free (من of) 2250 عَسَل : honey 2251 قَبْض : arrest, seizure, capture 2252 عَزَّ، يَعِزُّ، العِزّ : to be strong, be dear 2253 كَنيسة، كَنائِس : church, temple 2254 اِختَفى : to disappear, vanish; to hide; to be absent 2255 صَدَدِ في : in/with regard to 2256 في هذا الصَّدَد : in this respect, in this regard 2257 كَمَنَ، يَكمُنُ، الكُمون : to lie, be hidden في in (said of an answer or solution); to consist في of (said of a problem or issue) 2258 لَيْتَ/يا لَيْتَ : if only, would that 2259 لَيْتَني : I wish 2260 لَيْتَ شِعريّ : I wish I knew 2261 عائِد ات : returning إلى to, being attributed إلى to; revenue, profit, royalty 2262 مُؤَلِّف : author, composer 2263 ناتِج : resulting, ensuing عن/من from 2264 النّاتِج المَحَلّي الإجمالي : the gross domestic product 2265 قَصْف : bombardment, shelling 2266 فَتىً، فِتية : young man, adolescent, youth 2267 اِنتَمى : to belong إلى to, be affiliated إلى with 2268 مَلأَ، يَملأُ، المَلْء : to fill sth up ب with; to fill out (form); to occupy (place); to fill (gap) 2269 مُخَطَّط ات : plan, sketch; planned; patterned (material, fabric, dress) 2270 شاي : tea 2271 هَزيمة : defeat 2272 قِطعة، قِطَع : piece, portion, segment 2273 قِطَع غِيار : spare parts 2274 مُجَدَّد : renewed, renovated 2275 مُجَدَّداً : again, anew 2276 جَزاء : reward; punishment; penalty 2277 تَجديد : renovation, renewal 2278 عَمَليّ : practical, pragmatic 2279 عَمَليّاً : in practice 2280 قِتال : fighting, combat 2281 سيرة، سِيَر : biography, epic 2282 بَطْن : stomach, abdomen; inside, interior; depth, core 2283 شَرِبَ، يَشرَبُ، الشُّرْب : to drink sth 2284 مُسافِر : traveler; passenger; traveling, away (on a trip) 2285 تَعريف : defining, identifying; introducing, presenting; definition; notification 2286 تَبَقّى : to reamin, be left over; to remain, stay (على in a state) 2287 كَفاءة ات : qualification, competence; talent, ability, proficiency 2288 لَهجة، لَهَجات : tone, voice; dialect 2289 نَظَريّة ات : theory 2290 نَهَضَ، يَنـهَضف، النَّهُض : to rise, awaken; to stand, be based على upon; to assume, take charge of ب sth 2291 شَفة، شِفاه : edge, ridge, margin 2292 مُشاهَدة : observation, viewing; inspection 2293 أبَدى : to show, demonstrate sth; to express sth 2294 ناقَشَ : to debate, argue (an issue, topic) 2295 اِستِثناء : exception, exclusion 2296 بِاِستِثناءِ : excepting, with the exception (of) 2297 غَزو : invasion, raid 2298 رَمْل، رِمال : sand 2299 عَلَّقَ : to comment على on sth; to hang, suspend sth; to postpone sth; to hang up (the phone) على on sb 2300 نَفَعَ، يَنفَعُ، الفَنْع : to be useful ل to/for sb 2301 بِضعة، بِضَع : some, several 2302 أصفَر، صَفراء، صُفْر : yellow 2303 حَيَويّ : vital; lively; biological 2304 مُضاف حَيَويّ : antibiotic 2305 نَفى، يَنفي، النَّفي : to deny, disavow; reject 2306 رَكَّزَ : to focus, concentrate على sth; to emphasize على sth 2307 دَعَمَ، يَدعَمُ، الدَّعْم : to support, back, bolster, promote sth/sb 2308 شَغَلَ، يَشغَلُ، الشُّغْل : to occupy sth (a post or position); to preoccupy sb; to keep sb busy 2309 كَلّا : not at all, definitely not 2310 تَقييم : evaluation, assessment; rating 2311 اِدّعى : to allege, claim أنّ/بأنّ that 2312 إلغاء : cancellation; abrogation, repeal 2313 فَرحة : joy, happiness 2314 نِزاع : conflict, struggle 2315 فيديو : video 2316 تَحالُف : alliance 2317 حُدوث : occurence, happening, take place 2318 إجازة : vacation, holiday, furlough, time off; permit, license, permission; pass, admission; certificate, degree, diploma 2319 تَسهيل ات : facilitation, assistance 2320 مَكانة : position, standing, status, reputation 2321 عَجَب، أعجاب : admiration, amazement; appreciation 2322 صَنْع : making, building 2323 فارِق : difference; distinctive feature 2324 عُرْس، أعراس : wedding 2325 شَرْح : explanation, commentary 2326 فَضائيّ : (outer) space, satellite 2327 زائِر، زُوّار : visitor, guest; tourist 2328 عَدا/ما عَدا/فيما عَدا : except for 2329 فيما عَدا ذَلِك : apart from that, other than that 2330 عَدا عن : with the exception of 2331 تَعيين : appointing, designating 2332 اِتَّهَمَ : to accuse sb ب of 2333 عَذاب : punishment, torture; pain, suffering 2334 هَزَّ، يَهُزُّ، الهَزّ : to shake, jolt, rock sth 2335 هَزَّ رَأْسَهُ : to nod (in agreement) 2336 خادِم : serving, waiting on, assisting; servant, attendant; (web) server 2337 بارِز : outstanding, prominent, distinguished 2338 شَتّى : (noun) all, many, diverse 2339 وُقوع : occurrence, happening; falling 2340 طابَع/طَبْع، طَوابِع : postage stamp; stamp, mark, impression; feature, characteristic, personality 2341 سَرطان : cancer 2342 بِمُثابة : virtually, tantamount to 2343 خَلا، يَخلو، الخُلوّ : to be free, devoid من of sth; to withdraw, be alone ل for sth; to be alone مع with sb; to elapse, run out, be over (time, period) 2344 مَرء : man; person 2345 المَرء : one (people in general) 2346 عَنيف : violence, forceful, fierce 2347 إعدام : execution, capital punishment 2348 تَسوية : settlement, solution 2349 اِرتَكَبَ : to commit, perpetrate (error, crime) 2350 شَهير : famous, well-known 2351 اِستَمَعَ : to listen إلى to 2352 غابة ات : forest, jungle; (fig) haze, fog, confusion 2353 شَريحة، شَرائِح : slice, cross-section; slide 2354 رَبْط : connecting, linking, coupling; bond, connection 2355 دِبلوماسيّ : diplomatic; diplomat 2356 كَلَّفَ : to cost (money, time, effort); to charge, entrust, commission sb ب with (a task); to assign, appoint sb ب/أنْ to do sth 2357 عَطاء : giving, offering, contributing; gift, present; (econ); offer, bid 2358 نِقابة ات : union, syndicate 2359 مُخالَفة ات : violation, infraction; (sports) foul 2360 ثُنائيّ : dual, bilateral 2361 خُبْز : bread 2362 شَرعيّة : legitimacy, legality 2363 صَخْر : (collective) rocks 2364 مُوَضِّح : clarifying, explaining; indicating, pointing out 2365 صَدىً، أصداء : echo; effect, repercussion 2366 جَمْع، جُموع : crowd, gathering, assembly; collection, accumulation 2367 عَجْز : weakness, deficiency, inability; (econ) deficit 2368 جِنرال : military general 2369 أسعَدَ : to make happy 2370 يُسَعِدُنا أنْ : we’re delighted to… 2371 كَسَرَ، يَكسِرُ، الكَسْر : to break sth; to violate, defy (tradition, the law) 2372 نَفَس، أنفاس : breath 2373 مُنتِج : productive, producing; manufacturer, maker, producer 2374 كِذْب : lying; deceit 2375 مُستَقبَليّ : future 2376 خَلَّصَ : to purify, refine, clarify sth; to save, rescue sb; to extricate, set free, disentangle sb 2377 إزالة : removal, elimination; uninstalling (software) 2378 اِنقَطَعَ : to break, snap; to be severed, be cut off; to be interrupted 2379 سادَ، يَسودُ، السِّيادة : to prevail, be predominant; to rule, govern 2380 مَوْجة ات : wave 2381 خَلفيّة : background, history; (computer) wallpaper 2382 تَوْسيع : expanding, widening, augmenting 2383 دَوْريّة ات : patrol, squad; journal, periodical 2384 تَساؤُل ات : questions, doubts 2385 جِلد : skin; leather 2386 تَعذيب : torture; punishment 2387 اِنتِقال : transfer; transition 2388 وَفَّرَ : to provide sth ل to sb; to fulfill (conditions, requirements); to save (time, money, space) 2389 نِيابة : representation; proxy 2390 النِّيابة العامّة : prosecutor’s office 2391 نِيابةً عن : in lieu of; on behalf of 2392 بالنِّيابة : by proxy, acting 2393 اِكتِشاف : discovery; detection, uncovering 2394 ِع، دَوافِع : incentive, motive, reason; pushing, paying; payer (person or entity) 2395 ِع الضَّرائِب : taxpayer 2396 جَدَل : controversy, dispute; argument, debate 2397 جُوع : hunger, starvation 2398 المَوْت جوعاً : starving to death 2399 سَلّة : basket 2400 مَقام : place, position, rank 2401 حَسِبَ، يَحسَبُ، الحِساب : to regard, consider sb/sth to be; to think, believe أنّ that 2402 حَسَبَ، يَحسُبُ، الحِساب : to calculate, compute 2403 حَسُبَ، يَحسُبُ، الحَسْب : to be esteemed, be valued 2404 تَحَكُّم : control (في of) 2405 رَهيب : awful, horrible, dreadful, gruesome 2406 مُثير : influential, provocative; provoking, agitating, stirring up, raising 2407 رَفيع : elevated, high; lofty, sublime; high-ranking; top-level; thin, slim, delicate; fine, exquisite, refined 2408 مُدَرِّس : teachor, instructor 2409 بَذَلَ، يَبذُلُ، البَذل : to exert, expend (effort) 2410 وَفَّقَ : to grant success (God) to sb; to reconcile بين…وبين between…and 2411 ساحِل، سَواحِل : coast, seashore, beach 2412 هَرَبَ، يَهرُبُ، الهُروب : to flee, escape من from sth/sb; to desert من (the army) 2413 قارِئ، قُرّاء : reader; Quranic reciter 2414 اِعتَقَلَ : to arrest, detain sb 2415 رَحَلَ، يَرحَلُ، الرَّحيل : to depart; to pass away; to travel 2416 رِئاسيّ : presidential; executive 2417 أمَرَ، يَأمُرُ، الأمْر : to order, command sb ب to do sth 2418 صَداقة : friendship 2419 غَطّى : to cover; conceal 2420 مَسرَحيّة : play (theater) 2421 تَكليف، تَكاليف : charging, entrusting, commissioning sb ب with (a task); assigning, pointing sb ب/أنْ to do sth; (usually pl) costs, expenses, charges 2422 بَساطة : sincerity, frankness; simplicity 2423 بِبَساطة : simply, plainly, without further ado 2424 فَيْروس ات : virus 2425 غِناء : singing 2426 رَبَطَ، يَربُطُ، الرَّبْط : to tie, connect sth ب to sth ele; to make a connection بين وبين between sth and sth else 2427 نائِم : sleeping, asleep 2428 إعطاء : giving, donating; offer, donation, concession 2429 غالِبيّة : majority 2430 مُوافِق : agreeing, consenting; corresponding to, coinciding with (date) 2431 مَقهىً، مَقاهٍ/المَقاهي : cafe, coffehouse 2432 مُحادَثة ات : discussion, talk; negotiation 2433 شاطِئ، شَواطِئ : shore, coast, beach 2434 تَأخَرَ : to be late, to arrive late; to fall behind, to get late (of time); to be delayed or postponed 2435 واقِعة، وَقائِع : incident, event; development 2436 مُغلَق : closed, locked 2437 قابِل : capable, able 2438 مَوْلىً : master, lord, patron 2439 مُكالَمة ات : conversation, discussion; (phone) call 2440 شَدَّ، يَشُدُّ، الشَّدّ : to make sth tight or strong; to pull, draw sth/sb near 2441 تَرجَمة : translation, interpretation; biography 2442 تَوْقيت : (standard) time; timing 2443 أسرَع : faster/est; sooner/est 2444 فَعّال : effective, efficient; active 2445 نيابيّ : representative; parliamentary 2446 اِحتِياج ات : need, requirement 2447 حِذْر : care, caution, prudence, vigilance 2448 مَسبوق : previous, preceding 2449 مَسبوقاً : in advance 2450 بَلَديّ : indigenous, native; popular, folk; communal, local; municipal 2451 تَعويض ات : compensation, restitution 2452 تَعويضات : reparations; substitutes 2453 عَشاء : dinner, supper, evening meal 2454 قَضاء : extermination, annihilation على of sb/sth; spending (time, holiday); performing, fulfilling (a duty) 2455 قَضاء الحاجة : going to the bathroom 2456 آمِن : secure, safe 2457 بَرْد : cold, coldness 2458 مُلتَقىً : meeting; meeting place, juncture; forum, conference 2459 صيغة، صِيَغ : form, shape; formula 2460 آتٍ/الآتي : coming, future; following, next 2461 حَظِيَ، يَحظى، الحِظوة : to enjoy ب (respect, confidence, support, popularity); to acquire, gain ب sth 2462 فَشَل : failure 2463 بَنْد، بُنود : article, clause 2464 مُجرِم : criminal 2465 فَرديّ : personal, private; individual, single 2466 سَلطَنة : sultanate 2467 عَقْد، عُقود : decade 2468 يَأْس : despair, hopelessness 2469 مَصرَف, مَصارِف : bank 2470 خَيْريّ : charitable, philanthropic 2471 إثْرَ/في إثرِ : right after, immediately after 2472 رابِط : tying, connecting, linking; tie, connection; link (website) 2473 سَيطَرَ : to control, dominate over, seize على 2474 اِحتَلَّ : to occupy (land); to fill (post, position) 2475 مَأْساة، مَآسٍ/المَآسي : tragedy, calamity 2476 مُستَثمِر ون : investor; investing 2477 بِترول : petroleum, oil 2478 أسوأ : worse/worst 2479 جَدوى : benefit, advantage, utility 2480 أسفَل : lower/est; bottom or lower part 2481 أسْر : capture, captivity 2482 بِأسرِهِ : in its entirety, completely 2483 دُخان : smoke; smoking 2484 مُذَكِّرة ات : note, memorandum; notebook 2485 مُذَكِّرات : memoirs, diary 2486 راحِل : deceased, late 2487 حَليب : milk 2488 أنـهى : to complete, finish 2489 ناطِق : speaker, spokesperson; (fig) voice 2490 زَمَنيّ : temporal, time; chronological; transitory 2491 اِنخِفاض : reduction, decrease, drop 2492 اِرتَبَطَ : to be tied, be connected ب to sth 2493 حَرَّكَ : to make move, activate, stimulate sth/sb 2494 إشراف : supervision, direction 2495 صَيْد : hunting, fishing 2496 مَعلاة : greatness, nobility; glory, loftiness 2497 يا مَعالي : his Highness 2498 أسفَرَ : to result عن in, cause عن sth 2499 مُضادّ ات : anti, counter-; anti(biotic), anti(depressant) 2500 يَقين : certainty; conviction 2501 مَقبَرة، مَقابِر : grave, tomb; graveyard 2502 مُعَسْكَر ات : camp, encampment 2503 مَلعَم، مَلاعِم : sign, mark, marking; feature 2504 مَلاعِم : features, contours; landmarks; sights 2505 أوليّ : first, primary, chief, foremost 2506 جِنسيّ : ual 2507 مُخَدِّر : anesthetic 2508 مُخَدِّرات : narcotics, drugs 2509 مَلاك، مَلائِكة : angel 2510 واقِعيّ : realistic; actual 2511 نَصَّ، يَنُصُّ، النَّصّ : to stipulate, specify على sth 2512 دَعوى : lawsuit, legal action; claim, allegation 2513 كُرديّ، أكراد : Kurd, Kurdish 2514 تَوْحيد : unification, unity; standardization, oneness; monotheism 2515 صَبَّ، يَصُبُّ، الصَّبّ : to flow; to fall (rain, snow); to pour, serve (tea or similar beverage) 2516 تَوَصَّلَ : to arrive at, reach ب (agreement); to receive ب sth 2517 عِصابة ات : gang, band, group 2518 صَدَقَ، يَصدُقٍ، الصِّدق : to be sincere, be truthful, tell the truth; to be correct 2519 مُحاكَمة : trial, legal proceeding 2520 ثانية، ثوانٍ/الثَّواني : second (time span) 2521 أجْر، أُجور : wage, pay; fee; recompense, renumeration 2522 خَلَل : malfunction, breakdown; defect, flaw; deficiency, impairment; crack, gap 2523 حَوَّلَ : to change, convert sth (إلى into); to divert sth عن away from 2524 غَضّ : lowering (one’s gaze) 2525 بِغَضّ النَّظَر عن : while ignoring, turning a blind eye to 2526 مَجنون، مَجانين : crazy, insane (person) 2527 حَمّام : bath, bathroom 2528 سِلْم : peace 2529 ضَغَطَ، يَضغَطُ، الضَّغْط : to press, push على sth; (computer) to click على sth 2530 لاجِئ : refugee; seeking refuge 2531 بَرَزَ، يَبرُزُ، البُروز : to emerge, appear; to stand out, be prominent 2532 فاضِل : honorable, eminent, distinguished; left over, remaining; rest, leftover, remainder 2533 عِطْر، عُطور : perfume 2534 تَغطية : covering; (news) coverage 2535 شَريعة : law; Sharia (Islamic law) 2536 نِداء : call, appeal; invitation, summons 2537 مُخرِج : (screen, stage) director; directing (movie, play) 2538 سَماح : permission; magnanimity; indulgence 2539 شَقّة : apartment 2540 أيمَن : right, right hand; lucky 2541 صُلب : hard, solid; stiff, inflexible; steel; core, crux, essence; steel 2542 مُطالَبة : demand, requirement 2543 بَعثة ات : delegation, mission 2544 مَجْد : glory, magnificence, splendor 2545 مَحَبّة “ love, affection 2546 غَنّى : to sing (sth) 2547 تَوازُن : balance, equilibrium; balancing 2548 نَما، يَنمو، النَّماء : to grow, develop; rise, increase 2549 نَوْعيّة : peculiarity, characteristic 2550 اِبتَعَدَ : to move away, distance oneself عن from sth/sb 2551 تَدخين : smoking; fumigating 2552 سُرعان : how quickly, it didn’t take long for 2553 عَصَبيّ : nevous, irritable; (med) nervous, neural 2554 نَظيف : clean, tidy 2555 تَصَوَّرَ : to imagine, envision, ponder sth 2556 تَمثيل : representation, exemplification; acting 2557 شَعبيّة : popularity, mass appeal 2558 وَجبة، وَجَبات : meal; menu 2559 هُدىً : guidance 2560 الهُدى : the right path 2561 سَكَن : housing 2562 شَهريّ : monthly 2563 شَهريّاً : monthly 2564 أمسَكَ : to grab, hold sth/sb or ب sth/sb; to refrain عن from 2565 سَيف : sword 2566 يابانيّ : Japanese 2567 مَجزَرة، مَجازِر : massacre, blood bath, slaughter 2568 حَرِصَ، يَحرُصُ، الحِرْص : to desire, be eager على for sth 2569 تَصَوُّر : depiction, conception, imagination; concept, notion, view, idea 2570 مُرتَفِع : high, elevated; rising, climbing, soaring 2571 مُحِبّ : affectionate, loving, desiring; aficionado, fan, enthusiast 2572 تَأْهيل : certification, qualification; training, education 2573 نِسائيّ : women-related, women’s; feminine 2574 تَمييز : distinction, differentiation; discrimination 2575 ساخِن : hot, heated 2576 عِزّ : prime, peak, height 2577 بَطالة : unemployment; inactivity, idleness 2578 اِنفَجَرَ : to explode, detonate; to burst, erupt 2579 ثُلث : one third 2580 مُؤَثِّر : influential, effective; moving, touching; effect, impact 2581 لائِحة، لَوائح : list, table; schedule 2582 دَمَويّ : bloody; blood- 2583 مُبَرِّر ات : excusing, justifying; excuse, justification 2584 مَطروح : submitted, proposed, suggested; presented, offered; thrown, cast; prostrate 2585 فَلسَفة : philosophy 2586 اِلتَفَتَ : to turn around; to pay attention ألى to sb/sth; to heed, consider إلى sb/sth 2587 تَفتيش : search, inspection; (security) check 2588 مَجّانيّ : free, free of charge 2589 شُرْب : drinking 2590 مُعاصِر : contemporary, contemporaneous; modern 2591 وَرَشة، وِرَش : workshop 2592 رَحِم : uterus, womb; bosom; inside; kin, kinfolk 2593 حِجاب : hijab, veil 2594 تَوَجَّهَ : to go, head إلى towards; to turn, face نحو/إلى towards; to direct ب (a question) إلى at 2595 مُتَنَوِّع : diverse; sundry, various 2596 صَريح : candid, frank, sincere 2597 صَيفيّ : summer, summery 2598 جَوْدة : excellence, good quality 2599 حارة : quarter, district; neighborhood; alley, lane 2600 خاطِئ : mistaken, at fault 2601 سِلعة، سِلَع : commodity, commercial item, product 2602 سِلَع : goods 2603 مَطلَع : beginning, dawn (of an era) 2604 عَميد : dean; chief; (military) brigadier general 2605 حَنان : affection, love; sympathy, empathy, compassion 2606 بَصَر : vision, perception; sight, seeing; view, glance 2607 قَرْض، قُروض : (bank) loan 2608 صافٍ/الصّافي : pure, clear; sincere; (econ) net (profit) 2609 رَجاء : hope, expectation 2610 رَجاءً : please, if you please 2611 قارّة ات : continent 2612 حَريق، حَرائِق : fire 2613 تَكلِفة : cost, expense, charge 2614 مُرَبَّع : quadruple; square; (noun) square 2615 رَمْز المُرَبَّع : pound sign, hash mark, hashtag 2616 مُتَكامِل : integral, comprehensive 2617 طارَ، يَطيرُ، الطَّيْر : to fly; to hurry; to travel by air 2618 طارَ عقله : to lose one’s mind 2619 جَوّال : mobile (phone); itinerant, wandering 2620 حَلال : permissible, legitimate; Halal (acceptable to Muslims) 2621 لَجَأَ، يَلجَأُ، اللَّجء : to resort إلى to, take refuge إلى in 2622 جالِس : seated, sitting 2623 سَكَنيّ : housing, residential 2624 مُراقِب : observer, inspector; supervisor, monitor; censor 2625 مَوْلود، مَواليد : newborn infant; born in/on 2626 هي من مَوالِد : she was born in/on 2627 طائِر : bird; flying, airborne 2628 مُحتَمَل : likely, expected, probable 2629 مَوْج, أمواج : waves, surges 2630 حِدّة : intensity, violence 2631 قِطار : train 2632 بِموجِب : according to, in accordance with; on the basis of; by virtue of 2633 مِرفَق، مَرافِق : convenience, service 2634 مَرافِق : facilities, installations 2635 ضَحْك : laughter, laughing 2636 صَعِدَ، يَصعَدُ، الصُّعود : to rise, go up; to increase 2637 أشادَ : to praise, commend ب sth 2638 عامّة : populace 2639 عامّة النّاس : the general public 2640 عامّةً : in general, generally 2641 تَصويب : voting 2642 تِلميذ، تَلاميذ : student, pupil 2643 مَجموع : gathered; total 2644 لافِت : interesting, noteworthy; attracting (attention) إلى to, indicating, pointing out إلى أنّ that 2645 إضافيّ : additional, supplementary 2646 مُصيبة، مَصائِب : misfortune, tragedy 2647 تَخَصُّص ات : specialty, specialization, major field 2648 تَطَلَّعَ : to look, glance إلى at sth; to anticipate, look forward إلى to sth 2649 يَسار : left (also political) 2650 سَقْف : roof; ceiling 2651 أصَّرَ : to insist on, assert على sth 2652 اِفتَرَحَ : to propose, suggest sth 2653 تَدريس : teaching, instruction, pedagogy 2654 هَيئة التَّدريس : faculty 2655 تَراوَحَ : to vary, fluctuate, range بين…و between… and 2656 تَعْب : trouble, inconvenience, burden 2657 حَرَمَ، يَحرِمُ، الحِرْم : to deprive sb من of 2658 ثَبَّتَ : to confirm, reinforce 2659 جُنون : madness, insanity 2660 سور، أسوار : wall, fence, enclosure 2661 نِسبيّ : relative (adj) 2662 نِسبيّاً : relatively 2663 بَوّابة : door, gate, entrance; (web) portal, gateway 2664 تَصفية ات : settling, solving; settlement, solution; (econ) liquidation, clearing; (sports) elimination series 2665 صامِت : silent, quiet 2666 مُرتَبة : level, rank; degree, class; place, position (in a competition) 2667 كائِن ات : existing, located; creature, living thing 2668 دَيْن، دُيون : debt 2669 سِنّ، أسنان : tooth; sharp edge 2670 اِنتِباه : attention, caution; alertness, vigilance 2671 عَصْر : afternoon 2672 صَلاة العَصِر : afternoon prayer 2673 اِلتَزَمَ : to follow, adhere to ب ( rules, laws, plans); be committed to ب sth 2674 اِلتَزَمَ الصَّمْت : to keep quiet 2675 ديوان : office, agency, court 2676 اِستَغرَقَ : to last (an amount of time); be immersed, engrossed في in 2677 راكِب، رُكّاب : rider, passenger; riding 2678 هَندَسة : engineering 2679 أولَويّة ات : priority, precedence; goal; basic principle 2680 ذَوْق : taste, sensitivity; good taste, refinement 2681 وَقَّعَ : to sign على (treaty); to make sth/sb fall; to inflict, cause (damage) 2682 أجمَع/جَمعاء : entire, complete; all of 2683 أجمَعهُم : all of them 2684 صَبيّ، صَبية/صِبيان : young boy, youth 2685 زائِد : additional, extra; exceeding, going beyond (على/عن); excessive, extravagant 2686 مُبدِع : innovative, creative; innovator, creator 2687 خَيْل. خُيول : horse 2688 صَوْب : direction; quarter 2689 صُدور : appearance; publication 2690 حارّ : hot, fervent, passionate (kisses), warm (greetings), heartfelt (condolences), spicy (condiments) 2691 إزاء : towards, facing; vis-a-vis, regarding 2692 بَرلَمانيّ : parliamentary; parliamentarian 2693 أغلَقَ : to lock or bolt shut, to close (door) 2694 حَجّ : pilgrimage, Hajj 2695 عَرْش : throne 2696 اِستِثماريّ : (adj) investment 2697 تلفزيونيّ : television, televised 2698 مُبَيِّن : clarifying, explaining, indicating (أنّ that) 2699 وُدّ : affection, fondness, friendship 2700 سَجين، سُجَناء : prisoner, inmate 2701 زَيْتون : (coll) olives; olive tree 2702 ضَمير : conscience; (gram) pronoun 2703 ميزانيّة : budget 2704 فَصيلة، فَصائِل : faction, branch, cell; (mil) platoon, squadron; (blood) type 2705 تَأثَّرَ : to be affected, influenced, impressed من/ب by 2706 كَفّ : palm of the hand; refraining, abstaining (عن from); stopping sb (عن from doing sth) 2707 جَهْل : ignorance 2708 عَوْن : help, assistance, aid 2709 آسيَويّ : Asian, Asiatic 2710 آنذاك : then, at that time 2711 أحدَث : newer/est; more/most recent 2712 حَرَس : guard, bodyguard 2713 مُعارِض : opposing, resisting; adversary, opponent 2714 نُخبة، نُخَب : selection, choice item; elite 2715 نَقديّ : monetary, cash; critical, criticizing 2716 مُتَّصِل : connected; continuous, constant 2717 فَقرة ات : paragraph, clause; section, passage, part; vertebra 2718 مَذهَب، مَذاهِب : manner, path; ideology, doctrine; legal school 2719 تَكَرَّرَ : to be repeated, be reiterated, to be filtered, distilled; to be refined (petroleum) 2720 دُفعة : batch, shipment; class, group (graduates); instance, time 2721 طُموح ات : ambition, desire; wish, aspiration 2722 تَحفيف : lowering, lessening; decrease, reduction 2723 أطَلَّ : to overlook, face, provide a view على of (a place); to look out من (of a window); to stick بِرَأْسِهِ من one’s head out of (a window) 2724 مَشغول : busy, occupied 2725 وَهْم، أوْهام : illusion, delusion; fantasy, imagination 2726 ذَكيّ : intelligent, clever 2727 خَضَعَ، يَخضَعُ، الخَضْع : to submit, yield إلى to sb/sth; to be subjected إلى to sth; to undergo إلى (surgery) 2728 خَصَّصَ : to specify, designate, single out sth/sb (ل for); to allocate, earmark, set aside sth (ل for) 2729 اِمتِداد : extent, scope; extension, expansion 2730 مُواضَفة ات : description 2731 مُواضَفات : specifications, specs 2732 بَثّ : transmission, broadcast; dissemination, spreading 2733 اِستِعادة : recovering, regaining, reclaiming 2734 مُخابَرة : correspondence, communication 2735 مُخابَرات : intelligence service, secret service 2736 مُنافِس : competing; competitor, rival 2737 جِدّيّ : serious, earnest 2738 جِدّيّاً : seriously, in earnest 2739 ضاقَ، يَضيقُ، الضَيْق : to be narrow or confined; to be tight (situation) 2740 فارِغ : unoccupied, not busy, free, idle; empty, void 2741 رَحيم : compassionate (God) 2742 عَرَبيّة : Arabic (language) 2743 أشبَه : more/most similar ب to 2744 رضا/رِضىً : approval, satisfaction, pleasure 2745 جَيْب، جُيوب : pocket; purse; (math) sine; (anat) sinus cavity 2746 تَقسيم : partition, division; distribution 2747 ناصِر، أنصار : partisan, supporter, follower 2748 إغلاق : locking, closing; barring 2749 صُعود : ascent, rise; take-off (aircraft) 2750 تَشريع ات : legislation, legislature 2751 مُفاجِئ : surprising; sudden, unexpected 2752 اِطَّلَعَ : to review, examine, study على sth; to read, peruse على sth 2753 اِضطِراب ات : disturbance, disorder 2754 نَفطيّ : (adj) petroleum, (mineral) oil 2755 صَلُحَ، يَصلُح، الصَّلاح : to be suitable, be fitting; be valid 2756 تُوُفِّيَ : to pass away 2757 بيئيّ : environmental 2758 عاصِفة، عَواصِف : storm, tempest 2759 تَوافُق : congruence, compatibility; agreement, conformity; consensus, concord 2760 اِستَقَرَّ : to settle down; to stabilize, become stable 2761 حافَظَ : to preserve, protect على sth 2762 مَسرَحيّ : theatrical 2763 أحسَنَ : to master, be good at sth 2764 حَربيّ : war, military 2765 عُملة ات : currency, money, bills 2766 مَلِكة : queen 2767 لاقى : to meet, encounter; to find 2768 عَقار ات : real estate, land property 2769 كَرِهَ، يَكرَهُ، الكُره/الكارِهة : to hate, loath sth/sb; to dislike, have an aversion for sth 2770 أغلَبيّة : majority 2771 مُوَكَّد : certain, confirmed, established; guaranteed 2772 شَوْط : round, phase; game, half period 2773 قَطَعَ شَوْطاً : to make headway, major progress 2774 مُتَوَفِّر : available, provided; ample, abundant 2775 تَوَقُّف : stopping, halting, pausing 2776 مُحارَبة : fight, struggle, combat 2777 فاتَ، يَفوتُ، الفَوْت : to pass by, elusde sb or على sb (time, opportunity); to enter على sth; to stop by, visit على sb 2778 صَعُبَ، يَصعُبُ، الصُّعوبة : to be difficult على for sb (to do sth) 2779 ناعِم : smooth, soft; dainty 2780 ظَنّ : opinion, assumption 2781 جُغرافيّ : geographical; geographer 2782 عَظْم، عِظام : bone 2783 اِنتَبَهَ : to be careful (إلى with); to pay attention (إلى to) 2784 َ!اِنتَبِهَ : Watch out! 2785 مُقتَرَح ات : proposed, suggested; proposal, suggestion 2786 أحاطَ : to surround, encircle ب sth 2787 تَحديث ات : updating, renewing; update (website) 2788 مَناخ : climate, atmosphere 2789 ثَبُتَ، يَثبُتُ، الثَّباتة : to be confirmerd, be substantiated 2790 اِنـهِيار : collapse, downfall; breakdown 2791 هاتِفيّ : (adj) telephone, telephonic 2792 هاتِفيّاً : by phone 2793 صِيانة : maintenance, preservation 2794 عَقيدة : doctrine, dogma; creed, belief, faith 2795 مُتَطَلَّب : required 2796 مُتَطَلَّبات : requirements, demands 2797 صُدفة : surprise; coincidence, chance 2798 أبعَد : farther/est 2799 رُعب : fright, panic, terror 2800 مَشـهور : famous, well-known 2801 َعَ : to defend عن sth/sb 2802 أقَرَّ : to ratify, accept; to confess ب sth 2803 قَهْر : coercion; subjugation 2804 اِستِطلاع ات : (opinion) poll; investigation; reconnaissance 2805 سائِر : most of, the majority of 2806 موسيقيّ : musical; musician 2807 ميناء : port, harbor 2808 حَمى، يَحمي، الحَمي : to protect sth (من against) 2809 كيلومِتْر ات : kilometer 2810 هَبَّ، يَهُبُّ، الهَبّ : to blow, rage (wind, storm); to break out (fire); to rise, take a stand 2811 كُلّ مَن هَبَّ وَدَبَّ : everyone; every Tom, Dick, and Harry 2812 كُلّ ما هَبَّ وَدَدَّ : anything and everything 2813 طارِئة، طَوارِئ : urgent matter, emergency 2814 حالة طَوارِئ : state of emergency 2815 فاتِح : clear (color) 2816 آمين : amen! 2817 اِستِجابة : acceptance (invitation); granting (request); complying with (demands) 2818 اِستِجابةً لِ : in compliance with; in response to 2819 مُعَدّ : prepared, made 2820 مُعَدّات : equipment, material 2821 غُربة : exile; alienation 2822 قِياسيّ : (adj) record; analogous 2823 تِكنولوجيّ : technological 2824 نَصيب : share, portion, dividend 2825 ساوى : to equalize, make equal sth; to settle بين between 2826 حاصِل : result; income; (adj) (which) happened, occurred; (which) was achieved, was obtained; (who) obtained, earned (degree, certificate) 2827 طِراز : model, class, type 2828 مُقاطَعة : boycott; interruption; district, province 2829 صالة : hall 2830 مَنظَر، مَناظِر : view, scenery; appearance, look 2831 سِحْر : sorcery, magic 2832 ذَكَر، ذُكور : male 2833 سَحاب : (coll) clouds 2834 مَقصود : purpose, intent; aim, goal; deliberate, intentional 2835 مُساواة : equality, equal rights 2836 اِضِمام : joining, being added (إلى to); affiliation; annexation 2837 مُنتَظَر : anticipated, expected 2838 طُنّ : ton 2839 نَظير : counterpart, opposite number; colleague, peer 2840 نَظيرَ : in return for, in exchange for 2841 مَليّء : full, filled 2842 عَجِزَ، يَعجِزُ، العَجْز : to be incapable, unable عن to do sth 2843 نُهوض : promotion, advancement, furthering 2844 مُخلِص : sincere; loyal 2845 جِذْر، جُذور : root, stem 2846 جُذور : roots, origins, heritage 2847 عِبء، أعباء : burden, load 2848 ظالِم : oppressor, tyrant; oppressive, tyrannical 2849 مُفَضَّل : preferred; favorite, best (friend) 2850 اِقتَصَرَ : to be limited على to; to abbreviate, shorten sth 2851 بُرج : tower, constellation; zodiac, horoscope 2852 طَلاق : divorce 2853 لَبِسَ، يَلبِسُ، اللِّبْس : to put on (clothes); to wear 2854 مُكَوِّن ات : component, constituent, element; forming, comprising, constituting 2855 إصبَع، أصابِع : finger 2856 أتاحَ : to grant, provide (opportunity) 2857 تَعِبَ، يَتعَبُ، التَّعَب : to be or become tired; to get tired من of sth 2858 ضِياع : loss; waste (esp. of time) 2859 تَدريبيّ : (adj) exercise, practice; training, coaching 2860 نَقْد، نُقود : money, cash 2861 سامٍ/السّامي : lofty, exalted, sublime 2862 أطوَل : longer/est; taller/est 2863 جِدّيّة : seriousness, earnestness 2864 تَكرار : repetition, reiteration; frequency 2865 تَكراراً : repeatedly, frequently 2866 تَكَوَّنَ : to be composed, consist من of 2867 مَعلموم : known; of course! 2868 حِقْد : hatred, resentment 2869 مالَ، يَمولُ، المَوْل : to bend, incline, lean إلى towards; to have a tendency, inclination, preference إلى for; to sympathize إلى with 2870 كَرَّرَ : to repeat sth, do sth again; to filter, distill; to refine (petroleum) 2871 حُلول : advent, arrival; start, beginning; replacing, taking the place of 2872 وَقَّفَ : to stop, detain sb 2873 مُكَثَّف : intensive, heightened; thick, concentrated; compressed 2874 تَوْصية ات : recommendation, advice 2875 رَخيص : cheap, inexpensive 2876 عَثَرَ، يَعثُرُ، العَثير : to find, discover, come across على sth 2877 دَمَّرَ : to destroy, demolish sth; to wreck, ruin, damage sth 2878 حَيَّ، يَحيا : to live, be alive; to experience, witness (a life of) 2879 رَمى، يَرمي، الرَّمي : to attempt, pursue, intend, aim at, إلى sth (as a goal); to throw, fling sth or ب sth (at sb); to pelt, shoot at sb ب with (stones, bullets) 2880 شِراكة : partnership 2881 عابِر : passing by or through, crossing over; trans-, inter-; fleeting, transient, brief 2882 خَوْض : waging, embarking on, carrying out; plunging (في into) 2883 اِستِكمال : conclusions, termination, completion 2884 فَريد : unique, exceptional, singular 2885 عَسى : perhaps, maybe 2886 ماذا عَساني أنْ : what could I possibly… 2887 عِقاب : punishment, penalty 2888 تَلبية : meeting (needs); fulfilling (desires, expectation); complying with (requests) 2889 وَضَّحَ : to clarify, explain (ل to sb) أنّ that 2890 حيرة : confusion, bewilderment; embarrassment 2891 غُبار : dust 2892 طَقس : weather, climate 2893 فِقدان : loss; bereavement 2894 مَدار : orbit, sphere; scope, range; axis, pivot; center, focus 2895 بابا : Pope 2896 كيس، أكياس : bag, sack 2897 اِحتِجاج : protest 2898 اِحتِجاجاً : protesting, in protest (على of) 2899 مانِع : obstacle, impediment; preventing; forbidding 2900 وُقود : fuel 2901 دَجاج : (coll) chicken 2902 نَهْج : method, procedure; way, path 2903 تَسمية : naming, appellation, designation 2904 هامِش : side, margin; periphery, sidelines 2905 حانَ، يَحينُ، الحَيْن : to arrive, approach (time) 2906 تَكريم : honoring, respecting, paying tribute 2907 تَكريماً لِ : in honor of 2908 راجِع : returning, going back إلى to; (to be) traced back, attributed, due إلى to 2909 نَهضة : renaissance 2910 اِعتِقاد : belief في in sth, or أنّ/بِأنّ that 2911 باطِل : false, baseless; invalid; null, void; falsehood 2912 اِتَّضَحَ : to become clear, to be clarified أنّ that 2913 تَصديّ : resistance, confrontation 2914 أسهَمَ : to participate, contribute, share 2915 قِيامة : resurrection 2916 مَيْدانيّ : field (work, research), survey; ground (troops) 2917 مُتاح : provided, available, granted 2918 بَرّيّ : (ad) land, rural; by land, land-based; wild (flower, fruit, honey) 2919 وَعَدَ، يَعِدُ، الوَعْد : to promise sb ب sth or بأنْ to or بِأنّ that 2920 أخبَرَ : to notify, inform, tell sb عن/ب about sth or بِأنّ/أنّ that 2921 حائِط : wall 2922 غامِض : obscure, vague, ambiguous; enigmatic, mysterious, inscrutable 2923 أيْسَر/يُرسى : left, left hand 2924 خَريطة : map, chart 2925 شَكوى، شَكاوى : complaint, grievance 2926 رُؤْيا، رُؤىً : vision, dream; idea, picture 2927 تَعَرُّض : exposure إلى to sth; encountering, running into, having to deal with إلى sth; suffering إلى (loss) 2928 مُحاسَبة : examination, review; accounting, bookkeeping; accountability, oversight 2929 بَيْض : (coll) eggs 2930 عِملاق : gigantic, huger; super 2931 لُجوء : resorting إلى to; taking refuse إلى in; refuge; (political) asylum 2932 رَقيق : gentle, delicate; slender; (coll) slaves 2933 مَوْضِع : place, location, position; object, subject, focus (of interest, attention, concern) 2934 تارةً : once; at time; sometimes 2935 تَفاعُل : interaction, reaction; reciprocity 2936 مُفَكِّر : intellectual 2937 اِضطَرَّ : to compel, force, oblige sb إلى to do sth 2938 اُضطُرَّ : to be compelled, forced, obligated إلى to do sth 2939 وَزَّعَ : to distribute sth على among 2940 زِلزال، زَلازِل : earthquake 2941 شَرَحَ، يَسرَحُ، الشُّرْح : to explain sth ل to sb 2942 اِنتفاضة : uprising 2943 اِرتَدى : to wear, put on (clothes) 2944 فِلْس، فُلوس : money 2945 فارِس، فُرسان : horseman, rider; knight 2946 فُرسان : cavalry 2947 نَمَط، أنماط : type, kind; manner, style, form; (tech) model, configuration 2948 غِطاء : cover; blanket 2949 شُعاع، أشِعّة : ray, beam 2950 كَتيبة، كَتائِب : squadron, brigade, regiment, corps 2951 طَبَّقَ : to implement (plan, project, decision, strategy); to apply, enforce, carry out (law, regulation, standards) 2952 مُتَطَرِّف : extemist, militant, radical 2953 أخفى : to hide, conceal sth (عن from); to lower (one’s voice) 2954 فائِز : victorious, winning; winner, victor 2955 جَرَّبَ : to try out, test sth; to sample, taste sth; to tempt, test sb 2956 مُديريّة : administration, management; office, department; district, province 2957 عِبادة : worship, adoration, religious practice 2958 اِفتَتَحَ : to open, inaugurate (conference, school) 2959 مُعَتَمَد : depended عليه/ها upon; authorize, dependable, accredited; agent, representative 2960 مُظاهَرة ات : demonstration, rally 2961 أوْسَع : wider/est, broader/est 2962 اِستَدعى : to summon, call sb; to recall, call back sb; to invoke sth 2963 عَقاريّ : real estate; land mortgage 2964 سَهَّلَ : to facilitate, make easy, help 2965 حَقَّ، يَحِقُّ، الحَقّ : to be right 2966 يَحِقُّ له أنْ : to have the right to 2967 كَثُرَ، يَكثُرُ، الكُثْر : to be numerous, plentiful; to be more عن than sth 2968 حِمار : donkey 2969 يا حِمار : you idiot! 2970 حَنين : yearning, nostalgia 2971 كَوْكَب، كَواكِب : planet; star 2972 مُتَبادَل : mutual, reciprocal; exchanged 2973 اِفتَرَضَ : to assume, suppose sth or أنّ that 2974 مُغادَرة : departure 2975 انطَبَقَ : to be applicable (على to); to conform (على with) 2976 عَذْب : sweet, pleasant 2977 مِياه عَذبة : freshwater 2978 اِنسَحَبَ : to withdraw, leave (من from); to pull out, withdraw (armed forces) 2979 عاطِفة، عَواطِف : emotion, sentiment; affection 2980 مُعَبِّر : expressing عن (opinion, feeling), stating عن (position, policy) 2981 عَقَبة ات : obstacle 2982 فِراش : bed 2983 سِرّيّة : secrecy 2984 عَبَث : joke, jest; frivolity 2985 عَبَثاً : in vain 2986 إسبانيّ، إسبان : Spanish, Spaniard 2987 ضاحية، ضَواحٍ،الضَّواحي : suburb, neighborhood, vicinity 2988 تَضامُن : solidarity, cooperation 2989 نُفوذ : influence, effect 2990 مُماثِل : similar, analogous; resembling 2991 خَليفة : successor; caliph 2992 إصرار : insistence, determination 2993 جَزيل : abundant, ample 2994 وَلَكُم مِنّي جَزيل الشُّكْر : (in closing a letter) my sincere thanks 2995 تَحتيّ : under; infra-(structure) 2996 خَيْط، خُيوط : string, thread; lead (evidence), clue 2997 قُبَيْلَ : shortly before 2998 سائِد : prevailing, dominant, ruling 2999 أعمى/عَمياء : blind 3000 اِبتِداء : beginning, start 3001 اِبتِداءً من : beginning from, as of (date); starting with 3002 سَراح : dismissal, release 3003 إطلاق سَراح : setting free 3004 مائِدة : table 3005 فَرَّقَ : to differentiate, distinguish بين between; to disperse, break up, split up (crowd, demonstration) 3006 أُنثى، إناث : female 3007 اِطِّلاع : examination, inspection (على of sth); reading, perusal (على of sth) 3008 أعَدَّ : to prepare sth, make sth ready; to set (table) 3009 لاقَ، يَليقُ، اللِّياقة : to be proper or appropriate ب for sb; be suitable or convenient ب for sb 3010 عَمالة : workforce, employees 3011 مَنطومة : system, structure; hierarchy 3012 مُعَقَّد : complicated, complex, intricate 3013 أوان، آوِنة : time, moment 3014 قَسوة : harshness, severity, brutality 3015 جَدير : worth ب (mentioning, pointing out); appropriate, proper ب for sb (to do sth) 3016 جَدير بِالذِّكْر : worth mentioning 3017 اِستيعاب : comprehension, understanding; absorbing; assimilating; accommodating 3018 غَداء : lunch; midday meal 3019 شابة : young woman 3020 ضيق : narrowness; shortness, lack of, shortage 3021 ضيق التَّنَفُّس : short of breath 3022 تَخَلّى : to give up, abandon, relinquish, surrender عن sth 3023 مِلكيّة : property, ownership, possession 3024 صَوَّرَ : to film, photograph sth/sb; to draw, portray, depict sth/sb 3025 تَحَمُّل : bearing, carrying (burden); shouldering (responsibility) 3026 تفاوُض : negotiation, debate, discussion 3027 مُظلِم : dark, gloomy 3028 أكاديميّ : academic, scholarly; scholar, academician 3029 عَزَّزَ : to strengthen, bolster, reinforce 3030 بَعُدَ، يَبعُدُ، البُعد : to be located, situation (a given distance) عن from sth 3031 تِقنيّ : technical 3032 مُنَظَّم : organized, arranged; systematic, disciplined 3033 مُرَكَّب ات : installed, assembled; composed, consisting (من of); (chemical) compound; (psychological) complex 3034 تَناسَبَ : to be compatible مع/و with, appropriate و/مع for 3035 داء : sickness, disease; ailment, disorder 3036 مُطالِب : demanding, claiming; claimant 3037 بَرّ : land, mainland; dry land, earth 3038 بَرّاً : by land 3039 تَواجُد : presence; existence 3040 نَبات ات : plants, vegetation 3041 عَلَّ : perhaps, maybe 3042 عَلَّني : perhaps I, maybe I 3043 تَحضير ات : preparation; production 3044 سِرقة : stealing, theft 3045 دَهْر : fate, fortune; lifetime, eternity 3046 تَأْخير : delay, postponement 3047 مِلْح : salt 3048 فَتوى، فَتاوى : fatwa 3049 مُكَلَّف : chargest, entrusted (ب with); responsible (ب for) 3050 حَوْل : power, might 3051 لا حول ولا قوّة إلا بألله : there is no power but through God 3052 مُسَجِّل : (audio) recorder; recording; scoring (point) 3053 طيلةَ : throughout, during (the entire) 3054 شَفافيّة : transparency; clarity, openness 3055 غاصِب : angry, irate 3056 غَلَط : error, mistake 3057 تَأْجيل : postponement, delay; deferment, extension 3058 اِنعَكَسَ : to be reflected (light, image); to have an effect على on 3059 جامِع : mosque 3060 مُتَزايد : growing, increasing, rising 3061 شِقاء : cure, remedy; medication 3062 وَداع : farewell; departure, exit 3063 وَداعاً : farewell! 3064 نَطَقَ، يَنطُقُ، النُّطْق : to speak, utter, pronounce ب sth 3065 مُعادَلة : equation, balance 3066 تَسامُح : tolerance, forbearance 3067 مَسَّ، يَمُسُّ، المَسّ : to touch, handle sth; to violate, infringe upon sth 3068 أرجاء : region 3069 في أرجاءِ : throughout, in all corners of 3070 حالَ، يَحولُ، الحَيْلولة : prevent دونَ sth (from happening) 3071 كاميرا : camera 3072 صاحَ، يَصيح، الصَّيْح : to scream, cry out, shout (sth, على/ب at sb) 3073 اِشتِباك ات : smish, clash 3074 مَصرَفيّ : (adj) bank, banking 3075 ناريّ : (adj) fire, fiery; gunfire 3076 مُتواضِع : modest, humble 3077 عُذْر : excuse; apology 3078 عُذراً : sorry, excuse me (على for) 3079 مُتَكَرِّر : repeated, recurring; frequent 3080 مُنطَلَق : premise, principle; starting line, starting point, point of departure; launch pad 3081 مَكَوَّن : composed من of, consisting من of 3082 اِنقِلاب : coup, overthrow, toppling 3083 مُسَمّىً : title, name; called, named 3084 قِياس : measurement; analogy 3085 قِياساً : in comparison ب/إلى with 3086 فَائِق : boundless, exceeding; outstanding, excellent 3087 طِبقاً ل : in accordance with, in conformity with 3088 طِبقَ الأصلِ : faithful copy 3089 خِرّيج : graduate 3090 خِرّيجُ سِجنٍ : former (political) prisoner 3091 دَعاية ات : advertisement, advertising; propaganda 3092 كادِر, كَوادِر : cadre, key group, staff, functionaries 3093 مِرآة : mirror 3094 عَوْلَمة : globalization 3095 مُصالَحة : conciliation, compromise 3096 مَرارة : bitterness; gall bladder 3097 مُخافة، مَخاوِف : fear, anxiety; worry, apprehension 3098 مُؤْلِم : painful, aching; saddening, distressing 3099 مَهما : whatever, regardless of, no matter how 3100 عَشيّة : evening; eve, night, night before 3101 وُضَحاها بَيْنَ عَشيّةٍ : overnight, suddenly 3102 قارَبَ : to approach, come close to sth; to approximate sth 3103 اِستِئْناف : resumption, renewal; (jur) appeal 3104 كُثْر : abundance, large amount, great number; much, a lot; excessive amount 3105 غَسَلَ، يَغسِلُ، الغَسْل : to wash, clean sth 3106 فُلان : so-and-so; such-and-such 3107 ثَمَر، أثمار : fruit; result, yield, outcome 3108 أصيل : authentic, original; native, indigenous; pure, noble; full-blooded, purebred 3109 تَغذية : feeding, nutrition 3110 ضَمَّنَ : to guarantee, insure 3111 طَعْم : flavor, taste 3112 مُتعة : pleasure, enjoyment 3113 مَجرىً، مَجرَيات : course, path 3114 مَجرَيات : events, happenings 3115 مَجرَيات الأحداث/الأُمور : the course of events 3116 عالَجَ : to treat (disease, sick person); to deal with (topic, problem); to process (data) 3117 مُعَلَّق : suspended, hanging, pending, outstanding 3118 خُصوصيّ : private, personal; special 3119 صَوْتيّ : audio, sound, acoustic; verbal, vocal; phonetic 3120 اِستَعمَلَ : to use, make use of, employ 3121 مَشي : walking, going 3122 فَخْر : pride; boasting 3123 صَلاحيّة : suitability, viability; state of being valid or active (calling card, membership) 3124 صَلاحِيّات : powers, privileges 3125 مُعتَبِر : considering, regarding 3126 مَحتَرِف : professional, expert 3127 أدارَ : to direct, manage sth; to conduct sth; to turn (one’s face or back); to turn on or off (radio, television, car switch); to turn (key or door knob); to make spin sth 3128 اِشتَرَكَ : to participate (مع with sb) في in sth 3129 تَطَرَّقَ : to broach, discuss إلى (topic, issue); to reach, get as far as إلى sth 3130 إخراج : production; extraction; removal, ousting 3131 سَماع : hearing, listening 3132 مَدّ : length, reach, extent; reaching, extending, lengthening; spreading 3133 رِفقة، رِفاق : company, group 3134 بِرِفقة : accompanied by, along with 3135 اِتَّسَعَ : to expand, stretch, widen; to be sufficient, adequate ل for; to be large enough ل for 3136 سِتّ ات : lady, miss 3137 مَهارة ات : capability, skill; ability, proficiency 3138 اِنتِهاك ات : violation, contravention 3139 ذِئْب، ذِئاب : wolf, jackal 3140 جَلَبَ، يَجلِبُ، الجَلَب : to bring, provide sth; to bring about, cause sth; to fetch, attract sth 3141 تَسَلَّمَ : to receive, accept sth; to take on, assume (responsibility) 3142 سَلَف : (coll) ancestors; advance (payment) 3143 سَلَفاً : in advance; beforehand, previously 3144 تَرحيب : welcome, welcoming; greeting 3145 تَنازُل ات: backing down عن from, renouncing عن sth; concession 3146 مِنبَر، مَنابِر : pulpit, rostrum 3147 عِمارة : building, edifice, structure 3148 اِكتَفى : to be content, satisfied ب with 3149 مَتحَف : museum 3150 خَفيّ : hidden, secret; unless, invisible 3151 اِحتَفَظَ : to maintain, preserve ب sth; to keep, reserve ب sth (لِنَفسِهِ for oneself) 3152 عاطِفيّ : emotional, sentimental; affectionate 3153 عَيْن : same, exactly the same (person, thing); self (with pronoun) itself, himself, etc 3154 هو بِيَعْنِهِ : it/him specifically, exactly 3155 كَسَبَ، يَكسِبُ، الكَسْب : to win, gain sth; to earn, make (salary); to achieve, attain sth 3156 وِزاريّ : ministerial 3157 سَطْر، سُطور : line, row 3158 كَسْب : winning, gaining; earning, making (salary); achieving, attaining 3159 أشرَفَ : to supervise, manage على sth/sb; to overlook, provide a view of على sth 3160 صَدمة : shock, blow 3161 مُحتَرَم : honorable, respected, esteemed 3162 واثِق : confident, certain, sure 3163 مِحنة، مَحِن : test; trial, ordeal 3164 مُتَطَوِّر : advanced, developed; modern, sophisticated, high-tech 3165 تَبَع، أتباع : follower, partisan 3166 تَبعاً ل : according to, pursuant to 3167 فاصِل : pause, break; interlude, intermission; separating, dividing; delimiting, demarcating; conclusive, decisive 3168 مُهاجِم : assailant, attack; striker (soccer); assailing, attacking 3169 عُصويّة : membership, affiliation 3170 حَتْم : necessity 3171 حَتماً : definitely, necessarily 3172 عَربة ات : cart, wagon; vehicle 3173 أمثَل، مُثلى : better/best; more/most exemplary, more/most ideal 3174 عُلبة، عُلَب : can; case, box; pack 3175 بادَرَ : to begin, take the initiative ب/إلى to do sth; to hasten, rush ب/إلى to do sth; to come, occur to sb spontaneously (a feeling, thought, idea) 3176 حاسِم : decisive, definitive, final; key, critical 3177 بَرميل : barrel; vat; drum 3178 سَباحة : swimming 3179 حَوْض : basin, sink; reservoir; aquarium 3180 شَرع : law; legal 3181 خِيانة : treason, treachery; betrayal, infidelity 3182 نَيْل : attainment, achievement; acquiring, gaining 3183 خالة : maternal aunt 3184 كاذِب : false, untrue; lying, deceitful; liar 3185 كَذبة : liar 3186 اِستِفتاء : questionnaire, poll; referendum 3187 شورى : consultation, deliberation 3188 مَجلِس الشّورى : Shura Council 3189 حَسّاس : sensitive 3190 حَقيبة : briefcase, portfolio; suitcase; bag 3191 عُثور : finding, discovering, coming across على sth 3192 اِرتِباط : bond, connection, relationship, link 3193 تَوضيح : explanation, clarification 3194 هَمَّ، يَهُمُّ، الهَمّ : to preoccupy, concern sb; to matter, be important to sb; to worry, be concerned ب about sth; to be about ب/بأنْ to do sth 3195 اِستِحقاق ات : worthiness 3196 اِستِحقاقات : claims, rights, merits 3197 مَجمَع : assembly; academy 3198 اِنتِقاد ات : criticism, censure 3199 بَيْدَ أنّ : although, however, (even) though 3200 دَلالة ات : meaning, implication, significance, important 3201 دَلالات : evidence, signs 3202 صَحَّ، يَصِحُّ، الصِّحّة : to be correct, be true; to be right, proper, appropriate (to do sth) 3203 يورو : euro 3204 تَوْعية : informing, making aware; raising awareness, enlightening 3205 عَزْم : firm will, determination (على to do sth) 3206 عاجِز : incapable, unable عن to do sth; helpless, hopeless; unable, incapacitated 3207 عُطلة : vacation, holiday, recess 3208 قاطِح : decisive, definitive, categorical; convincing, conclusive; interrupting, preventing; blocking; traversing (a distance); cutter (person or instrument); vendor (of tickets); incisor, canine (tooth) 3209 اِبتِدائيّ : elementary, preparatory; initial 3210 جَدَّدَ : to renew, extend (permit); to renovate, modernize sth; to renew (one’s efforts), to try again to do sth 3211 اِستَغَلَّ : to exploit sth, take advantage of (an opportunity) 3212 بَشَريّة : humankind, human race 3213 تَحميل : downloading (files); charging sb (with responsibility); loading (cargo) 3214 مُسَجَّل : registered, recorded 3215 هُنَّ : they (fem plural) 3216 عاقِل، عُقَلاء : sane, rational, reasonable; sane person 3217 كُلّ عاقِلٍ : anyone in his right mind 3218 إلقاء : thorwing, tossing; delivering, giving (a speech); (القَبْض على) arresting sb 3219 كَثيف : intense, intensive, heavy; thick, dense, concentrated 3220 كَراهيّة : hatred, loathing; dislike, aversion 3221 مُهاجِر : emigrant; migrant; immigrant; emigrating; migrating, immigrating 3222 مُنتَشِر : scattered, spread out, prevalent 3223 تَعَوَّدَ : to become accustomed على to sth, to get used على to sth 3224 مُتَمَثِّل : represented, incorporated (في in); existing, present (في in) 3225 أروَع : more/most magnificent 3226 راية : flag, banner 3227 أخطَر : more/most dangerous; more/most serious, critical 3228 أكمَل : more/most complete, more/most perfect 3229 بِأكمَلِهِ : entirely 3230 على أكمَلِ وَجهٍ : perfectly, to perfection; in the best possible way 3231 اِشتِراك : subscription; participation, partnership 3232 تَناقُض ات : contradiction; incompatibility 3233 مَندوب : delegate, representative; deputy, agent 3234 صِياغة : drafting, composing; formulation, wording 3235 تَطَرُّف : extremism, radicalism 3236 سَكَتَ، يَسكُتُ، السُّكوت : to be quiet, be silent 3237 اُسكُت : shut up! 3238 قَذيفة، قَذائِف : shell, bomb 3239 بُقعة : spot; stain 3240 بِقاع : region, place, spot 3241 إدخال : insertion, introduction, inclusion 3242 تَطَوَّرَ : to develop, evolve, grow; to advance, make headway 3243 اِعتَذَرَ : to apologize إلى to sb عن for sth 3244 نِسيان : forgetfulness; oblivion 3245 خَمْر : liquor, wine, alcohol 3246 أوْقَفَ : to detain sb; to make sb stand 3247 تَخَلُّف : backwardness; underdevelopment 3248 مُستَهلِك : consumer; consuming 3249 كَلَّمَ : to speak with, talk to sb 3250 تَوْظيف : hiring, employment, recruitment; job appointment; usage, excise 3251 إقبال : approach; concern على for; interest على in 3252 تَهنِئة، تَهانٍ/التَّهاني : greetings, congratulations 3253 مُِع : defender; advocate; defending; advocating 3254 تَحذير ات : warning, caution 3255 الآخِرة : the afterlife 3256 هُروب : escaping, fleeing; deserting 3257 اِستَعَدَّ : to get ready, prepare ل for sth 3258 جَواز : permit, authorization 3259 جَواز السَّفْر : passport 3260 مُعلَن : declared, announced; posted, made public 3261 هَدَأَ، يَهدَأُ، الهُدوء : to subside, abate (storm, noise); to calm down, quiet down 3262 قَطُّ : (not) at all, never; nothing, no one 3263 مَطبَخ : kitchen 3264 رِزْق : livelihood, sustenance; food, daily bread 3265 اِحتَمَلَ : to tolerate, put up with sb/sth; to expect sth 3266 يُحتَمَلُ أنْ : it is likely that 3267 طارِئ : emergency (situation); exceptional (conditions); unscheduled, special (meeting) 3268 اِعتَرَضَ : to object, be opposed على to sth 3269 حِرمان : deprivation, prohibition 3270 سَرَقَ، يَسرِقُ، السِّرقة : to steal sth 3271 عار : shame, disgrace, scandal 3272 سُمعة : reputation 3273 مَلحوظ : noticeable, observable; remarkable, significant 3274 آنَ، يَؤْونُ، الأْوْن : to come, arrive, approach (of time) 3275 فاكِهة, فَواكِه : fruit 3276 مُراعاة : deference, respect; compliance, observance; watching out for 3277 غَلَبَ، يَغلِتُ، الغَلْب : to defeat, overcome على sth/sb 3278 تَعادُل : balance, equilibrium; (sports) tie 3279 اِستِهلاك : consuming, consumption (of consumer goods); exhaustion, depletion (of resources) 3280 عُمود، أعْمِدة : column, pillar 3281 سينَمائيّ : cinema, cinematographic 3282 بارِحة : yesterday 3283 عادَلَ : to be equal to sth; to make equal to sth; (sports) to tie sb 3284 سِجِلّ ات : register; archive, record 3285 اِنتَقَدَ : to criticize sb/sth 3286 بورصة : stock exchange, bourse 3287 مَوْهِبة، مَواهِب : talent, gift 3288 اِستِقالة : resignation 3289 مَخرَج : exit, outlet; escape, way out, solution 3290 سالَ، يَسيلُ، السَّيْل : to flow, run; to leak; to melt 3291 قَفَزَ، يَقفِزُ، القَفْز : to jump, leap 3292 كِفاية : sufficiency, adequacy; performance, productivity; competence 3293 تَوَسُّع : expansion 3294 عَقيد : colonel 3295 مُعطىً : given 3296 مُعطَيات : facts, data, factors 3297 زَوْجيّ : marital; paired, coupled 3298 شَجَّعَ : to encourage, promote, support sb/sth 3299 حَيّا : to greet, salute sb; to prise, laud sb 3300 حَيّاك الله : Good for you! Well done! 3301 خَريف : autumn, fall 3302 جُمـهوريّ : republican; Republican 3303 السلام الجُمـهوريّ : the national anthem 3304 عَرَض، أعراض : symptom 3305 أعراض جانِبيّة : side effects 3306 تَوالٍ/التّوالي : consecutive or continuous succession 3307 حِزبيّ : party-related; partisan, factional 3308 حَبْل : rope, cord, cable 3309 تَوَقُّع ات : expectation, anticipation; forecast 3310 تَرشيع : nomination, candidacy 3311 قَيِّم : valuable, responsible (على for) 3312 راضٍ/الرّاضي : pleased, satisfied; accepting, consenting 3313 كُفْر : kufr (rejection of the Islamic faith), unbelief, apostasy 3314 مُصطَلَح ات : technical term 3315 مُصطَلَحات : terminology 3316 مَهشة : surprise, astonishment; bewilderment, confusion 3317 مَسْح : survey, measure; wiping off; sweeping 3318 أسىً : affliction, sorrow, grief 3319 ظُلمة ات : darkness 3320 زُجاج : glass 3321 زُجاج أماميّ : windshield 3322 رَعى، يَرعي، الرَّعي : to graze, take out to pasture (sheep); to care for, protect sb; to sponsor, promote sb/sth; to safeguard, look after (sb’s affairs) 3323 جُلوس : sitting down, being seated 3324 اِستِعمار : colonialism; building of settlements 3325 مُخالِف : divergent; against (the law); transgressor, offender 3326 أغلى : more/most expensive 3327 مَضمون : (noun) content; guaranteed, insured 3328 خُطبة، خُطَب : speech; sermon 3329 حَظْر : prohibition, ban; embargo 3330 اِقتِراب : approach, approximation; getting near 3331 راقي : rising, ascending; advanced; fancy, high-class 3332 ذَكاء : intelligence, cleverness 3333 عُنصُريّ : racist 3334 نَبيل : noble 3335 وُدِّيّ : friendly, cordial, amicable, warm 3336 جَحيم : hell, inferno 3337 نُزول : descent; reduction, losing (weight); resignation, stepping down 3338 اِنقَلَبَ : to turn around; to turn over; to be reversed, be inverted 3339 اِحتَرَمَ : to respect, revere sb/sth 3340 فَضائيّة ات : satellite (broadcasting) station 3341 مَمنوع : forbidden, prohibited, banned 3342 مُحَقِّق : investigator; editor; investigating 3343 قِياديّ : leading, guiding; commanding; commander 3344 أنتَجَ : to produce, create, yield sth; to cause, result in sth 3345 رَكِبَ، يَركَبُ، الرُّكوب : to get in/on (vehicle), board (ship, airplane), mount (horse, bicycle) 3346 رَقْص : dance, dancing 3347 حَزَج : impediment; objection 3348 شَجاعة : courage 3349 تَوَلٍّ/التَّوَلي : taking charge, assuming responsibility 3350 كَفيل : guaranteeing, ensuring (ب sth); guarantor, sponsor, (person) responsible 3351 كَبِد : liver (organ); center, middle 3352 عِزّة : glory, honor; power 3353 عِزّة النَّفْس : self esteem 3354 تَسويق : marketing 3355 خَشَبة ات : piece of wood; board or plank 3356 خَشَبة المَسرَح : (theater) stage 3357 خَشَبات الجول : goalpost 3358 سَمّ، سُموم : poison, toxin 3359 فاضَ، يَفيضُ، الفَيْض : to overflow; to exceed, go beyond عن sth 3360 مُستَخدِم : employing, using; user 3361 مَنطِقيّ : logical, rational 3362 فَضيحة : scandal; disgrace, shame 3363 يا تُرى : perhaps, maybe, I wonder… 3364 أخلاقيّ : moral, ethical 3365 لَزِمَ، يَلزَمُ، اللُّزوم : to be necessary (على for sb) to do sth; to cling to 3366 لَزِمَ الصَّمْت : to keep quiet 3367 لَزِمَ الفِراش : to stay in bed 3368 غَرِقَ، يَغرَقُ، الغَرَق : to sink, drown, be submerged 3369 سوفييتيّ : Soviet 3370 تَأَمَّلَ : to reflect on, ponder (في) sth 3371 حِيال : concerning, regarding 3372 تَصَرَّفَ : to act, behave, proceed (في/مع with sb/sth; وكَأَنَّ as if) 3373 بائِع : selling 3374 باعة : selling, vendor; merchant 3375 إحياء : reviving, enlivening; celebrating (anniversary); commemorating 3376 إحياءً لِذِكرى : in memory of 3377 ِئ : warm 3378 قِطّ، قِطَط : cat 3379 بَراءة : innocence; acquittal 3380 بَراءة اِختِراع : (invention) patent 3381 ذُلّ : humiliation, dishonor 3382 حُجرة، حُجَر : room, chamber; compartment, enclosure; (bio) cell 3383 مُحتَلّ : occupier; occupying, occupation (forces) 3384 مَبنيّ : built, based (على on) 3385 تَجَنُّب : avoidance, avoiding 3386 كَذَبَ، يَكذِبُ، الكِذْب : to lie (على to sb) 3387 مَنشور ات : publication; brochure; published, posted (on the Web) 3388 خاضَ، يَخوضُ، الخَوْض : to wage (war, battle) ضِدّ against; to embark on (a campaign); to wade في into (water); to plunge, dive في into (an issue) 3389 تَعَدّى : to exceed, go beyond; to infringe على on (sb’s rights) 3390 دَبّابة ات : tank 3391 رَوْضة، رِياض : garden 3392 رَوْضة الأطفال : kindergarten 3393 صُمود : steadfastness, determination 3394 مَضبوط : controlled, regulated; accurate, precise 3395 نَبْض : beating, palpitation, throbbing 3396 عُموميّ : general, public, common; plenary 3397 قَدِمَ، يَقدِمُ، القُدوم : to arrive, come إلى to; approach على sth 3398 عُنْق : neck (person, bottle) 3399 مُهتَمّ : interested, concerned; (person, party) interested, concerned 3400 عِيان : eyesight, (plain) view 3401 شاهِد عِيان : eyewitness 3402 مُكَرَّم : honored, revered 3403 اِنتِماء : membership, affiliation; commitment 3404 قَطرة ات : drop 3405 نَوى، يَنوي، النَّوْى : to intend, want (to do sth) 3406 تَركيب : installation, assembling; structure, construction 3407 مُرّ : bitter 3408 أنكَرَ : to deny, dispute (claim) 3409 مِشوار : walk, stroll, promenade 3410 اِستَعرَضَ : to review, go over sth; (mil.) to review (troops); to tour (facilities) 3411 مُرتَفَع : height, altitude, elevation; highlands 3412 أولِمبيّ : Olympic 3413 أوْحى : to suggest, imply, indicate بِأنَّ that; to inspire ل sb ب to do sth 3414 خَجَل : shame, bashfulness, shyness 3415 حَديديّ : (adj) iron, iron-like 3416 تَصحيح : correction 3417 تَبَنٍّ/التَّبَنّي : adoption 3418 زَرَعَ، يَزرَعُ، الزَّرْع : to plant (seed); to implant, transplant (organ); to set (bomb), lay (mines); to grow (plants, crops); to cultivate, farm (land) 3419 مُلائِم : suitable, appropriate 3420 فَضيلة : virtue; (in titles) فَضيلة الشَّيْخ His Eminence, the Sheikh 3421 مُنَوَّر : illuminate; honored 3422 مُشاهِد : viewer, spectator 3423 مَعبَر، مَعابِر : crossig point, juncture 3424 أخطَأَ : to be wrong, make a mistake (في in doing sth); to do (في sth) incorrectly 3425 أسَد، أُسود : lion 3426 اِشتِراكيّ : socialist 3427 عَداء : aggression, hostility; enmity, animosity 3428 أنْف : nose; (figurative) pride 3429 رَغمَ أنفِهِ : against his will, to spite him 3430 قَصْر : shortness, smallness; limiting, restricting 3431 اِختِصار : abbreviation, shortening 3432 بِاِختِصار : briefly, in short 3433 سيجارة، سَجائِر : cigarette 3434 بَذْل : spending, expenditure; exertion, effort; donating 3435 اِتَّسَمَ : to be characterized ب by 3436 حِلُف : alliance, treaty, pact 3437 حَصيلة : result, outcome; sum, total count; revenue 3438 هَبَطَ، يَهبِطُ، الهُبوط : to drop, fall, decline; to fall (night, darkness); to land (aircraft) 3439 كُلفة : cost, expenditure, overhead 3440 غُضون : interim 3441 في غُضون : during 3442 مَسكَن، مَساكِن : residence, domicile 3443 قُرابةَ : almost, nearly 3444 اِستَجابَ : to accept ل (an invitation); to grant ل (a request); to comply with ل (sb’s demands); to respond to ل (medical treatment) 3445 روحيّ : spiritual; alcoholic 3446 َقُدّام : in front of 3447 قَرُبَ، يَقرُبُ، القَرابة : to approach, draw near 3448 فاشِل : failed, failing, unsuccessful; a failure 3449 اِبتِعاد : avoiding, moving or staying away; distancing oneself (عن from) 3450 فَسَّرَ : to explain, interpret sth (ل for sb) 3451 قَناعة : conviction, belief 3452 عن قَناعة : out of conviction 3453 على قَناعة : convinced 3454 شكا، يَشكو، الشَّكْو : to complain إلى to sb من about; to suffer من from 3455 باكِستانيّ : Pakistani 3456 وَحْش، وُحوش : beast 3457 اِستَيْقَظَ : to wake up; be alert 3458 لَطيف : kind, gentle, polite, nice 3459 يا لَطيف : oh my! wow! 3460 اِعتِذار : apology; excuse 3461 مَأْزِق : impasse, predicament; dilemma, crisis 3462 تَدَهوُر : decline, deterioration; fall, drop 3463 تَخَلّي :relinquishment, surrender, renunciation (من of) 3464 تُزايُد : (gradual) growth, increase, rise 3465 تَواصَلَ : to maintain, pursue (efforts); to maintain mutual contacts or intercommunication مع with 3466 تِلوَ : after, followed by 3467 خَطِر : serious, grave, critical; dangerous, risky 3468 تَحكيم : arbitration 3469 لَجنة تَحكيم : jury 3470 لَعنة : curse, oath; enchantment, spell 3471 خال : maternal uncle 3472 فاجَأَ : to surprise sb (ب with) 3473 فوجِئَ : to be surprised (ب by) 3474 فَوْريّ : immediate, instant; direct 3475 مَبيع : sold 3476 مَبيعات : sales 3477 حَريص : mindful, careful, protective على of; eager, desirous على for, keen على on 3478 مَجّاناً/بِالمَجّان : for free, free of charge 3479 سَمْع : hearing 3480 مُسرِع : hurrying, hastening 3481 مُغامَرة : adventure, risk 3482 عائِليّ : (adj) family, domestic, familial 3483 ذَكَّرَ : to remind sb 3484 تَعَلُّم : learning, study 3485 فَرِحَ، يَفرَحُ، الفَرَح : to rejoice; to be happy ب/ل about sth 3486 سَويّ : straight, correct 3487 سَويّاً : together, jointly 3488 نِضال : struggle, battle 3489 نَاهيك : not to mention 3490 أديب، أُدَباء : author, writer 3491 عود : lute; stick, match stick; aloe plant 3492 دُهْن العودِ : aloe gel; body, physique 3493 طَريّ/ناعِم العودِ : frail, delicate 3494 أعانَ : to assist, support sb/sth 3495 ميليشيا ات : militia 3496 إنفاق : spending, expenditure, disbursement; expenses 3497 جَوْهَر، جَواهِر : gem; jewel; (fig) essence, substance, gist; heart, crux, core 3498 وَلاء : loyalty, allegiance 3499 سيناريو : scenario 3500 اِستَعادَ : to recover, regain, reclaim sth 3501 مَيَّزَ : to distinguish sth/sb, to set sth/sb apart (عن from the rest); to differentiate, tell the difference بين between 3502 تَدريجيّ : gradual, progressive 3503 تَدريجيّاً : gradually 3504 خَفَّفَ : to lower, lessen, decrease sth; to alleviate, mitigate من sth 3505 تَمَرُّد : rebellion, insurgency, insurrection 3506 نَتَجَ، يَنتَجُ، النَّتْج : to result, arise من/عن from 3507 تَلَوُّث : pollution, contamination 3508 ميثاق : treaty, pact, charter 3509 نَظافة : cleanliness 3510 هُبوط : drop, fall, decline; descent; landing (aircraft); (med) prolapse 3511 مَسيح : messiah 3512 سَتَرَ، يَستَرُ، السَّتْر : to veil, cover, hide sth 3513 عَرَق : sweat, perspiration; araq (alcoholic drink similar to ouzo) 3514 مُتَزَوِّج : married (من to) 3515 حَصْر : encirclement, containment; bounds, limits 3516 لا حَصْر لَهُ : unlimited, immense 3517 وِقاية : prevention; precaution; protection 3518 راعي : guardian; patron, sponsor; steward 3519 بِئْر : well, spring 3520 مُضيّ : passing (of time); expiration (deadline) 3521 المُضيّ قُدُماً : proceeding, continuing (في with) 3522 تَبَنّى : to adopt sth; to claim responsibility for sth; to be built 3523 إقرار : ratification, confirmation 3524 صَرَفَ، يَصرِفُ، صَريف : to spend, change (money); to dismiss, fire sb; to divert sth (عن from) 3525 حَشْد : (mil) buildup, mobilization; crowd, gathering 3526 يَتيم، أتيام : orphan; orphaned; unique, sole, only (existing) 3527 حَرّ : warmth, heat; warm, hot, spicy 3528 مَعيشة : livelihood, subsistence; life, living 3529 أتَمّ : to complete, finish, conclude sth 3530 نَسيج : fabric, tissue, textile 3531 مَجهود : expended (efforts); efforts, endeavors 3532 تَأْييد : support, assistance; approval 3533 شُهرة : reputation, fame 3534 تَنافُس : competition, rivalry 3535 عَضَلة ات : muscle 3536 غَيْرة : jealousy; zeal 3537 حَدَّثَ : to tell sb, speak to sb (عن about); to narrate 3538 عَقليّ : mental, intellectual; rational 3539 أكاديميّة : academy 3540 ضَرَّ، يَضٌرُّ، الضَّرّ : to harm, injure ب sth (one’s health) 3541 غارة ات : raid, foray 3542 خَيْمة، خِيام : tent 3543 مُتَفَرِّق : diverse, different, separate; dispersed, scattered, sporadic 3544 مُوازَرة : budget; balance, comparison 3545 أُسطورة، أساطير : myth, fable; tale, legend 3546 مُستَخدَم : used, utilized, employed 3547 تَنظيف : cleaning 3548 زَعَمَ، يَزعَمُ، الزَّعْم : to allege, claim بِأنّ/أنّ that 3549 حِضْن، أحضان : bosom; arms 3550 في/بين أحضان : amidst, in the hearts of 3551 أقبَلَ : to approach, draw near على sb/sth; to engage على in 3552 بَحرَنيّ : Bahraini 3553 طين : clay; mud 3554 زَادَ الطّين بِلّةً : to make things worse 3555 مَقطَع، مَقاطِع : section; selection, excerpt 3556 سُخريّة : sarcasm, cynicism; ridicule 3557 مُشابِه : similar 3558 سائِل، سَوائِل : fluid, liquid 3559 سُلَّم : ladder; stairs, staircase; scale 3560 مُمتَدّ : stretching, extending; spreading 3561 اِستَنَدَ : to support, lean on, rely on إلى st 3562 سَرى، يَسري، السَّيَران : to flow, circulate, spread; to apply (a law) على to 3563 خَفْض : lowering, decreasing; reduction, diminution 3564 مُفتَرَض : assumed, presumed, supposed, alleged 3565 فِراق : parting, farewell, going away 3566 كَتِف : (fem) shoulder 3567 مَسَكَ، يَمسِكُ، المَسْك : to grab, hold sth or ب sth 3568 تَنَوُّع : variety, diversity 3569 مُنشَأة، مُنشَآت : facility, installation, plant 3570 عشوائِيّ : random, indiscriminate, arbitrary 3571 حَدّ : limiting, curbing من (sb’s freedom, power); stopping, halting, ending من sth 3572 مُنَظَّم : organizer, sponsor; organizing, sponsoring 3573 خَشية : fear, anxiety; concern, worry 3574 ذِراع، أُذرُع : arm, lever, crank 3575 قَدير : capable, efficient; Omnipotent (God) 3576 أقدَمَ : to undertake, tackle, approach على sth 3577 مِثاليّ : ideal, perfect, exemplary, model 3578 نَبَويّ : prophetic; relating to the Prophet Muhammad 3579 هَيْمَنة : control, power, rule; supremacy, domination 3580 اِرتِكاب : perpetration, commission (crime, error) 3581 نَزْع : removal; elimination; deposition 3582 تَخصيص : designation, specification; allocation, appropriation; reserving, earmarking 3583 اِختِصاص : specialty, area of competence; jurisdiction, domain, area of responsibility 3584 نَسَمة : person, soul (in a census) 3585 لِلتَّوِّ : immediately; with pronoun تَوَّهُ he has just (done sth) 3586 غِنىً : wealth, affluence 3587 لا غِنى عنـه : it is indispensable 3588 نحن في عِنىً عنـه : we can do without it 3589 غِرار : manner, way; haste 3590 بِسمِ : in the Name of God 3591 إقناع : persuasion, convincing; conviction, firm belief 3592 أسهَل : easier/est 3593 تَقليل : diminution, reduction, decrease 3594 بَلى : certainly, sure, yes indeed 3595 كَفَّ، يَكُفُّ. الكَفّ : to give up, do without sth; to refrain, abstain عن from; to prevent, keep sb عن from doing sth 3596 تَخفيض ات : lowering, reducing; reduction, decrease; discount 3597 حِصان : horse 3598 صُراخ : shouting, screaming 3599 شَرَعَ، يَشرَعُ، الشُّروع : to start, undertake في sth 3600 وِفاق : agreement, accord; reconciliation 3601 جِنائيّ : criminal, penal 3602 حَفْر : digging, drilling; excavation 3603 اِتِّحاديّ : unionist, federal 3604 تَجَلّى : to become clear, evident; to appear, manifest itself 3605 ميعاد، مَواعيد : schedule, hours; appointed time; appointment, engagement; promise 3606 أصَعب : more/most difficult, harder/est 3607 حَسّاسيّة : sensitivity; allergy 3608 حَسْم : settling (a matter, dispute) 3609 تَمـهيد : preparation; facilitating, paving (the way) 3610 تَمـهيداً لِ : in preparation for, paving the way for, in order to facilitate 3611 مُؤَسِّس : founding, creating; constituent; founder, creator 3612 حَثَّ، يَحُثُّ، الحَثّ : to encourage, urge, incite sb على to do sth 3613 سَواد : blackness 3614 سَواد الناس : masses, populace 3615 فُؤاد : heart; mind 3616 حَليف، حُلَفاء : ally, allied 3617 قَلَّلَ : to lessen, reduce (من) sth; to diminish, downplay من sth 3618 صَواب : correct, true 3619 جَبين : forehead, brow 3620 شُيوعيّ : Communist 3621 ضِعْف، أضعاف : double, multiple; (with number) times 3622 جَعْل : making (sb/sth do sth), causing (sb/sth to be sth); beginning (to do sth) 3623 إيقاف : stopping, halting, detaining 3624 اِعتِراض : objection, opposition على to sth 3625 عَبَرَ، يَعبُرُ، العُبور : to cross (border, street) 3626 اِستِخبار : inquiry 3627 اِستِخبارات : intelligence service, secret service 3628 خَطَّطَ : to plan, make plans ل to do sth; to draw lines, define (borders) 3629 سَهرة : soiree, evening gathering 3630 إسقاط : overthrowing (government); bringing down, shooting down (aircraft) 3631 هَرَب : escape, flight; desertion 3632 بَقَر : (coll) cows 3633 مَقولة : statement, proposition; expression 3634 فَكَّ، يَفُكُّ، الفِكاك : dismantling, taking apart; separating, breaking up; loosening, untying 3635 فَكَّ الاِشتِباك/الاِرتِباط : disengagement of troops 3636 هَرَم، أهرام : pyramid 3637 خَطْف : abduction, kidnapping; hijacking; snatch (in weightlifting) 3638 مَركَبة : vehicle, craft; cart, carriage; space shuttle 3639 فَلّاح : peasant, farmer 3640 عَريق : deep-rooted; ancient, noble, aristocratic 3641 بِضاعة، بِضائِع : merchandise, goods 3642 إثبات : proof, confirmation; verification 3643 نَوْعيّ : specific, characteristic; qualitative 3644 مُعَلِّق : commenting; commentator 3645 أبى، يَأبى، الإباء : to refuse, decline sth or أنْ to do sth 3646 اِكتَمَلَ : to be completed, finished; to be perfect, integral 3647 وَقفة : stance, posture; pause, break 3648 لُقمة : morself, bite 3649 لُقمة العَيْش : one’s daily bread, making a living 3650 مِقياس، مَقاييس : standard, measure, measurement 3651 تَشكيلة : assortment, group; line-up (team sports) 3652 تَعَيَّنَ : to be incumbent على on sb أنْ to do sth; to be appointed, be designated as sth 3653 مائيّ : watery, liquid, fluid, aquatic; hydraulic 3654 أساءَ : to harm, offend, insult إلى sb; (with following masdar) to do sth badly, incorrectly 3655 تَحَكَّمَ : to control في/ب sth 3656 جَرَس : bell 3657 عَليّ : supreme, exalted, sublime 3658 العَليّ : the Supreme (God) 3659 نَجمة : star; female celebrity 3660 ثُلاثيّ : three-part, tri-partite, tri-: corner (shot); trio 3661 الاِسْم الثُّلاثيّ : one’s full name 3662 عُروبة : Arabism 3663 عَزاء : solace, consolation, comfort; condolence(s), sympathy 3664 أكثَريّة : majority 3665 خَراب : ruins, destruction 3666 مَكَّنَ : to make possible من sth (for sb) 3667 جَدُرَ، يَجدُرُ، الجَدارة 3668 سِتار : curtain; veil 3669 حَرَقَ، يَحرِقُ، الحَرْق : to burn sth; to hurt sb 3670 مُفتي : mufti (Muslim legal scholar) 3671 حَسْبما : according to 3672 مَزيّة، مَزايا : feature, characteristic; advantage 3673 هَيْكَل : framework, structure; skeleton; temple, sanctuary 3674 مُنخَفِض : low; reduced 3675 أحدَثَ : to cause, bring about (reaction, change, situation) 3676 ثَوّريّ : revolutionary 3677 مَرسوم : decreed, ordered; drawn, sketched; charted (course); decree, edict, ordinance, statue 3678 عُرضة : target, object (of criticism), exposed (to virus) 3679 مُؤَهَّل : certified, qualified; competent, experienced 3680 لَبّى : to meet (needs), fulfill (desires, expectations); to comply with (request) 3681 حَلَّ، يَحُلُّ، الحَلّ : to befall, strike على/ب sb (misfortune); to arrive, start (month, season) 3682 لافِتة ات : billboard, placard, sign 3683 حافة : border, edge, side; seam, hem 3684 مُخيف : frightful, terrifying, horrible 3685 آليّ : mechanical, automatic; machine- 3686 شُرطيّ : police officer, policeman 3687 أيَّدَ : to support, assist sb; to approve of sth 3688 مَرجِعيّة : authority; authoritative source 3689 سَلْب : robbing, depriving 3690 سَلْباً : negatively 3691 أُسبوعيّ : weekly 3692 واجِهة : face, facade; front, forefront; (computer) interface, front end 3693 مُشرِق : splendid, shining; bright, auspicious 3694 زيّ، أزياء : uniform, dress, clothing 3695 أزياء : fashion clothes, haute couture 3696 اللَّواتي : (fem pl) who, whom 3697 اِدِّعاء : allegation, claim; prosecution 3698 الاِدِّعاء العامّ : the public prosecutor 3699 تَقوية : strengthening, reinforcement 3700 ساحِر : sorcerer, magician; charming, enchanting 3701 ناقِص : incomplete, defective; missing, lacking (sth); (math) minus 3702 تَنمَويّ : development-related 3703 مُباحَثة ات : discussion, debate; talk, dialogue 3704 جَذْب : attraction, lure; gravitation 3705 سَحْب : withdrawal, pulling out; removal 3706 إفراج : liberation; release, freeing (عن of) 3707 عُزلة : isolation, seclusion; separation 3708 تَصعيد : escalation, intensification 3709 عِمام، عُمُم : support, base; pillar, column, mast; (mil) major general 3710 بُطء : slowness 3711 بِبًطءٍ : slowly 3712 عَبرة، عَبِر : lesson, moral 3713 رُجوع : return, going back (إلى to); reversing عن (one’s decision) 3714 حَياء : modesty, shyness, inhibition, shame 3715 أسبَق : previous, former; earlier 3716 تَمَسُّك : adherence, commitment (ب to) 3717 غُروب : setting 3718 غُروب الشَّمْس : sunset 3719 حافِلة ات : bus 3720 مَسعىً، مَساعٍ/المَساعي : effort, endeavor 3721 حَوى، يَحوي، الحَواية : to contain, include (على) sth 3722 اِنعِدام : non-existence, absence, lack of 3723 صالون : salon, chat room, parlor, exhibit room 3724 تَصنيف : classification, categorization, sorting 3725 مُعاهَدة : treaty, accord, pact 3726 بُغْية : wish 3727 بُغْيةَ : with the purpose of 3728 سائِح، سُيّاح : tourist 3729 قافِلة، قَوافىل : convoy, column 3730 نَشرة : report, bulletin; publication; announcement, proclamation 3731 جِراحيّ : surgical 3732 مُلِحّ : urgent, critical, pressing 3733 مُتَتالٍ/المُتَتالي : consecutive, successive 3734 مُعْتاد : accustomed, habituated على to sth; typical, usual, contrary 3735 حارَبَ : to fight, wage war against sb/sth 3736 ناسَبَ : to be suitable for sb 3737 تَجميل : embellishment, decoration 3738 جَماهيريّة : Jamahiriya (Libya?) 3739 لَفَّ، يَلُفُّ، اللَّفّ : to wrap sth; to turn, rotate, go around 3740 عَجَل : hurry, rush, haste 3741 راقَبَ : to watch, observe, monitor sth/sb; to oversee, supervise sth/sb 3742 اِنقِطاع : discontinuation, breaking off 3743 مُحَرِّك : motor, engine 3744 بَدَويّ، بَدو : Bedouin 3745 شَراب : beverage, drink 3746 اِلتِهاب ات : inflammation 3747 مُجَمِّع : collecting, gathering; collector; battery; (web) aggregator (feed reader, news reader) 3748 اِقتَضى : to demand, require sth 3749 عَدَّلَ : to modify, alter sth; to amend, rectify (law); to adjust, correct sth 3750 قَبيل : kind, sort, type 3751 تَفَوُّق : excellence; superiority, supremacy 3752 طاعة : obedience 3753 عَلَّمَ : to teach sb sth or أنّ that; to mark (put a mark on) sth; to write down (phone number) 3754 مَنظور : perspective, point of view, angle; anticipated, expected, foreseeable (future) 3755 جانِبيّ : side, lateral; marginal; secondary 3756 مُفَوَّضيّة : delegation, legation 3757 سوبَرماركت : supermarket 3758 مُجتَمِع : assembling, meeting; (meeting) participant, assemblage 3759 مُجتَمِعةً : combined, collectively, as a whole, as a group 3760 مَرجِع، مَراجِع : source; authority; reference work 3761 عَمَّ، يَعُمُّ، العُمومة : to become general, prevalent, commonplace; to fill up, spread throughout (a place); to be rampant, widespread (chaos, unrest) 3762 تَهدِئَة : calming, soothing; easing, relieving (tension) 3763 لاحَ، يَلوحُ، اللَّوْح : to appear, loom (في الُفُق on the horizon) 3764 هَمَسَ، يَهمِسُ، الهَمْس : to whisper ل to sb (في أُذْنِهِ in sb’s ear) 3765 بَثَّ، يَبُثُّ، البَثّ : to transmit, broadcast (news, show); to disseminate, spread sth 3766 غَدا، يَغدو، الغَدْو : to become (acquire a quality or feature); to seem, appear 3767 هاجِس، هَواجِس : worry, concern; apprehension, misgiving, premonition; fixed idea, obsessive thought 3768 اِستِثنائِيّ : exceptional, irregular; extraordinary 3769 قُدُماً : forwards, forward 3770 عَلَم، أعلام : flag, banner; badge, seal 3771 أعلام : celebrities, famous people 3772 نِعْمَ : (what a) wonderful 3773 مَحمول : portable; carried, held; mobile (phone) 3774 صِيام : fasting, abstinence 3775 رَماد : ashes, cinders 3776 دِفاعيّ : defensive, protective 3777 مُقَدَّمة : preface, introduction; front part; vanguard, front, head 3778 سُكوت : silence, calm 3779 فِقْه : fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) ; understanding, knowledge, science 3780 فِقْه اللُّغة : philology 3781 اِستَشـهَدَ : to quote, cite ب sth 3782 اُستُشـهِدَ : to be martyred, die in battle 3783 مِلْك : possessions, property; land, real estate 3784 جُلّ : majority, most, main part (of) 3785 دِماغ : brain 3786 خَلاص : liberation, deliverance, salvation; settlement 3787 حِسّ : sensation, feeling; sound, noise 3788 عُبور : (verbal noun) crossing (border, street) 3789 شَحْن : charging (battery), loading (camera); cargo, freight; transportation, shipment 3790 مُطرِب : delightful; musician, musical performer 3791 نَجاة : survival, deliverance, salvation; escape 3792 سُكّانيّ : residential, population-related 3793 أسرَعَ : to hurry, hasten في in doing sth 3794 تَحريك : stimulating, activating, putting in motion, making move 3795 قَمْح : wheat 3796 جِراحة : surgery 3797 مُشَرِّف : honorable, noble; honorary 3798 أُمْنيّة، أمانٍ/الأماني : wish, hope, aspiration, desire 3799 سِمة ات : feature, characteristic; stamp, imprint 3800 تَعْقيد : complication, complexity 3801 مِلعَقة، مَلاعِق : spoon 3802 أذىً : damage, harm; injury; offense 3803 ليرة ات : pound, lira (Leb. and Syria) 3804 فَرعيّ : (adj) branch, secondary, subdivision 3805 صانِع، صُنّاع : manufacturer, producer; maker 3806 ثَلْج : snow; ice 3807 عَصاً : stick, baton, rod 3808 تَنظيميّ : organizational, planning; controlling, regulatory 3809 تَقَرَّرَ : to be decided, be resolved 3810 طَرْد : expulsion; dismissal, firing; parcel, package 3811 باكِر : early 3812 باكِراً : early (adv) 3813 أدانَ : to condemn, denounce, censure, disapprove of sth/sb 3814 ضانِع : lost; stray; wasted (time) 3815 قُماش، أقمِشة : fabric, cloth 3816 ساخِر : satirical; ridiculing 3817 وَعى، يَعي، الوَعي : to be aware of, pay attention to sth 3818 شَكَّ، يَشُكُّ، الشَّكّ : to doubt, distrust في sth/sb 3819 مَعدِنيّ : mineral, metal, metallic 3820 اِنعِقاد : convening, holding (meeting) 3821 مُتَبَقٍّ/امُتَبَقّي : remaining, left over; remainder, rest 3822 وِرْديّ : rose-colored, rosy, pink 3823 كَثافة : thickness, density; compactness; intensity 3824 تَشخيص : diagnosis, analysis; characterization 3825 خارِطة : map, chart 3826 مِصداقيّة : credibility 3827 جَرَحَ، يَجرَحُ، الجَرْح : to wound, injure sb 3828 جُرِحَ : to be wounded, be injured 3829 رافِض : rejecting, refusing 3830 مُلَوَّن : colored, multi-colored 3831 حِراسة : guard, escort, protection 3832 مَنشود : pursued, desired, sought; goal, objective 3833 خَفِيَ، يَخفى، الخَفاء : to be hidden 3834 لا يَخفى : it’s obvious 3835 لا يَخفى على أحَدٍ أنّ : as everyone knows… 3836 لا يَخفى عَلَيْكَ أنّ : you are well aware of the fact that 3837 ضَبَطَ، يَضبِطُ، الضَّبْط : to regulate, control; to adjust, fix 3838 اِعتادَ : to become accustomed على to sth, to get used على to sth 3839 صَدارة : chairmanship; precedence 3840 نَاقِد، نُقّاد : critic 3841 تَضحية ات : sacrifice 3842 مَطاف : consequence, upshot 3843 في نِهاية المَطاف : in the end, finally 3844 جَماهيريّ : (adj) mass, throng; (of the) masses 3845 خَصيصة، خَصائِص : attribute, characteristic, feature, trait; peculiarity 3846 تَدَفُّق : flow, stream, flood; influx, invasion 3847 بَحيرة : lake 3848 حَماس : enthusiasm, eagerness, zeal; fortitude, bravery 3849 مِنحة : gift, donation; grant, scholarship 3850 حَصَلَ، يَحصُلُ، الحُصول : to happen, take place 3851 رُمّة : entirety 3852 بِرُمَّتِهِ/ها : completely, all of it/them 3853 وَطَنيّة : nationalism, patriotism 3854 تَمَيُّز : standing out, distinguishing oneself; distinction, excellence 3855 اِقتِراع : balloting, voting, election 3856 طاهِر : clean, pure; flawless, perfect; chaste 3857 على وَشْكِ : on the verge of, just about to 3858 جَنين : fetus, embryo; germ 3859 تُربة : dust, ground, dirt; grave, graveyard 3860 شَبيه : (adj) resembling, similar to 3861 مَسَحَ، يَمسَحُ، المَسْح : to rub, wipe sth; to wipe, sweep, clean sth; to survey, measure sth 3862 عَيِّنة ات : sample, specimen 3863 عُقْب، أعقاب : consequence 3864 في أعقاب : immediately after 3865 جَفاف : dryness, drought; dehydration, desiccation 3866 تَقويم : rating, valuation; calendar 3867 رَصْد : observation; survey; following, tracking, monitoring 3868 تَشَرَّفَ : to be honored, be happy (على to meet sb) 3869 وَحْشيّ : brutal, savage 3870 نَفَقة ات : expenditure, disbursement 3871 نَفَقات : spending 3872 اِمتِلاك : possession; control; seizure 3873 غَيْر مَسبوق : unprecedented 3874 نامٍ/النّامي : developing (country) 3875 تَلَقِّي : receiving, receipt; acquisition 3876 لُغَويّ : (adj) language, linguistic; linguist 3877 كِبْر : pride, arrogance; greatness 3878 تَذكَرة، تَذاكِر : ticket, card 3879 اِستِماع : listening (إلى to) 3880 لَمَسَ، يَلمُسُ، اللَّمْس : to touch, feel, sense sth 3881 اِنخَفَضَ : to drop, fall, decrease; to be lowered, decreased, reduced 3882 مَشَدِّد : stressing, emphasizing; strengthening, intensifying 3883 نَصَحَ، يَنصَحُ، النَّصْح : to advise, counsel sb (ب to do sth) 3884 مَرحوم : deceased, late 3885 اِنفِتاح : opening up, welcoming; openness; receptiveness; open-door (policy) 3886 إنفاَوَنزا : influenza, flu 3887 عَيَّنَ : to appoint, designated sb as sth; to determine, define sth 3888 مُحَرَّم : forbidden 3889 مُحَرَّمات : forbidden things, taboos 3890 حُرمة : sanctity, inviolability; taboo, prohibition; married woman, wife 3891 تَجهيز ات : preparing, putting in order; equipment, gear 3892 نُكتة : joke 3893 مُهلة : extension, deferment; postponement, delay; break, respite; reprieve 3894 فاهِم : understanding, comprehending 3895 اِنضَمَّ : to join, become part إلى of sth 3896 جافّ : dry 3897 نَزيف : bleeding, hemorrhage 3898 عارَضَ : to oppose, resist sth/sb 3899 تَهْيِئة : preparation, arrangement 3900 اِستِعراض : review, inspection; tour, parade 3901 أقسَمَ : to swear يَميناً an oath, swear ب by 3902 مِنَصّة : platform, podium 3903 مُوَفَّق : successful; fortunate 3904 تَظاهِرة : rally, demonstration 3905 عَناء : hardship, trouble; distress, preoccupation 3906 إظهار : expressing, showing, demonstrating 3907 أعلَم : more/most knowledgeable 3908 بَرَّرَ : to justify, warrant sth; to vindicate, acquit sth/sb 3909 سَدّ : bridging (a gap); defrayal (of costs); paying off (a debt) 3910 بَلاء : affliction, misfortune; tribulation 3911 وَظيفيّ : functional; practical; work-related, employment-related 3912 مُواطَنة : citizenship 3913 مَلموس : noticeable, substantial; tangible, concrete 3914 تَحَسُّن : improvement 3915 اِستِشـهاد : martyrdom 3916 أبلَغَ : to inform, notify sb أنّ that; to report ب sth or أنّ that 3917 تَرويج : distribution; promotion, marketing 3918 تَعاطٍ/التَّعاطي : taking (medicine, drugs); treating, handling (على a problem) 3919 تَعارَضَ : to clash, conflict, be at odds مع/و with sth 3920 تَبَرُّع ات : donation, contribution 3921 هُدنة : truce, armistice; calm, lull 3922 مَوْضوعيّ : objective 3923 جِنّ : demon; jinn; genie 3924 مُتَأكِّد : certain, sure convinced (من of) 3925 اِختَتَمَ : to conclude, finalize, wind up (an activity) 3926 تَصنيع : manufacture, industrialization, processing 3927 تَحَرُّر : (self) liberation, emancipation 3928 دِرع : shield, armor; plaque (award) 3929 شَنَّ، يَشُنُّ، الشَّنّ : to wage, launch sth (war, campaign) 3930 قَلِق : worried, concerned, uneasy 3931 راديو : radio 3932 مَعِدة : stomach 3933 نَعَمَ، يَنعَمُ، النَّعمة : to live in comfort; to enjoy ب sth 3934 حِقبة : era, age, time period 3935 إدراك : realization, awareness, comprehension; attainment 3936 فَجوة : (mostly figurative) gap, gulf, breach 3937 خالَفَ : to contradict sth/sb; to conflict with, go against sth; to violate (the law) 3938 تَرَتّبَ : to derive or result على from; to carry the consequence على of 3939 أرضى : to satisfy, please sb 3940 حِذاء : shoe, pair of shoes 3941 اِستَوْعَبَ : to comprehend, grasp, master sth; to contain, absorb, assimilate sth 3942 واحة : oasis 3943 مَنفَذ، مَنافِذ : exit, way out; escape, resort; gateway; port (computer) 3944 طاغٍ/الطّاغي، طُغاة : tyrant, desopt, oppressor; tyrannical, oppressive (person, regime, weather) 3945 شِريان، شَرايين : artery 3946 ألبوم : album (music CD) 3947 مِلء : filling; capacity; quantity 3948 تَدبير, تَدابير : managing, arranging, preparing; arrangement, preparation 3949 كافِر، كُفّار : kafir (person who rejects the Islamic faith), infidel, unbeliever, apostate 3950 تَرخيص : license, permission 3951 مَلَل : boredom 3952 عِلاوة : increase, raise; bonus; allowance, subsidy 3953 عِلاوة على in addition to 3954 شُجاع : brave 3955 سَدَّدَ : to obstruct, block (way); to settle/pay off (debt); to aim, shoot (bullet, ball) 3956 هَدى، يَهدي، الهَدْي : to lead, guide, direct sb (إلى to); to show sb (the way) 3957 طَيْف، أطياف : spectrum (light); ghost, apparition, phantom; vision, fantasy 3958 مُفاد : meaning, content 3959 مُفادُهُ/ها : to the effect that, implying that 3960 خالِق : creator; creating, creative 3961 لَحْن : melody, music, song; tone 3962 مُريح : comfortable, pleasant; soothing, restful 3963 خام : raw, unprocessed; crude (oil) 3964 مُؤَدٍّ/المُؤَدّي : leading إلى to; resulting in, causing إلى sth 3965 شَمعة، شُموع : candle 3966 تَشَكَّلَ : to be formed, be composed 3967 مِراج : mixture; temperament; mood, feeling 3968 إسعاف : first aid, medical service 3969 سَيّارة إسعاف : ambulance 3970 رَقَميّ : numerical; digital 3971 هيه : uh-huh; huh? 3972 شَقيقة : sister 3973 دِفء : heat, warmth 3974 يونانيّ : Greek 3975 ثَبات : proof, corroboration; constancy, firmness 3976 تَزوير : forgery; falsification (documents, the truth); counterfeiting 3977 عِبْريّ : Hebrew 3978 العِبريّة : Hebrew (language) 3979 الدَّوْلة العِبريّة : the Jewish state (Israel) 3980 صِغَر : smallness; youth, infancy 3981 نَفَق، أنفاق : tunnel; underpass, subway 3982 مُتَّفَق عَلَيْهِ/ها : agreed upon 3983 قَدوة : example, role model; pattern 3984 موديل ات : model, pattern 3985 وَطأة : pressure, gravity; harshness, cruelty 3986 جَهَنَّم : hell; Hell 3987 خَتَمَ، يَختِمُ، الخَتْم : to complete, conclude sth; to stamp, seal sth 3988 مُستَفيد : benefiting, profiting (من from); beneficiary 3989 وَباء : epidemic, disease; scourge 3990 اِرتِقاء : rise, ascent; advancement, promotion; progress; evolution 3991 اِتِّباع : pursuing, following, compliance 3992 سُكون : tranquility, quietude, calm; rest, repose 3993 شَنّ : waging, launching (a war, campaign) 3994 تَثبيت : confirmation; stabilization 3995 زَرْع : planting (seed); implanting, transplanting (organ); setting (bomb), laying (mines); growing (plants, crops); cultivating, farming (land) 3996 قَلعة : stronghold, citadel, fort 3997 جاهِد : strenuous, vigorous; striving, endeavoring 3998 مَتْن : deck (ship) 3999 على مَتْن : on board (ship, airplane); surface; main text, content (book, article, poem); lexicon (language); body (person, object) 4000 مُتَحَرِّك : moving, mobile 4001 مُقَوِّم ات : component, ingredient; basic element 4002 وَهميّ : imagined, imaginary; fake, bogus 4003 مُعلِن : announcer; advertiser; announcing, signaling 4004 دونَما : without any, without even 4005 عَدوى : infection 4006 مُبالَغة : exaggeration 4007 عاقِبة، عَواقِب : consequence, result, effect 4008 بَياض : white, whiteness 4009 ضَمِنَ، يَضمَنُ، الضَّمان : to guarantee, insure 4010 مُنتَهىً : (noun) utmost, extreme 4011 حُمّى : fever; heat 4012 مَرّ : (noun) passing, course (of time); going by 4013 قاوَمَ : to resist, oppose sth 4014 اِئْتِلاف : coalition, union 4015 مارّ، مارّة : pedestrian, passerby 4016 كيميائيّ : chemical 4017 حَداثة : modernity, newness, novelty 4018 إيدز : AIDS 4019 ناخِب : voter, elector 4020 اِستِناد : dependance 4021 اِستِناداً على : on the basis of, according to 4022 مُجمَل : total, full amount; summary 4023 اِحتِفاظ : safeguarding, preservation 4024 عارٍ/عاري : naked, bare 4025 سَيْل : streaming, flowing 4026 مَفقود : lost, missing; missing 4027 تَفاؤُل : optimism 4028 ذَريّ : atomic 4029 بَرازيليّ : Brazilian 4030 عَتيق : old, aged 4031 مُفرَدة ات : word, term, expression 4032 مُفرَدات : vocabulary 4033 كوريّ : Korean 4034 تَعميم : making general or public (education, announcement); spreading, disseminating, popularizing 4035 شائِعة ات : rumor 4036 طاقِم : crew, staff, team 4037 ثابِتة، ثَوابِت : principle, rule 4038 ثَوابِت : established norms, guiding principles 4039 تَشاوُر : deliberation, joint consultation 4040 عَقَليّة : mentality, attitude, way of thinking 4041 صَرخة : shout, scream 4042 وافِد : arriving, coming, visiting; foreign, imported; visitor, newcomer; envoy, delegate 4043 لَبِثَ، يَليَثُ، اللَّبث : to stay, linger 4044 ما لَبِثَ أنْ/لم يَلبَثْ أنْ : it wasn’t long before 4045 سَراب : mirage, illusion 4046 لاتينيّ : Latin 4047 شَقّ : splitting, opening; crack, gap 4048 مُسانَدة : support, aid, assistance 4049 شُكَّريّ : diabetes 4050 عُقدة، عُقَد : complex (emotion, feeling); knot (nautical) 4051 مُفَخَّخ : booby-trapped 4052 سَيّارة مُفَخَّخة : car bomb 4053 بَشِع : ugly, horrible, disgusting 4054 تَعطيل : hindering, obstructing; derailing; interrupting 4055 مُحتَوَيات : content 4056 إبّان : time 4057 إبّانَ : during 4058 عَفَرَ، يَعفَرُ، العَفَر : to pardon, forgive ل sb sth 4059 زالَ، يَزولُ، الزَّوْل : to disappear, vanish 4060 أينَما : wherever 4061 إجماع : consensus 4062 بِالإجماع : unanimously 4063 تَنَفُّس : breathing, respiration; breath 4064 هَدْم : demolition, destruction; leveling, razing 4065 قَفْص : cage; prisoner’s dock 4066 جَسَّدَ : to embody, personify sth; to put sth into concrete form 4067 خِزانة : treasury; vault, safe 4068 خِزانة كُتُب : bookcase 4069 شَبَح : ghost, specter 4070 يَقظة : wakefulness; alertness 4071 حَرِج : delicate, sensitive; awkward 4072 باطِن : inner, interior; hidden; inner part, inside 4073 رُخصة، رُخَص : license, permit 4074 عالِق : pending, outstanding (issues); related, connected, relevant; caught, stranded 4075 جَسَديّ : corporeal, physical, bodily; sensual 4076 اِشتَدَّ : to intensify, grow more intense 4077 مَعنَويّ : moral, spiritual, mental; semantic 4078 مُزمِن : enduring, chronic 4079 غازٍ/الغازي، غُزاة : invading, raider 4080 فِطْر : fitr (end of the Ramadan fast) 4081 عَيْد الفِطْر : Eid al-Fitr (festival of the breaking of the Ramandan fast) 4082 فارِسيّ، فُرْس : Persian 4083 عَلَن : (the) open 4084 في العَلَن/عَلَناً : openly, publicly 4085 اِنطَوى : to contain, include على sth 4086 اِنطَوى على نَفسِهِ : to isolate oneself; to be introverted 4087 اِنقِسام : fragmentation, schism; disruption 4088 كَنْز، كُنوز : treasure 4089 مُعادٍ/المُعادي : (adj) hostile, anti- 4090 مُتعَب : tired, weary 4091 راعى : to heed, observe sth; to respect, show consideration for sth 4092 جُزْئيّ : partial, incomplete 4093 جُزئيّاً : partially, in part 4094 خَليط : mixture, blend 4095 جانٍ/الجاني، جُناة : delinquent, criminal 4096 فَقيه، فُقَهاء : faqih (exper in Islamic jurisprudence) 4097 مُتَضَرِّر : damaged; injured; victim; plaintiff 4098 ثَمين : costly; valuable, precious 4099 اِنتِقاليّ : transitional 4100 بَشَرة : skin, epidermis 4101 مُضاعَفة : doubling, compounding 4102 مُضاعَفات : complications 4103 طُلّابيّ : student-related 4104 فَاضٍ/الفاضي : empty; unoccupied; available, free (not busy) 4105 بَنزين : gas, gasoline, petrol 4106 اِعتَزَمَ : to be determined, be resolute (على to do sth) 4107 زَهرة : flower; (fig) splendor 4108 قَمْع : oppression, repression 4109 عَصريّ : contemporary, modern 4110 عُشْب : (coll) grass, vegetation 4111 عُشبة، أعشاب : herb, plant 4112 جُرأة : boldness, audacity, courage 4113 عَصير : juice 4114 أكثَرَ : to do من sth frequently, to do a lot of من sth 4115 وَحي : inspiration 4116 حَزْم : determination, resoluteness 4117 إنتاجيّ : production-related; productive 4118 إساءة : insult, affront; (with following masdar) wrong, incorrect 4119 سَهُلَ، يَسهُلُ، السُّهولة : to be easy, be convenient 4120 ريف : country, countryside, rural area 4121 وَضعيّة : situation, status; position 4122 طاغية : tyrant, despot, dictator 4123 سَرْد : enumeration, listing; presentation, account 4124 تِلفاز : television 4125 اِنتَصَرَ : to be victorious, triumph (على over sb/sth) 4126 تَفادٍ/التَّفادي : avoidance, avoiding 4127 مُستَوْطَنة ات : settlement 4128 عَقَلَ، يَعقِلُ، العَقْل : to be reasonable, be sensible; to make sense, be conceivable 4129 تَرسيخ : consolidating, reinforcing, bolstering 4130 تَأليف : authoring, compiling, composing; forming, constituting; publication, compilation, composition; formation, figuration 4131 خَشَبيّ : wooden, made of wood 4132 رَكَضَ، يَركُضُ، الرَّكْض : to run, race 4133 أمَد : period, duration, term; extent, range 4134 مُخّ : brain 4135 إيصال : sending, transmitting; transporting, conveying 4136 أطلَسيّ : Atlantic; NATO-related 4137 مُتَشَدِّد : extremist, fanatic; strict, intense 4138 نُفاية ات : waste, refuse 4139 لَعَنَ، يَلعَنُ، اللَّعْن : to curse, damn sb/sth 4140 الله يَلعَنْ على : God damn sb 4141 مُحتاج : needy (person); wanting, needing إلى sth 4142 تَأَكَّدَ : to ascertain من sth; to be confirmed 4143 صَليب : cross, crucifix 4144 ثَمرة : fruit; result, yield, outcome 4145 عَزْل : removal, dismissal, distancing; isolation, separation 4146 مُستَقِرّ : settled, at ease; stable, permanent 4147 سُرور : happiness; pleasure, delight 4148 رَدّة : echo, reverberation 4149 رَدّة فِعْل : reaction 4150 رَمْزيّ : symbolic; (data) encoded, encrypted 4151 أُمّيّة : illiteracy 4152 وَصْل : link; connection, contact; receipt 4153 وَصْفة : description, portrayal; (medical) prescription; (food) recipe 4154 شَرِس : vicious, savage, fierce 4155 عَريس : bridegroom 4156 نُصرة : help, assistance; support, backing 4157 غَسيل : washing; laundry, (dirty) clothes 4158 عَصَفَ، يَعصِفُ، العَصْف : to be stormy, be tempestuous; to rage (wind, conflict, crisis) 4159 مُدَمِّر : destructive, destroying 4160 نَشيد : anthem, hymn, song 4161 عَمَّن : from/about who/m 4162 شَلَل : paralysis, inertia 4163 شَلَل الأطفال : polio 4164 شاحِنة ات : truck, lorry, freight car 4165 مَزعُوم : so-called; alleged, claimed 4166 عَبوة ات : package, pack; (explosive) charge 4167 عَبوة ناسِفة : explosive device 4168 أمَّنَ : to secure, safeguard, protect sth/sb; to insure, underwrite على sth/sb (ضد against) 4169 شُرفة : balcony 4170 نَفْع : benefit, advantage; use 4171 قُصور : shortcoming, insufficiency; negligence 4172 إحداث : effectuation, implementation; bringing about 4173 مُنتَظِم : regular, systematic; orderly 4174 نَبَعَ، يَنبَعُ، النَّبْع : to emerge, originate; to emanate, flow 4175 مُقاتِل : combatant, warrior 4176 راوٍ/الرّاوي : narrator, storyteller; reciter (of poetry) 4177 رَقَبة : neck 4178 في رَقَبتِهِ : his responsibility 4179 عُصفور، عَصافير : bird, sparrow 4180 اِحتَفَلَ : to celebrate ب (anniversary, graduation) 4181 قَوِيَ، يَقوى، القُوّة : to be strong (enough) 4182 مُعتَدِل : moderate (weather, policy), restrained; balanced 4183 تَمديد : lengthening; extension, prolongation 4184 اِنتِحار : suicide 4185 خَصْم : adversary 4186 تَقصير : deficiency, inadequacy 4187 فَرَج : relief, relaxation, happiness 4188 إعجاب : admiration, amazement; wonder, surprise 4189 إبعاد : removal; distancing; banishment, deportation, exile 4190 سَدَّ، يَسِدُّ، السَّداد : to close, barricade (door); to turn off (electricity, water); to pay, settle (a debt); to fill (gap), provide (need) 4191 حَلَّقَ : to fly, soar, hover; to circle (the skies) 4192 مُرتاح : relaxed; at ease, resting; happy, satisfied 4193 أبسَط : simpler/est; more/most basic 4194 نَقيب : leader, head; union boss; (military) captain 4195 يورانيوم : uranium 4196 نَسَب : lineage; kinship 4197 سامِع : listening, hearing, able to hear; having heard 4198 تَداعٍ/التَّداعي ات : breakdown, collapse 4199 تَداعيات : reflections, thoughts; repercussions 4200 خَيْرة ات : good deed 4201 خَيْرات : resources, wealth, treasures 4202 حُفرة، حُفَر : pit, hole 4203 اِستَأْهَلَ : to deserve, merit sth 4204 مُقَدِّم : person presenting or submitting; offering, presenting, submitting (request, complaint) 4205 تَواجَدَ : to exist, live; to be found, be located; to be present 4206 نَسمة : smile 4207 إسراع : hurrying, speeding up; acceleration 4208 لَفْظ : uttering, saying 4209 ألفاظ : word, term, expression 4210 خَبيث : malicious, evil; malignant, pernicious 4211 جَمرة جَبيثة : anthrax 4212 طابِق : floor, story 4213 وُجوب : necessity, obligation, duty 4214 خَبَّرَ : to tell sb sth or عن about sth or أنّ that 4215 اِنتِقام : revenge; retaliation, reprisal 4216 جامِع : comprehensive, extensive; gathering, collecting; collector (stamps, etc) 4217 خالِد : immortal, eternal; glorious 4218 صَحابة : Sahaba (companions of the Prophet) 4219 تَصاعُد : rise, ascent; escalation 4220 لَوْم : blame, fault, disapproval, reproach 4221 مَنزَِليّ : (adj) domestic, household 4222 صُحبة : friendship 4223 بِصُحبة : accompanied by 4224 اِفتَقَرَ : to lack, be in need إلى of sth 4225 دَفتَر : notebook; ledger 4226 تَعبِئة : (mil) mobilization, alert; (manufacture) packaging, canning, bottling 4227 مِظَلّة : umbrella 4228 مُطَّلِع : well-informed (على about sth) 4229 لِمَ : why 4230 مُراد : object, goal, intention; (what is) desired, intended 4231 رَصَدَ، يَرصُدُ، الرَّصْد : object, goal, intention; (what is) desired, intended 4232 جالية : expatriate community, colony 4233 اِختَرَقَ : to exceed, break (barrier); to pierce, penetrate sth; to hack into (computer, network); to traverse, cross (region) 4234 ألغى : to cancel, terminate; abrogate 4235 مَثيل : equal, match; peer 4236 لا مَثيل لَهُ : beyond comparison 4237 وِجدان : feeling, emotion; conscience 4238 مُرتَقَب : expected, anticipated 4239 أكرَمَ : to honor, respect sb; to venerate pay tribute to sb 4240 مُستَهدَف : targeted, aimed at, intended 4241 صَحراويّ : desert; Saharan 4242 اِندَرَجَ : to be inserted, included; to be classified, categorized, filed 4243 لِباس : clothes, dress, attire 4244 أضاعَ : to lose sth; to waste (time); to miss, let go by (opportunity) 4245 حَراك : movement, motion 4246 أنزَلَ : to bring or send down, lower sth 4247 جامِد : frozen; rigid 4248 بَهجة : splendor, magnificence; delight 4249 ذابَ، يَذوبُ، الذَّوْب : to dissolve, melt 4250 ساحِليّ : coastal, seaside 4251 ضَجيج : noise; commotion 4252 مَوْضوعيّة : objectivity 4253 نِتاج : result, outcome; production; offspring 4254 مُزارِع : farmer 4255 مَرَضيّ : pathological; diseased; medical 4256 حَنيف : orthodox 4257 الدّين الحَنيف : Islam 4258 سارَعَ : to hurry, hasten إلى to a place, or to do sth 4259 خِلافة : succession; caliphate 4260 ناسِف : explosive, exploding 4261 بُلوغ : reaching, attaining 4262 تَرَكَّزَ : to be centered, concentrated حول/على/في in/on/around sth; to be focused على خر sth 4263 حلا، يَحلو، الحَلاوة : to be sweet 4264 يَحلو لَهُ أنْ : to enjoy doing sth 4265 كَما يَحلو لَهُ : as he pleases 4266 تَوافَقَ : to agree, concur 4267 اِستَضافَ : to host, invite sb 4268 مَصرَع : death, fatality 4269 مُتَظاهِر : demonstrator; demonstrating 4270 مَفعول : impact, effect; result 4271 ساري المَفعول : valid (permit) 4272 خَياليّ : imaginary, fantastic; fictitious 4273 كَمّ : amount, quantity 4274 تَشكيليّ : visual, graphic 4275 اِزدياد : growth, increase, rise 4276 اِستِعانة : seeking help ب from sb, resorting ب to sth, making use of ب sth 4277 مُحَلِّل : analyst 4278 مُنصَرِم : gone by, elapsed (time period) 4279 عِندئذٍ : then, at that time 4280 صِنْف، أصناف : type, class, kind, category 4281 اِستَبعَدَ : to rule out (regard as unlikely) sth 4282 أضحى : to become; (with imperf) to begin, start (doing) 4283 حِبْر : embellishment, adornment, decoration 4284 اِستِشاريّ : advisory, consultative, consulting; advisor, consultant 4285 جَليل : venerable, eminent; glorious, great 4286 هاتِ : bring, french, get sth; to give, hand over sth 4287 تَبرير : justification, pretext; vindication, exoneration 4288 جِذريّ : radical, fundamental, basic 4289 تَوالى : to follow in succession, come on after the other 4290 خُضار : (coll) vegetables, greens 4291 حَرَّمَ : to outlaw, ban sth; to forbid على sb to do sth; to prevent على sb from doing sth 4292 مُحاوِل : attempting, trying (to do sth) 4293 جَمَل، جِمال : camel 4294 مُؤَلَّف : composed (من of); compiled; publication, book; compilation, composition 4295 أُلوف مُؤَلَّفة : thousands and thousands 4296 مَعروض : on display, shown; offered, available; offering, proposal 4297 ذَرّة : atom, particle 4298 جَمْر : embers 4299 تَسَلَّلَ : to infiltrate إلى sth 4300 مُرضٍ/المُرضي : satisfactory, satisfying, pleasing; adequate, sufficient 4301 مُصَلٍّ/المُصَلّي : praying, worshipping; person praying or worshipping 4302 هاجَمَ : to attack, assault sth/sb; to raid, launch a strike against sth 4303 زبون، زَبائِن : custom, client 4304 مُقَرَّب : close, near; close companion, protege 4305 طائِفيّة : sectarianism, factionalism 4306 طُمَأْنينة : calm, tranquility, serenity; rest, repose 4307 تَهريب : smuggling (goods or persons) 4308 إتْمام : completion; realization 4309 صَحوة : awakening, revival; resurgence 4310 وِقائيّ : protective; preservative; preventative 4311 خَطَرَ، يَخطِرُ. الخَطْر : to occur ل to sb; to come على/ب to sb’s minds 4312 دائِر : taking place, happening; ongoing, current 4313 وَيْل : woe, distress 4314 يا وَيْلي : woe is me! 4315 أجدى : to be useful, helpful 4316 يُجدي نَفْعاً : it’s useful 4317 عَتمة : dark, darkness, gloom 4318 شَقَّ، يَشُقُّ، الشَّقّ : to split, cut through sth 4319 شَقَّ طَريقه : to make one’s way (إلى towards) 4320 مَعمَل، مَعامِل : laboratory; factory, installation, (production) facility 4321 دِبموماسيّة : diplomacy 4322 دُهْن، دُهون : oil, grease, fat (esp in food) 4323 فيتامين ات : vitamin 4324 اِختِراق : breaking (barrier); incursion, penetration; traversing, crossing (region); hacking into (computer, network) 4325 فَخامة : excellence, eminence; (in titles) فَخامة الرَّئيس : His Excellency, the President 4326 حَيِّز : sphere, scope; field, domain, area 4327 رَبْع، رُبوع : housing, lodging; residence, home; territory, inhabited area 4328 مالِك : proprietor, owner; possessing, owning; having, holding 4329 زَكاة : zakat (almsgiving in Islam); charity 4330 مُصادَرة : confiscation, seizure; expropriation; impounding 4331 مَظلوم : oppressed, treated unjustly 4332 طَيَّبَ : to make pleasant; to enhance, make delicious (food); to perfume, scent sth 4333 طَيَّبَ خاطِرَهُ : to appease sb 4334 خِتاميّ : concluding, closing, final 4335 هادِف : purposeful, directed; (plans, efforts) aimed at 4336 ريفيّ : rural, countryside; rustic 4337 اِحتِواء : containing, including; controlling, holding back, curbing; inclusion, content 4338 إسكان : housing 4339 أرُزّ : rice 4340 مُقاوِم : antagonist, adversary; resisting, opposing 4341 نَزَفَ، يَنزِفُ، النَّزْف : to bleed, hemorrhage; drain 4342 غَمرة : inundation, flood 4343 غِمار : heat, passion (of conflict) 4344 قَبضة : grip; fistful; seizure 4345 أقدَم : older/est, more/most ancient 4346 نَخيل : date palms 4347 مُعَوِّق ات : obstacle, hurdle, impediment 4348 عامَلَ : to treat, deal with sb/sth (ب in a manner) 4349 تَركيبة : structure, composition; arrangement, configuration 4350 حُنون : affectionate, compassionate; loving, dear 4351 مَذهَبيّ : doctrinal, sectarian 4352 لَوَّحَ : to wave ب with (hand) إلى at sb; to allude to, hint at ب sth 4353 مُفرَد : (adj) individual, separate 4354 بِمُفرَدِهِ : alone, by itself/himself 4355 رُوَيْداً : slowly, gradually; (with pronoun) رُوَيْدَك slow down! 4356 قاتَلَ : to fight (sb) 4357 ميزة : characteristic, distinguishing feature; merit, distinction, advantage, asset 4358 بَحريّة : navy 4359 نَزْعة : inclination, tendency; trend 4360 رَأَسَ، يَرأَسُ، الرَّأْس : to head, lead, direct sth; to chair (meeting) 4361 نَدىً : dew; generosity 4362 طَرَأَ، يَطرَأُ، الطَّرء : to happen (unexpectedly) على to sb; to occur على to sb (an idea) 4363 خُلاصة : gist, synopsis, abstract, summary 4364 خُلاصة القَوْل : in brief, in short 4365 مَعرِفيّ : knowledge-related, information-related; cognitive 4366 شَيْخة : matron, elderly woman, elderly female 4367 يا شَيْخة : my dear lady, ma’am 4368 حَراريّ : thermal, caloric, heat-related 4369 الاِحتِباس الحَراريّ : greenhouse effect, global warming 4370 لُعبة، لُعَب : game, sport; toy, play thing; (fig) deal, trick; (sports) move 4371 مُتَغَيِّر : changing, alternating 4372 مُتَغَيِّرات : variables 4373 قُطر، أقطار : region, district 4374 أقطار : countries 4375 مُلتَزِم : committed (ب to); involved, loyal 4376 طالِب : requesting, demanding 4377 كَليب ات : (film, video) clip 4378 زُحمة : (traffic) congestion, jam, bottleneck; crowd, throng 4379 فِداء : sacrifice; self-sacrifice 4380 اِجتِياح : strike, invasion 4381 حَيَويّة : vigor, vitality; liveliness 4382 بِرّ : charity; piety, righteousness 4383 حَامِل : pregnant 4384 إنسانيّة : humanity, humankind; humaneness 4385 اِقتِحام : incursion, assault; storming into, breaching 4386 تَلا، يَتلو، التَّلاوة : to follow, come after sth/sb; to recite (Quran) 4387 مِئَويّ : one-hundred, hundredth; percent; Celsius, centigrade 4388 نَوَّهَ : to point out, mention ب/إلى أنّ that 4389 رِوائيّ : novelist, narrator; narrative, novelistic 4390 اِنعِكاس ات : repercussion; reflection 4391 على حِدةٍ : separately, individually 4392 دَوّامة : spiral, cycle; whirlpool, vortex; dizziness, confusion 4393 إهمال : neglect, negligence, carelessness 4394 فائِت : past, expired, elapsed, gone by 4395 رَصيف : sidewalk; platform 4396 ضَبيّة، ضَبايا : young girl, young (unmarried) woman 4397 هِبة : gift, grant 4398 مَعدود : limited in number, countable 4399 رَكْب : procession, cavalcade; entourage, retinue 4400 تَقارُب : mutual affinity; rapprochement 4401 رافِد : tributary 4402 الرَّافِدان : Tigris and Euphrates 4403 بِلاد الرّافِدَيْن : Mesopotamia 4404 طَوَّلَ : to lengthen, extend, prolong sth; to take (a long) time; to stay, linger; to last 4405 هُوّة : abyss, chasm; gulf, gap 4406 مُشاوَرة ات : consultation, deliberation, discussion 4407 مُطمَئِن : calm, at east; relieved, reassured; certain, sure, confident (إلى about) 4408 نَظَريّ : theoretical 4409 تَدَفَّقَ : to flow, stream; to drip, drop 4410 أبعَدَ : to remove, eliminate sb عن from; to expel, banish sb; to distance نَفسَهُ عن oneself from sth 4411 حَكَم، حُكّام : (sports) referee 4412 تَضَخُّم : (econ) inflation 4413 رَشيد : rational, sensible, wise, mature 4414 جَبان : coward; cowardly 4415 تَقاعُد : retirement 4416 مَوْطِن، مُواطِن : home country; residence; locality, area 4417 عَجَلة : wheel, tire 4418 ضَئِيل : small, meager, sparse 4419 مُروريّ : traffic-related 4420 فَسيح : wide, extensive; lengthy, extended; ample, roomy 4421 مَرئيّ : visual, visible 4422 مُرونة : flexibility 4423 رَافَقَ : to accompany, escort sb 4424 عُمرانيّ : (adj) building, construction, architectural; civilized, populated 4425 شُبهة ات : suspicion, doubt 4426 سِحريّ : magical, magic; enchanting 4427 تَعَدُّد : pluralism, multi- 4428 عِرقيّ : ethnic, racial 4429 إكمال : completion, conclusion; perfection 4430 ذِمّة : protection, security; conscience 4431 تَواضُع : modesty, humility 4432 مَبعوث : envoy; delegate; representative 4433 مَشرِق : (noun) East, Levant 4434 رَحمَن : merciful (God) 4435 دُكتوراه : doctorate 4436 تَنشيط : stimulation, encouragement, energizing 4437 قَصَّرَ : to shorten, curtail sth 4438 زِمام : reins 4439 طَبَّق : dish, course, meal 4440 اِستَغرَبَ : to be surprised (من at), regard sth as strange 4441 كَسْر : breaking; violating, defying (tradition, the law); fracture, crack; (math) fraction 4442 اللاتي : (fem. pl.) who, whom 4443 حَلوى : pastry, dessert 4444 حَدَّ : to limit, curb من (sb’s freedom, power); to halt, stop من sth 4445 مُتَسائِل : asking oneself, wondering, pondering 4446 مَولِد : birthday, anniversary; birthplace 4447 آسِف : sorry, regretful, remorseful 4448 حَرْق : burning, incineration; burn (wound) 4449 ناجِم : arising, originating, resulting عن from 4450 عائِق، عَوائِق : obstacle, hurdle, impediment 4451 رامي : aimed (إلى at), attempting (إلى to do sth); (person) throwing; rifleman; archer 4452 قُبّة : dome, cupola 4453 حُزمة، حُزَم : package, bundle; set, collection 4454 رَقَصَ، يَرقُصُ، الرَّقْص : to dance 4455 اِرتِداء : wearing, putting on (clothes) 4456 تَزويد : providing, supplying (ب with) 4457 أُسَريّ : (adj) family, domestic 4458 ذُهول : numbness, indifference, confusion 4459 إلَهيّ : divine, heavenly, holy; theological 4460 مُراسِل : correspondent, reporter 4461 تَجَمَّعَ : to gather together, assemble, rally 4462 عِنَب : (coll) grapes 4463 غَزير : abundant, plentiful; substantial, generous 4464 اِجتاحَ : to strike, invade (country, region) 4465 ماجِستير : master’s degree, MA 4466 سَبَحَ، يَسبَحُ، السِّباحة : to swim 4467 فَوات : expiration, passing (time, deadline) 4468 تَخَيَّلَ : to imagine, suppose sth or أنّ that 4469 تَخَيَّلْ : just imagine! fancy that! 4470 خانة : compartment, partition; square (chessboard); field (form, questionnaire); cell (spreadsheet) 4471 مُحَمَّل : loaded, burdened, charged 4472 جَرُؤَ، يَجرُؤُ، الجُرْاة : to dare على to do sth 4473 عَشِقَ، يَعشَقُ، العِشْق : to love, be fond of sth/sb 4474 حَطَّ، يَحُطُّ، الحَطّ : to descend, land (على on) 4475 فِنجان : cup, coffee cup 4476 ثانَويّة : secondary school, high school 4477 شُبّاك : window 4478 اِكتَسَبَ : to earn, gain, win sth 4479 مَخلوق ات : created; creature 4480 سُدّ : dam 4481 مَناعة : resistance, immunity 4482 عَقّار، عَقاقير : drug, medicine 4483 غَضِبَ، يَغضَبُ، الغَضَب : to become angry 4484 مَيْل : inclination, tendency; leaning, sympathy 4485 تَجاهُل : disregard; feigned ignorance; mutual disregard 4486 اِستِجواب : interrogation, questioning 4487 تَعاقُد : contract, mutual agreement 4488 فاسِد : spoiled, rotten; corrupt, immoral 4489 تَأَثُّر : being influenced, affected (ب by); emotion, sensitivity 4490 عَلّامة : eminent scholar, erudite person 4491 أفلَحَ : to succeed, prosper, thrive في in sth 4492 مَوْكِب : parade, procession 4493 بُنّيّ : brown 4494 خَشَب : wood 4495 طَرَّقَ : to knock on (door) 4496 تَرَدُّد : repetition; frequenting (على a place); hesitation (في to do sth); frequency (of waves) 4497 مُنَشِّق : coordinator 4498 مُنكَر : reprehensible; vice 4499 النَّهي عن المَنكُر : the prevention of vice 4500 نَسيم : breeze, wind 4501 شَمّ النَسيم : Egyptian spring festival 4502 تَغَلُّب : surmounting, overcoming على (challenges) 4503 تَوَجَّبَ : to be necessary على for sb أنْ to do sth 4504 غَيْب : (noun) (what is) invisible, concealed 4505 فاعِليّة : effectiveness; activity 4506 مَحْض : (invariable) pure, mere, complete (fantasy, lies, coincidence) 4507 سَعَة : volume, capacity 4508 رَجعة : return, going back, turning back 4509 خَصخَصة : privatization 4510 حاسوب : computer 4511 تَخَرُّج : graduation 4512 كريم : cream (food, cosmetic) 4513 لا مَحالة : without fail, without a doubt 4514 ميل : mile 4515 سَبْق : precedence, antecedence 4516 مَدعوم : supported, bolstered, promoted 4517 أماميّ : (adj) front, frontward 4518 ضَحكة : laugh, laughter 4519 عاقَبَ : to punish sb ب (with a sentence) على for (a crime) 4520 مُساهِم : shareholder, stockholder; participant 4521 اِنـهارَ : to collapse, fall down; to break down, fall apart 4522 اِختِطاف : abduction, kidnapping; hijacking 4523 تَأَخُّر : delay, slowness; backwardness, lack of development 4524 حافِز، حَوافِز : incentive, stimulus, motive 4525 قِبلة : qiblah (direction faced in prayer, i.e. the Kaaba in Mecca); (fig) onu,s focus of attention 4526 رَهْن : mortgage, security 4527 رَهْنَ : subject/liable to, dependent/conditional on 4528 تَمرين، تَمارين : exercise, drill, practice, training 4529 إغاثة : aid, relief assistance 4530 زَوال : ending, cessation; disappearance, vanishing; noon, noontime 4531 زَوالاً : at noon 4532 تَوْبة : repentance, penance 4533 حَلاوة : sweetness, pleasantness; sweets, candy; confectionary 4534 حيلة، حِيَل : trick, ruse, stratagem 4535 جَوهَريّ : fundamental, essential; core, central 4536 حُدوديّ : (adj) frontier, border 4537 نُطْق : pronunciation; utterance 4538 حَمام : (coll) dove, pigeon 4539 حَسَنة ات : good deed, merit 4540 المُشار إلَيْهِ/ها : the aforementioned 4541 اِستِه : targeting, aiming at, intending; allergy 4542 روميّ، روم : Byzantine 4543 الروم الكاثوليك : Roman Catholics 4544 خِضَمّ : (fig) sea, ocean 4545 في خِضَمّ : in the middle of, in the thick of 4546 كَنَّ، يَكُنُّ، الكَنّ : to conceal, hide sth; to harbor (feelings) ل towards sb; to hold, maintain (respect) ل for sb 4547 أضاءَ : to illuminate, shine upon sth 4548 ناشِئ : growing, emerging; resulting عن/من from 4549 النّاشِئة : the youth, adolescents 4550 غُموض : vagueness, obscurity, lack of clarity 4551 مَعجِزة : miracle 4552 تَجميع : gathering, assembling 4553 حاسِب : calculator 4554 طابَ، يَطيبُ، الطّيب : to be good or pleasant; to heal, get well; to be cured 4555 مُبين : plain, clear, obvious 4556 تَعايُش : coexistence, living together 4557 صَوْم : fasting, abstinence 4558 رَوَّجَ : to promote, market sth; to circulate, spread sth 4559 نِفاق : hypocrisy 4560 شَمْل : inclusion, containing 4561 مُواكَبة : accompanying, keeping pace with; escorting 4562 قاع : bottom, floor 4563 اِستِبدال : substitution, replacement; exchange 4564 غَلَقَ، يَغلِقُ، الغَلْق : to lock or bolt shut, to close (door) 4565 خَلفيّ : (adj) back, rear, end; background 4566 مُرَتَّب : organized, in order; neat, tidy, trim; arranged, prepared; regulated; salary, wage, pay 4567 حَيَوانيّ : animal, animal-like, zoological 4568 نُصْب : monument, memorial 4569 نُصبَ : in front of 4570 مُعضِلة : dilemma, problem, difficulty 4571 بَلاغ : report, communiqué, notice, notification 4572 بَلاغ كاذِب : false statement 4573 بُندُقيّة : rifle; gun, weapon 4574 جَبّار : mighty, powerful; huge, gigantic 4575 اِقتِتال : fighting (each other) 4576 تِلقائيّ : automatic, spontaneous 4577 تِلقائيّاً : automatically, spontaneously 4578 اِحتِياطيّ : reserves (economic, geological, military, sports); precautionary, contingency, reserve 4579 اِستِسلام : surrender, capitulation; resignation 4580 ثارَ، يَثورُ، الثَّورة : to revolt, arise 4581 وَتيرة : way, manner, style; method, approach 4582 اِندِماج : integration, assimilation; absorption, fusion 4583 قابَلَ : to meet, encounter, face sb 4584 بُرهة : moment, instant 4585 ضياء : light, glow 4586 نَدَم : remorse, regret 4587 راغِب : (person) wanting, wishing for, desiring (في sth) 4588 اِندِلاع : breaking out, flaring up (fire, war) 4589 نَعيم : comfort, luxury, happiness 4590 مُستَجِدّ : new, recent 4591 مُستَجِدّات : recent events or incidents, latest developments 4592 تَشويه : distortion 4593 اِمتِياز : distinction, excellence; special right, privilege 4594 بَدَنيّ : bodily, physical 4595 مُصَوِّر : photographer; illustrator 4596 قُبلة : kiss 4597 مَحفِل، مَحافِل : gathering, assembly 4598 مَحافِل : circles, groups 4599 ضاحِك : laughing 4600 تارِك : leaving (behind), quitting, abandoning 4601 اِشتَمَلَ : to include, comprise, contain على sth 4602 ساكِن : quiet, calm, motionless 4603 لم يُحَرِّك ساكِناً : he didn’t do a thing, he didn’t lift a finger 4604 قَلَبَ، يَقلِبُ، القَلْب : to turn around; to turn (one’s face, a page); to overthrow, topple (a regime) 4605 سائِل : asking, inquiring; requesting; person asking; beggar 4606 رَنَّ، يَرِنُّ، الرَّنّة : to ring, sound (phone, bell) 4607 جُغْرافيا : geography 4608 كَثَب : nearness, closeness 4609 عن كَثَب : closely 4610 جُند : army, soldiers 4611 تَسَرُّب : leak, escape; infiltration 4612 مُتَرَتِّب : derived or resulting على from; associated or connected على with; arrange, organized, regulated 4613 تَقليص : reducing, shrinking, cutting back 4614 خَلَّفَ : to give birth to (a child); to appoint sb as successor; to leave sth behind 4615 عَمْد : intent; deliberate, premeditated 4616 عَمْداً : deliberately, voluntarily 4617 شَغّال : busy, occupied; in operation, running, functioning; working, employed 4618 مُبتَسِم : smiling 4619 إيقاع : imposition (of a punishment); causing (discord); rhythm, beat 4620 مُهَدَّد : threatened, intimidated; in danger, at risk 4621 عَلْمانيّ : secular 4622 مَصروف، مَصاريف : expenditure, expense; allowance 4623 تَسَلُّل : infiltration 4624 شابَهَ : to resemble, be similar to sth/sb 4625 سَماويّ : heavenly, celestial 4626 رَبِحَ، يَربَحُ، الرِّبْح : to profit من from sth; to gain sth; to win (money, sporting event); to prevail (truth) 4627 مُدّعٍ/المُدّعي : plaintiff, prosecutor; claiming, alleging 4628 مَزيج : combination, mixture, blend 4629 تِباعاً : in succession, consecutively, one after the other 4630 اِنفِصال : separation, break-up; secession 4631 جاهِليّة : ignorance (esp of divine guidance); Jahiliyah (pre-Islam) 4632 بَصَل : (coll) coins 4633 اِستِقطاب : polarization, attraction 4634 دَمْج : inclusion, incorporation, integration; consolidation, merger 4635 غَقلة : negligence, lack of attention 4636 مُذيع : broadcaster, announcer 4637 طَوْر : stage, phase; period, time 4638 بَذْر، بُذور : seed 4639 أثَريّ : archeological; historical 4640 لِصّ، لُصوص : thief 4641 تَقوى : piety, religiousness, devoutness 4642 تَأَهُّل : qualification, competency; marriage, getting married 4643 لِبْس : clothing, dress, attire 4644 بَوْل : urination; urine 4645 مُوَزَّع : distributed, scattered (على among) 4646 حَذِرَ، يَحذَرُ، الحَذَر : to be cautious, beware من of 4647 تَوافُر : availability 4648 هَوْل : fright, shock 4649 جُمرُك، جَمارِك : customs; customs house 4650 الجَمارِك : customs; customs duties, tariffs 4651 إنجاح : granting success, making successful; success 4652 عُثمانيّ : Ottoman 4653 مُتَمَنّي : wishing, desiring; hoping for 4654 بادية : desert, wilderness 4655 بَوْح : uncovering, revealing (a secret); disclosure, confession 4656 صَلَّحَ : to fix, repair, mend sth; to put sth in order 4657 غَرام : love, infatuation 4658 قَوْميّة : nationalism 4659 اِرتاحَ : to relax, rest; to be satisfied, pleased ل with sth; to delight, find please ل in sth 4660 اِاتِحاق : entering; joining; affiliation 4661 شِمال : left 4662 عَلَنيّ : public, open 4663 هولَنديّ : Dutch 4664 كَرَم : generosity, magnanimity 4665 مَفصِل، مَفاصِل : (anatomy) joint; articulation; juncture, turning point, crossroads 4666 تَنَقُّل : transfer; movement; transportation 4667 إفطار : iftar (evening meal, usually of dates that breaks the daily fast during Ramadan); breakfast 4668 شَوْك : (coll) thorns 4669 شَوْكة : fork 4670 ذَريعة : means; pretext, excuse 4671 صارِم : severe, strict; ruthless 4672 مَبذول : exerted, expended; expenditure; exertion, effort 4673 حينئِذٍ : then, at that time 4674 كَيْفَما : however, whatever, whichever 4675 عَلِقَ، يَعلَقُ، العُلوق : to hang, be suspended; to be pending or outstanding; to be attached ب to sth; to latch on ب to sb 4676 نَقلة : move, shift; advance, progress 4677 نَقلة نَوْعيّة : quantum leap 4678 أسعَد : happier/est; luckier/est 4679 فِرار : escape (من from); desertion, defection (من from) 4680 مُتَمَرِّد : rebel, insurgent 4681 قَوْس : bow, arch; vault, arc 4682 بَيْن قَوْسَيْن : between parentheses 4683 مُذ : since, ago 4684 فاتِحة : opening, preface 4685 الفاتِحة : the first surah (chapter) in the Quran 4686 شَيْخوخة : old age, seniority 4687 جَوْف : belly, abdomen; cavity, hollow 4688 في خَوْفِ : in the middle of 4689 حَذْف : deletion, omission 4690 زِرّ : button; (push) button, switch button 4691 داجِن، دَواجِن : tame, domesticated 4692 دَواجِن : chickens, poultry 4693 ديوان : anthology or collection of poems 4694 رِجْل : leg 4695 صَميم : depth, innermost part; true, genuine 4696 تَفاقُم : aggravation, exacerbation; worsening 4697 جالَ، يَجولُ، الجَوْل : to wander, roam about (في/ب a place) 4698 ما يَجولُ بِخاطِرِهِ/بِبالِهِ : what’s on his mind, what’s he worried about 4699 قُبالة : facing, in front of 4700 تَكثيف : increasing, heightening, intensifying; thickening (hair); compression, condensation 4701 لَيْمون : lemon 4702 عَظمة : majesty, greatness, grandeur 4703 مَفَرّ : escape, avoiding 4704 لا مَفَرّ منـهُ : (it’s) inevitable 4705 تَجاوُب : response, responsiveness (to need); rapport 4706 اِحتَضَنَ : to embrace, welcome sb; to comprise, encompass, include sth 4707 عِيادة : clinic, outpatient clinic 4708 غارِق : drowned; immersed, engrossed (في in) 4709 مَركَب : ship, vessel 4710 كُلية، كُلىً : kidney 4711 باكٍ/الباكي : crying, weeping (على over sth/sb); mourning, weeping (for sb) 4712 رامَ، يَريمُ، الرّيْم : to desire, crave sth 4713 على ما يُرامُ : fine, okay; in order 4714 فَرْط : excess, excessive amount, hyper- 4715 جَليّ : clear, evident, obvious 4716 خُلود : immortality; perpetuity; remaining, staying (في at a place) 4717 عَلمانيّة : secularism 4718 عُلويّ : upper, top; superior 4719 لَمَحَ، يَلمَحُ، اللَّمْح : to see, notice sth 4720 اِكتِمال : completion; perfection 4721 سَماحة : magnanimity; (honorific) His Eminence 4722 اِنطِلاقة : start, launch, outset 4723 أنجَزَ : to implement, carry out (project); to accomplish, perform sth 4724 ماسّ : urgent, pressing; touching 4725 عَصَب، أعصاب : nerve 4726 كَهْف : cave, cavern; hole, cavity 4727 مُتَفاوِت : different, diverse 4728 نَوَّرَ : to illuminate; to enlighten; (fig) to brighten (a home, a Web forum, by one’s visit) 4729 بَرْق : lightning; telegraph 4730 بَديع : wonderful, magnificent, marvelous 4731 تَأَمُّل : contemplation, reflection; pondering 4732 فِردَوْس : paradise 4733 تِمثال : statue 4734 عَتَبة : step, stair; threshold 4735 عَتَبة دارِهِ : sb’s front door, sb’s doorsteps 4736 مُصَمِّم : determined, resolute (على to do sth); designer, stylist 4737 تَجَدَّدَ : to be renewed, to be revived; to come up again, to repeat itself 4738 نَهْب : looting, plundering; stealing, robbing 4739 فاتورة : invoice, bill 4740 عِوَض : replacement; compensation, restitution 4741 عِوَضَ/عِوَضاً عن : instead of, in compensation for 4742 مُتَبَّع : followed, observed, adhered to 4743 وَجَع : ache, pain 4744 تَوافَرَ : to be abundantly available 4745 اِستِغناء : dispensing with, doing without عن sth 4746 أعَزّ : stronger/est; dearer/est 4747 ذَوْرة : peak, summit, height 4748 قَدّ : amount 4749 قَدّ ما : as much as 4750 كَنَديّ : Canadian 4751 تَذكير : reminding 4752 لَهَب : flame 4753 مُنَوِّه : pointing out, mentioning ب/إلى أنّ that 4754 اِستِبداد : despotism, absolutism, tyranny 4755 رَيّ : irrigation 4756 كَمال : perfection, completeness 4757 تَفكيك : dismantling, taking apart; separating, breaking up; fragmentation, dissolution 4758 هَندَسيّ : engineering; technical 4759 فُرْن : oven; furnace; bakery 4760 زِحام : crowd, throng; (traffic) congestion 4761 أُسوة : model, example; pattern; concept 4762 أُسوةً ب : based on the model of 4763 مَقرُبة : vicinity, proximity 4764 على مَقرُبةٍ من : close to, near 4765 هَيْبة : reverence, respect; dignity, prestige; fear, awe 4766 بَصَريّ : visual; optical 4767 جَرَّ، يَجُرُّ، الجَرّ : to drag, pull sth 4768 خَفَّ، يَخِفُّ، الخِفّة : to become lighter (weight); to decrease in intensity; to quicken (one’s pace); to rush, hurry إلى to do sth 4769 اِتِّساع : expansion, extension, stretching, widening 4770 قُدوم : arrival, coming; entering (a chat room) 4771 بَرقيّة : telegram 4772 هَيْهاتُ : Not even close! How impossible! In vain! 4773 جَنَّنَ : to infuriate sb; to drive sb insane 4774 مُقام : raised, erected; installed, established, set up; held, hosted (event, party) 4775 مُعرِب : expressing, indicating, manifesting عن (opinion, sentiment) 4776 ما + ل + pronoun : what is wrong with (pronoun) 4777 هاوُن : mortar (weapon) 4778 فَقيد : deceased 4779 اِستيراد : importing, importation 4780 مِساس : violation, infringement (ب of) 4781 اِكتِفاء : contentment, satisfaction; sufficiency, adequacy 4782 أجادَ : to be proficient, be an expert at sth; to do sth well 4783 نِسوة : women 4784 لَذّة : pleasure, joy, delight, enjoyment 4785 وِساطة : mediation, intercession 4786 حَخْز : reservation (seat, room); seizure, confiscation, impounding 4787 مُخَلَّف : left behind 4788 مُخَلَّفات : leftovers 4789 وَهَبَ، يَهَبُ، الوَهْب : to donate, grant sth ل to sb; to give, dedicate (one’s life) ل to 4790 مُجيب : responding, answering; responsive; person answering, person able or willing to answer 4791 مُضطَرّ : compelled, forced, obligated (إلى to do sth) 4792 أسمَر، سَمْراء، سُمْر : brown, tanned, brown-skinned 4793 غَنيّ : stupid, ignorant 4794 مَشرَف، مَشارِف : view 4795 مَشارِف : heights, elevations 4796 حَميد : praiseworthy, laudable; positive, good; (medical) benign 4797 أذان : adhan (Islamic call to prayer) 4798 هَمْس : whispering 4799 هَمْساً : in whisper, by whispering 4800 قُطْب : axis, pole; leader, top figure 4801 مُكَعَّب : cubic (foot, meter); cube-shaped 4802 عافى : to heal, cure sb 4803 َأشرَق : to rise, shine 4804 أنسَأَ : to establish, found; to install, set up 4805 ضَباب : fog, mist; vapor 4806 بَشَّرَ : to give good news; to evangelize 4807 يُبَشِّرُ بالخَيْر : to augur well, to be a good omen 4808 مَجيد : glorious, exalted 4809 وَجيز : brief, short; summarized 4810 مَكروه : detested, loathsome; accident, misfortune, mishap 4811 نَقَصَ، يَنقُصُ، النَّقْص : to lack sth; to be less (عن than); to be reduced 4812 لِئَلّا : in order not to 4813 صُهْيونيّة : Zionism 4814 كِفاح : struggle, fight 4815 مُكافَأة : compensation, remuneration; reward 4816 مُتَداوَل : in circulation, in common, prevailing 4817 قَفْز : jumping, leaping 4818 قامة : stature, status; height 4819 رَيْب : doubt, suspicion 4820 لا رَيْب فيه/ها : there is no doubt about it 4821 بِلا رَيْبٍ : without a doubt 4822 حَزِنَ، يَحزُنُ، الحُزْن : to be sad, grieve على/ل for 4823 عُدوانيّ : hostile, aggressive 4824 اِستِدعاء : summons, call, appeal, petition; recall, calling back 4825 أجَنْدة : agenda, schedule, program; roadmap, blueprint 4826 جَفَّ، يَجِفُّ، الجَفاف : to dry, become dry; (fig) to freeze, run cold (blood) 4827 وَلَّدَ : to generate, produce (energy) 4828 مُتَعاقِب : consecutive, succesive, alternating 4829 أرضيّة : floor, basis, groundwork; background 4830 مُبالَغ فيه/ها : exaggerated 4831 زُجاجة : bottle; (piece of) glass 4832 اِقتَحَمَ : to invade sth; to storm, burst into sth 4833 خَيْبة : failure, frustration 4834 خَيْبة أملٍ : disappointment 4835 تَنازَلَ : to back down عن from; to renounce, waive, forego عن sth 4836 اِندَلَعَ : to break out, flare up (fire, war) 4837 مُشتَبَه فيه/ها : suspicious, suspected 4838 اِختِفاء : disappearance; absence 4839 مُوَجِّه : sending, guiding, directing 4840 تَرميم : restoration, renovation 4841 سَهَر : sleeplessness, night without sleep; watchfulness, vigilance 4842 اِختِراع : invention 4843 سَعِدَ، سَسعَدُ، السَّعادة : to be happy, delight ب in sth 4844 نازِح : displaced person; emigrant 4845 تَعَصُّب : fanaticism, extremism; intolerance 4846 مَبدَئيّ : fundamental, basic 4847 مَبدَئيّاً : in principle 4848 مُختار : mukhtar (village chief); elder; mayor; chosen, selected; elected; favorite, preferred 4849 دَرَج : step, stairs; route, course 4850 إجمال : sum, whole 4851 إجمالاً : in general, on the whole 4852 مَعمول : in use, applied, carried out, effected 4853 تَسَنّى : to be feasible, be possible 4854 عَرَّفَ : to introduce sb ب to sb else; to let sb know sth 4855 موضة : fashion, style 4856 مَرسَم، مَراسِم : art studio, shop 4857 مَراسِم : ceremonies, rituals; conventions, protocol 4858 حَمَّلَ : to load (cargo) 4859 حَمَّلَهُ المَسؤوليّة : to put sb in charge; to blame sb; to download (files) 4860 صَحْن : bowl, plate; courtyard (of a mosque) 4861 ذِهْنيّ : mental, intellectual 4862 فَيْض : abundance; flood, stream 4863 نَشوة : intoxication, rapture, elation 4864 شُعبة، شُعَب : branch, subdivision, department 4865 مُقتَنِع : satisfied, content; convinced 4866 رِئة : lung 4867 بادِرة، بَوادِر : gesture, sign, indication 4868 بَوادِر : early signs, first indications 4869 إخفاء : hiding, concealing, keeping secret; lowering (one’s voice) 4870 أرحَم : more/most merciful 4871 تَحصيل : acquisition, attainment 4872 تَحصيل حاصِل : foregone conclusion; self-evident (fact, truth) 4873 مَقدِرة : ability, potential, capacity 4874 تَكريس : dedication, devotion; consecration 4875 نَجا، يَنجو، النَّجاء : to survive, come out alive; to escape, be rescued من from 4876 قُطن : cotton 4877 أعمَق : deeper/est 4878 بروفسور : professor 4879 صُنْع : manufacture, industry 4880 مُراهَقة : adolescence, puberty 4881 تَعاوَنَ : to cooperate, collaborate مع with sb 4882 مَليّ : (noun) long time 4883 مَليّاً : for a long time, for quite some time 4884 تَوْليد : producing, generating (energy, electricity) 4885 عُنصُريّة : racism 4886 شائِع : widespread, well-known 4887 مُرفَق : attached, appended; enclosed 4888 مِستَر : Mister 4889 خاطَبَ : to address, speak to sb 4890 في مُتَناوَل اليَد : within reach, available 4891 تَخَرَّجَ : to graduate من from 4892 كابتِن : captain 4893 غَيْمة، غُيوم : cloud 4894 دِراما : drama 4895 مَسيحيّة : Christianity 4896 دِيانة ات : religion, creed 4897 هَيْكَلة : structuring, framing; organizing, composing; framework, structure, make-up 4898 تَعميق : deepening, broadening, strengthening (collaboration, partnership) 4899 مُعَظَّم : glorified, venerated; majesty 4900 عَوَّضَ : to repay, compensate, reward sb; to replace, substitute for sth/sb 4901 هاوية : cliff, precipice; abyss, chasm 4902 أدَقّ : more/most accurate, precise 4903 مِسْك : musk 4904 رُقعة : patch, plot of land, area; range, scope; chess board, checkers board; coupon, ticket 4905 اِستِعماريّ : colonialist; (related to) building of settlements 4906 تَعَدُّديّة : multiplicity, pluralism, plurality 4907 وَثيق : secure, firm, solid; steady, reliable 4908 اِستِبعاد : ruling out, regarding as unlikely; excluding 4909 باقة : bouquet (flowers); packet (computer, satellite communications, etc) 4910 كَرْه/كُرْه : hatred, loathing 4911 على كُرهٍ/كُرْهاً : unwillingly, reluctantly, forcibly 4912 شَهيّة : appetite 4913 مُرشِد : guide, instructor; advier, aide 4914 قابِض : holding (company, bank) 4915 تَمكين : enabling, making possible 4916 رَصاصة : bullet; shot 4917 مَحو : eradication, elimination; erasing, wiping out 4918 تَوْصيل : connection, contact 4919 بَحْت : pure, exclusive 4920 حَشَرة ات : insect 4921 رَيْثَما : as long as; until 4922 قاموس : dictionary, lexicon; vocabulary 4923 بِناية : building, edifice; structure 4924 سُيولة : liquidity 4925 تَلاعُب : manipulation, tampering 4926 تَخصيب : fertilization; enrichment (uranium) 4927 شِلْو، أشلاء : corpse; body part, limb; piece, fragment 4928 شَبابيّ : youthful, juvenile; of or relating to youths 4929 رَكلة : kick, shot (in sports) 4930 مَرجوّ : requested, desired, wished for 4931 صُلْح : peace, reconciliation 4932 عاطِل : unemployed (عن العَمَل), jobless; broken, non-functioning, out of order; useless, worthless, no-good 4933 سَريّة، سَرايا : (military) company, squadron 4934 أَنَّ، يَئِنُّ. الأنّ : to complain, moan 4935 مُحال : impossible, absurd; referred, assigned على to; transferred, passed on إلى to 4936 لِ + المُضارِع المَجزوم : let… 4937 لِيَكُنْ : let there be 4938 هَنيء : healthful, beneficial; good, pleasant 4939 هَنيئاً : bon appétit, cheers! 4940 شاكِر : thankful, grateful 4941 ياسمين : jasmine 4942 أرجَح : more/most likely, probable 4943 مُلاحَقة : pursuit, chase; legal prosecution 4944 كَربون : carbon 4945 زِفاف : wedding 4946 لَذيذ : delicious; delightful, marvelous 4947 تُفّاح : (coll) apples 4948 حَياتيّ : biological, living; daily life related 4949 تَبِعة ات : consequence; responsibility 4950 خُضوع : submission, subjection; undergoing (surgery) 4951 مُهاجَمة : attack, assault; raid, strike 4952 أضحى : sacrifice, immolation 4953 عيد الأضحى : Feat of the Sacrifice 4954 إمساك : holding (sth); refrain (عن from); restraint; (med) constipation; imsak (start of Ramadan fast) 4955 تَنبيه : warning, alarm 4956 تَنامٍ/التَّنامي : gradual growth, steady increase 4957 غُيوبة : unconsciousness; trance; coma 4958 بَدَّلَ : to change, modify sth; to substitute sth ب for sth else 4959 مُحَذِّر : warning, cautioning 4960 يُسْر : ease, facility; affluence, prosperity 4961 كامِن : hidden, concealed, secret; latent, dormant 4962 مَدعُوّ : invited, called; named 4963 غَرابة : strangeness, oddness 4964 طَموح : ambitious, desirous 4965 ثَأْر : revenge, retaliation 4966 خَلْط : mixing, blending; mixture, blend 4967 غِشّ : cheating, swindling 4968 عَدا، يَعدو، العَدْو : to run, race; to gallop 4969 لا يَعدو أنْ يَكونَ ، لا يَعدو كَوْنُهُ : it is nothing but, it is merely 4970 تُراثيّ : heritage-based, historical; inherited 4971 حَلبة : arena, ring, circuit, track 4972 أسمى : higher/est, loftier/est 4973 أصدَق : truer/est; more/most reliable 4974 تَراكُم : build-up, accumulation; backlog 4975 قَميص، قُمصان : shirt 4976 حَمِدَ، يَحمَدُ، الحَمْد : to praise, extol, glorify sb; to applaud (sb’s position) 4977 سِمنة : fat; obesity 4978 مُسوَدّة : rough draft 4979 فَتحة : opening; porthole; fatha (Arabic short vowel “a”) 4980 اِعتِصام : adhering, holding on (ب to); taking refuge (ب in); sit-in strike 4981 لَعين : accursed, damned; hateful 4982 اِستِلام : receiving, accepting 4983 حامٍ/الحامي، حُماة : protector, guardian; patron; hot, burning; fierce, passionate 4984 فَناء : extinction, doom, end 4985 أهوَن : easy, simple; comfortable, convenient; unimportant, insignificant; easier/est; lesser/least, lower/est 4986 قَوّى : to strengthen, fortify 4987 مَعيشيّ : livelihood-related; living (conditions, circumstances) 4988 عَشيرة، عَشائِر : clan, tribe 4989 عِشاء : evening 4990 آلَ، يَؤولُ، الأوْل : to become, turn into, come to be إلى st (to reach a certain state) 4991 عِنان : bridle, reins 4992 عَذراء : (fem) virgin 4993 مَريَم العَذراء : The Virgin Mary 4994 بَطيء : slow 4995 مُذهِل : amazing, startling 4996 أدلى : to give, express ب (opinion); to provide, grant ب sth 4997 مُدرَج : registered, listed; included, incorporated 4998 صَرْح : building, structure, edifice; institution 4999 بَريق : sparkle, glitter; luster, shine 5000 مَسبوط : happy, cheerful; satisfied, content 5001 إنذار : warning, caution, alarm 5002 قُرآنيّ : Quranic 5003 إبراز : highlighting, emphasizing, accentuating 5004 جَليد : ice 5005 عَجيبة، عَجائِب : marvel, wonder 5006 البَتّة : (noun that functions as adverb) (not) at all; (none) whatsoever; in (no) way, shape, or form 5007 أشـهَر : more/most famous 5008 تَمْر : (coll) dates 5009 اِشتَرَطَ : to stipulate sth 5010 كُردِستانيّ : Kurdistani 5011 أفضى : to lead إلى to (solution, agreement); to communicate, disclose ب sth 5012 مُتَلَقٍّ/المُتَلَقّي : recipient, (person) receiving 5013 عَيَّطَ : to scream, shout 5014 طَبْخ : cooking, cuisine 5015 بَعثيّ : Baathist 5016 يَدَويّ : manual, by hand 5017 ثَدي : breast; udder 5018 واصِف : describing, portraying, depicting, characterizing 5019 مُؤْسِف : regrettable, unfortunate; sorry, sad 5020 عَمَدَ، يَعمِدُ، العَمْد : to do sth deliberately 5021 اِعتِدال : moderation, restraint 5022 اِستَحالَ : to be impossible (على for sb) أنْ to do sth; to be transformed (إلى into) 5023 عَسكَر : (coll) army, troops 5024 اِستيلاء : appropriation, seizure 5025 كَفَلَ، يَكفُلُ، الكَفْل : to guarantee sth ل for sb; to support, maintain, provide for sb 5026 فَريضة : religious duty 5027 مَنقول : conveyed, transferred; quoted, copied (عن from); mobile 5028 أوْصى : to advise sb (ب to do sth); to make a will 5029 تَعادَلَ : to be balanced, be equitable; to tie (each other, in sports) 5030 أقسى : harsher/est, more/most cruel 5031 وَهَج : blaze, fire; glare, glow 5032 كُرَويّ : round, spherical, ball-shaped; of or relating to football (soccer) 5033 شَمسيّ : solar, sun- 5034 تَسيير : propulsion; steering, guidance 5035 واقِعيّة : realism, reality 5036 مَعلوماتيّ : informatics, information technology, information science 5037 وَثِقَ، يَثِقُ، الوَثاقة : to trust ب in sth/sb; to rely, depend ب on sth/sb 5038 إستاد : stadium 5039 اِستِهلاكيّ : consumer (goods) 5040 ناشِر : publisher 5041 مَنفىً : exile, banishment 5042 هَوى، يَهوي، الهَويّ : to drop, fall down, collapse 5043 مَكشوف : open, public, candid; exposed, uncovered; open-air 5044 في/بَيْنَ ثَنايا : inside, within, among 5045 تَحَقُّق : ascertainment, verification من of sth 5046 وَقْع : impact, effect; impression, imprint; beat (music); fall, falling 5047 مُشكِل : problem, difficulty 5048 مَقطوع : cut off, severed; blocked; interrupted; disconnected 5049 مُفتَرَق : intersection, junction, crossroads 5050 مَعدِن، مَعادِن : mineral, metal 5051 مُستَدام : sustainable (development); sustained 5052 لِحاق : catching up ب with; enrollment ب in; meeting, joining up ب with 5053 مُزمَع : imminent, expected; scheduled, planned, intended 5054 خَلَف : substitute; successor; descendant; recompense, compensation 5055 خَرَقَ، يَخرِقُ، الخَرْق : to pierce, perforate sth; to violate (the law); to exceed, break (barrier) 5056 فِقريّ : spinal, vertebral 5057 مُمَرِّض : (male) nurse 5058 عِرْض، أعراض : honor, dignity 5059 أمضى : to complete, finalize sth; to spend, pass (time) 5060 مُرَكَّز : concentrated, intensive; centralized; condensed; concentrate (orange juice) 5061 أحرى : more/most adequate 5062 بِالأحرى : rather, to be more precise 5063 تَوْقيف : detention; stopping, halting 5064 صوماليّ : Somali 5065 عُمّاليّ : labor (party); workers 5066 اِحتِقان : congestion; (political) tension 5067 بَطريرك : (chr.) patriarch 5068 رَمْي : throwing, tossing, pelting; shooting (bullets) 5069 مَلَأ : crowd; audience, assembly 5070 على المَلَأ : in public 5071 اِستَوْجَبَ : to require sth, make sth necessary 5072 مَوَدّة : friendship, affection 5073 سالِم : safe, secure, sound, intact 5074 رَقيب : observer, inspector; censor; (military) sergeant 5075 نَمْل : (coll) ants 5076 كَوْنيّ : cosmic, relating to the universes 5077 تَجَزَّأ : to be divided, be partitioned; to be separated, be detached 5078 مُخاطِب : speaker, interlocutor; addressing, speaking to 5079 قَلبيّ : cardiac, heart-related 5080 حُسبان : consideration, estimation, calculation 5081 فَضيل : excellent, splendid; commendable; virtuous; distinguished, eminent 5082 قَصَرَ، يَقصِرُ، القَصْر : to shorten, curtail sth; to fall short عن of sth, to fail عن to do sth 5083 قَصُرَ، يَقصُرُ، القِصَر : to be insufficient 5084 مُستَلزَم : required 5085 مُستَلزَمات : requirements 5086 تَصاعَدَ : to climb, increase, rise 5087 أرقى : higher/est; more/most advanced; top, finest 5088 تَدعيم : supporting, backing, propping up 5089 عَنوة : force, violence 5090 عَنوةً : forcibly, by force 5091 تَطَرَّقَ : broaching, discussing إلى (a topic) 5092 رَحبة، رِحاب : open area; public square 5093 رِحاب : vastness; generosity, protection; (university) campus 5094 غازيّ : gaseous; soft (drinks) 5095 مُأْلوف : familiar, typical, usual; customary 5096 تَسديد : payment, settlement; aiming, shooting 5097 إدانة : condemnation, denunciation, censure 5098 عِداد : number, quantity 5099 شَفّاف : transparent, translucent 5100 بُروز : emergence, appearance; prominence 5101 قَصَفَ، يَقصِفُ، القَصْف : to bomb, shell sth 5102 نَبْد : discarding; rejection, renunciation 5103 خاتِم : ring; seal, stamp 5104 خاتِم الأنبِياء/النَّبيّين : the Seal of the Prophets (Muhammad) 5105 وِراثيّ : hereditary; genetic, congenital 5106 وِراثيّاً : genetically 5107 تَحطيم : demolition, destruction 5108 رِواق، أروِقة : corridor, hall; porch, portico 5109 مَلَّ، يَمُلُّ، المَلّ : to be bored, get fed up (من with sth) 5110 حَرير : silk 5111 قَبَليّ : tribal 5112 رُجولة : masculinity, manhood, virility 5113 غُرور : deception, delusion; vanity 5114 بِليون : billion 5115 تَخريب : destruction; sabotage, terrorism 5116 تَبديل : replacement, substitution, exchange 5117 مَرفوض : rejected, refused; intolerable, unacceptable 5118 زَعامة : leadership 5119 فادِح : serious, grave; heavy 5120 أخَصّ : more/most specific 5121 بِالأخَصّ : particularly, especially 5122 قِتاليّ : (adj) fighting, battle 5123 أزالَ : to remove, eliminate; to uninstall (software) 5124 كابوس : nightmare 5125 مَلْجَأ : shelter, refuge 5126 فَحْم : coal 5127 فَريسة : victim, prey 5128 شَغَب : unrest, disturbance 5129 نَقّال : portable, mobile 5130 تَساقَطَ : to collapse; to fall gradually 5131 رُطوبة : moisture, dampness, humidity 5132 واعٍ/الواعي : conscious, awake; aware, informed; alert 5133 اِنتِظام : order, regularity 5134 سِكّين : knife 5135 وَسيط : mediator, intermediary, go-between; middle, medium 5136 فَخّ : trap, snare 5137 مَعشَر : assembly, community, group, society 5138 مُلّا : mullah (Muslim cleric) 5139 مُصادَفة : coincidence 5140 مِرصاد : lookout, ambush 5141 بِالمِرصاد : (lying) in wait 5142 شُروع : embarking في on, engaging في in 5143 جُرعة : dosage, dose; vaccine; gulp 5144 أسِفَ، يَأسَفُ، الأسَف : to be or feel sorry ل/على about/for sth/sb 5145 نَصرانيّ، نَصارى : Christian 5146 صِباً/الصِّبا : (noun) youth, childhood 5147 صارِخ : shouting, screaming, crying out 5148 بُرتُقال : (coll) oranges 5149 مَدروس : studied, planned, investigated; calculated, deliberate 5150 إيميل ات : email 5151 مُستَورَد : imported 5152 مُستَطاع : (what is) possible feasible 5153 حِزام : belt, band; cordon, barrier 5154 مُتَطَوِّع : volunteer 5155 تَزايَدَ : to increase, grow in number 5156 مُستَعمَل : used, in use, employed 5157 مَغرِب : sunset; evening, time of sunset 5158 مانِح : granting, donating; donor 5159 مَمَرّ : passageway, corridor 5160 تَمَتُّح : enjoyment 5161 أسلَمَ : to handover, surrender sth إلى to sb; to become a Muslim, embrace Islam 5162 اِمتِصاص : absorption, suction 5163 أفسَدَ : to spoil, ruin sth; to corrupt sth 5164 نُبُوّة : prophethood; prophecy 5165 مَنزِلة : grade, rank, position 5166 لُغْز، ألغاز : mystery, enigma; puzzle, riddle 5167 مُجتَمَعيّ : societal 5168 زَعلان : angry (على/من with/at), mad (at), annoyed (with) 5169 أحصى : to count, calculate 5170 لا يُحصى : innumerable 5171 لَهيب : flame 5172 حَريم : (coll) women, harem 5173 لَهْو : entertainment, amusement 5174 طَقْس، طُقوس : ritual, rite 5175 رُكوب : getting in/on, riding in/on (vehicle); boarding, traveling by (ship, airplane); mounting, riding (horse, bicycle) 5176 وِعاء : container, receptacle; vessel 5177 تَطَلُّع ات : aspiration, hope 5178 دَقّة ات : knock, stroke, tick, beat 5179 تَأْشيرة : visa (travel, entrance, exit) 5180 حُجْب : hiding, veiling; covering, shielding; withholding, restraining, holding back 5181 فَرَّ، يَفِرُّ، الفَرّ : to escape, flee; to defect, desert 5182 تَدَنٍّ/التَّدَنّي : fall, decline; sinking 5183 حَلْق : throat; chasm, gorge 5184 تَأسَسَ : to be established, be founded 5185 بالكاد : almost 5186 رِهان : bet, wager; contest 5187 عَزيمة : determination, (firm) resolve, (strong) will; incantation 5188 عُمرة : “lesser” pilgrimage to Mecca 5189 كَفَّلَ : to support, maintain, provide for sb 5190 بَنّاء : constructive, positive 5191 شُعلة : torch, flame, fire 5192 طَمْأنَ : (quadrilateral) to pacify, assuage, reassure sb 5193 تَنافُسيّ : competitive; antagonistic 5194 عَباية : abaya (traditional black robe worn by Muslim women) 5195 بُؤْرة : center, focus 5196 بُركان : volcano 5197 تَحريض : incitement, provocation; induction 5198 اِفتِتَاحيّ : opening, leading, introductory; inaugural 5199 المَغفور له/ها : the late, deceased 5200 والٍ/الوالي : ruler, governor 5201 قَلَّما : rarely, seldom; hardly, barely 5202 نَقيّ : pure, clean; undiluted 5203 مُفَدىً : beloved, cherished, greatly esteemed 5204 مُرَجَّح : probable, likely 5205 مَحضَر : report, minutes; attendance 5206 عُبوديّة : slavery, servitude; veneration 5207 نَصْح : advice, counsel 5208 تَمرير : passing, transfer 5209 شَتان : scattering; diaspora 5210 مَنام : sleep; sleeping place 5211 نَفَر : group, party; soldier, private; person, individual (in a population) 5212 أبقى : to maintain, preserve (على) sth/sb; to keep sth/sb (على in a state) 5213 حَشَّنَ : to improve sth, make sth better; to decorate sth, make sth nice 5214 ثَلّاجة : refrigerator, cooler; freezer, ice-box 5215 أبلَغ : more/most eloquent 5216 فيزياء : physics 5217 حَيْثُما : wherever 5218 اِستِراحة : intermission, recess; time-out, (fig) truce; rest, relaxation; lodge, hostel ,rest house; rest area, waiting room, visitors long; shrine (esp. martyr); refuge, shelter (animal protection) 5219 حَفنة : handful 5220 مُعاقَبة : punishment, sanction 5221 شِبْر : span of the hand or foot 5222 ولا شِبْر : not (even) an inch 5223 اِستَغْفَرَ : to beg (God) for forgiveness 5224 تَسَوُّق : shopping 5225 مَشروب ات : beverage, drink 5226 مُخاطَبة : speaking to, addressing sb; conversation 5227 اِمتَلَأَ : to be filled, to become full 5228 عاتِق : shoulder 5229 ضُحىً : forenoon; morning 5230 مَرأى : sight, view 5231 قالِب : form, model; mold 5232 اِستِخراج : extraction; removal 5233 بِتروليّ : petroleum-, oil-based or related 5234 فَرَقَ، يَفرُقُ، الفَرق : to differ, be different; to make a difference 5235 ما بِتَفرِق : it doesn’t matter (مع to sb) 5236 ثَناء : praise, commendation; appreciation 5237 حَلَوِيّات : sweets, candy; confectionary; pastries, desserts 5238 وِصاية : trusteeship, guardianship; care, custody, tutelage 5239 ألحَقَ : to attach, append ب sth; to enroll, register sb ب in (a school) 5240 مَأْوىً : refuge, shelter 5241 بِركة : pool, puddle; (swimming) pool 5242 أجَل : yes, of course 5243 تَخزين : storage, safekeeping 5244 تَمَسَّكَ : to clutch, adhere to ب sth 5245 تَجَسُّس : espionage, spying 5246 أبرَزَ : to highlight, expose sth 5247 مَنال : attainment, achievement; reach, capacity 5248 هاجَرَ : to emigrate 5249 تَنقيب : drilling, excavation; exploration 5250 عُضويّ : organic 5251 ظَهيرة : noon, midday 5252 نِقابيّ : union, syndicate 5253 مُتَساوٍ/المُتَساوي : equivalent, similar 5254 فتبول : football, soccer 5255 مَعمور : populated, inhabited 5256 المَعمورة : the world 5257 مَردود : returns, revenue, yield 5258 تَحَسُّب : expectation, anticipation 5259 تَحَسُّباً لِ : in anticipation of 5260 وَجْد : love, affection, intimacy; passion, ecstasy; contentment, well-being 5261 ضَخّ : pumping; injecting 5262 جِنازة : funeral; funeral procession 5263 خاطِرة، خَواطِر : idea, thought 5264 لاشَيْء : nothingness, non-existence; (sports) zero, nil 5265 اِطمِئْنان : peace of mind, serenity; calm, tranquility 5266 تَقَيُّد : being bound ب to sth; restriction, limitation 5267 مُستَقيم : straight, correct; righteous 5268 مُشتاق : yearning, longing إلى for sth/sb (= to miss sth/sb) 5269 قُرْص : disk, tablet 5270 عِلاجيّ : therapeutic, healing, curative 5271 مُثَلِّث : triangle; triangle-shaped 5272 موبايِل ات : mobile phone, cell phone 5273 جَهِلَ، يَجهَلُ، الجَهْل : to ignore, not know sth 5274 اِحتِراف : professionalism 5275 أحضَرَ : to bring, supply sth; to prepare (food) 5276 فَضّ : resolving, settling (conflict, disputes); breaking up, dispersing, dissolving 5277 مَطبوع : printed 5278 مَطبوعات : publications, printed materials 5279 صَليليّ : cross-shaped; Crusader 5280 تَوْجيهيّ : directing, guiding; instructional 5281 التَّوْجيهيّ : tawjihi (secondary school exam and diploma in Jordan and Palestine) 5282 مُصاحِب : accompanying 5283 تَعَهَّدَ : to commit oneself, pledge ب to do sth 5284 كَبَسَ، يَكبِسُ، الكَبْس : to press (button, key); to dial (phone number); to click (mouse) 5285 مُتَوَجِّه : going, heading إلى to; turning, facing إلى towards 5286 خيرة : choice, pick, elite 5287 أسمى : to name, designate, call 5288 مُختَلِط : mixed, co-ed (schools); hybrid, blended (forces) 5289 مُعتَدٍ/المُعتَدي : aggressor, assailant 5290 قَبَضَ، يَقبِضُ، القَبْض : to arrest, apprehend, seize على sb 5291 دَقيق : flour 5292 مُتَفائِل : optimistic; optimist 5293 عَدّ : counting, calculating 5294 مُصحَف : manuscript, copy (esp. of the Quran) 5295 ناوٍ/النّاوي : intending, wanting (to do sth) 5296 عارِم : tempestuous, frenzied 5297 نَطَرَ، يَنطُرُ، النَّطْر : to wait for sth/sb; to watch, guard sth/sb 5298 بُرتُغاليّ : Portugese 5299 تَعَدَّدَ : to be numerous; to be diverse or varied 5300 وَفيّ : loyal, faithful 5301 كَيْد : trick, ruse, plot, scheme 5302 أشرَف : nobler/est; more/most honorable 5303 وُسع : capability, capacity 5304 تَوَرُّط : involvement, entanglement 5305 جابَ، يَجوبُ، الجَوْب : to explore, traverse, pass through 5306 مَتين : firm, strong, solid, unshakable 5307 مُوَقَّع : signed, bearing signature 5308 اِرتَكَزَ : to be centered, focused على around/on sth 5309 مَلحَمة : fierce battle; epic 5310 اِحتِكار : monopoly, hoarding 5311 فاحَ، يَفيحُ، الفَيْح : to be fragrant; to emanate من from sb (scent, perfume) 5312 أضعَف : weaker/est 5313 ضمّ : joining; addition, annexation

[معني flood control]

نویسنده و منبع: MSA Arabic | تاریخ انتشار: Tue, 25 Sep 2018 22:49:00 +0000

معني flood control

معني flood control

Etymology

Semitic religion

Generic

Hadad

El

Baʿal

Baʿal Hammon

Judaism

Yahweh

Baʿal Berith

Beelzebub

Classical sources

Christianity

Islam

See also

Notes

References

Sources

Further reading

External links

معني flood control

معني flood control

Names and etymology

Geography

Climate

History

Early settlement

Aram-Damascus

Greco-Roman period

Early Islamic Arab period

Seljuq and Ayyubid periods

Mamluk period

Ottoman period

Modern period

Economy

Demographics

Ethnicity

Religion

Historical sites

Walls and gates of Damascus

Churches in the old city

Islamic sites in the old city

Madrasas

Khans

Old Damascene houses

Threats to the future of the old City

Education

Transportation

Culture

Museums

Citations

Sports and leisure

Nearby attractions

Notable people from Damascus

See also

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

معني flood control

معني flood control