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1906 + Today: The Earthquake Blend (Part II) | Shawn Clover

At 5:12 AM on April 18, 1906, San Franciscans woke up to a quick jolt. دانلود hotel desire For the next 25 seconds, all was silent. دانلود hotel desire And then it hit hard–42 seconds of intense shaking. Buildings fell, sinkholes in the streets opened up, railroad tracks bent, and collapsing bricks crushed cable cars sheltered for the night in the cable car barn. But the real damage had not even begun. It was the out-of-control fires that did 90% of the destruction to San Francisco. Over 30 fires, caused by ruptured gas mains, destroyed approximately 25,000 buildings on 490 city blocks. Worst of all, many were started when the military, untrained in the use of dynamite, attempted to demolish buildings to create firebreaks, which resulted in the destruction of more than 50% of the buildings that would have otherwise survived. The dynamited buildings themselves often caught fire. In all, the fires burned for four days and nights.

Mayor Eugene Schmitz put out an authorization for the federal troops and police to shoot and kill looters. Thousands of tents and temporary relief houses went up to house 20,000 displaced people. The city was in disarray. But photography was a common hobby by 1906 and thousands of photos have survived to this day. One photographer even flew his 46 pound camera on a kite to get aerial shots of the aftermath. Some color photographs have even been found.

It’s been two years since I posted the first installment of this series, 1906 + 2010: دانلود hotel desire The Earthquake Blend (Part I). I kept running into delays. In the case of the Valencia St. Hotel, I had to return to the scene on Valencia between 18th and 19th four times before I managed to get it right. There’s quite a bit of conflicting information of exactly where this building once stood. And just when I was about to wrap things up, my dad announced that he had unearthed a local magazine published in late 1906 loaded with earthquake-aftermath photos that I had never seen in any library or online collection. On the plus side, I’ve got plenty more material for a part three now.

To put these photos together, I first create a catalog of historical photos that look like they have potential to be blended. Unfortunately most of these photos end up on the digital cutting room floor because there’s simply no way to get the same photo today because either a building or a tree is in the way. Once I get a good location, I get everything lined up just right. My goal is to stand in the exact spot where the original photographer stood. Doing this needs to take into account equivalent focal length, how the lens was shifted, light conditions, etc. I take plenty of shots, each nudged around a bit at each location. Just moving one foot to the left changes everything.

UPDATE: Many new prints and photos now available and Fade to 1906 (the book) is coming soon.

Here is part two of the series (part one is here):

Swipe left or right to view photos:

Historical Notes

The Cable Car Barn & Powerhouse was completely dismantled and rebuilt from 1982-1984. The Washington Street facade depicted is different in design than that of 1906, but the garage opening and tracks are in the exact same place to the best of my knowledge.
Lotta’s Fountain has moved around over the years. It was raised eight feet in 1916, smashed by a drunk driver in 1954, moved 10 feet in 1975, and completely stripped down and rebuilt in 1998. I lined it up the best I could, but it was obvious when I was overlaying the photos that things weren’t perfect. The Palace Hotel in the background was demolished after the quake and rebuilt to the “new” Palace Hotel that I’ve blended with the old one.

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نویسنده و منبع | تاریخ انتشار: Thu, 03 Jan 2019 13:05:00 +0000

دانلود hotel desire

1906 Earthquake Blended with Today | Shawn Clover

After reading San Francisco is Burning, Dennis Smith’s superb book of San Francisco’s reaction to the 1906 earthquake, I got to thinking. دانلود hotel desire What if I could precisely line up photos taken in 1906 with my own and combine the two together? I’ve always been frustrated by typical “then and now” photos because the photographer always seems to do a sloppy job aligning his ‘then’ photos with the ‘now’ photos.

The Project

After sifting through catalogs of library photos of the devastation of San Francisco’s 1906 earthquake, I picked out a variety of photos taken from April 18, 1906 to 1907 that I felt give a well-rounded depiction of what was going on in the city at the time.

Now comes the fun part. دانلود hotel desire Where was the exact spot the photographer stood? What was the equivalent focal length of his camera’s lens combined with the film medium? How high off the ground was the camera? Where was the sun in the sky? Everything needs to be precise when layering two photos on top of each other. My original idea was to tear away a piece of the modern photo to expose the 1906 photo, but after playing around a bit, everything seemed more interesting when the two were softly blended together.

I found that many of the original photos I planned to use were in fact unusable because the photographer was situated in a place where a building stands today. Others now have trees blocking the view. Oh well.

UPDATE: Many new prints and photos now available and Fade to 1906 (the book) is coming soon.

The Photos

Here the first part of a two-part series of photos:

Swipe left or right to view photos:

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نویسنده و منبع | تاریخ انتشار: Fri, 01 Oct 2010 00:00:00 +0000

دانلود hotel desire

Incarcerated Women in California Pen Open Letter Against ...

In April, The Bakersfield Californian reported that the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) signed a contract with private prison company GEO Group to re-open and operate a women’s facility in Mcfarland, California.

GEO Group will own and operate the 260-bed facility and is expected to make around $9 million per year at full occupancy. دانلود hotel desire Unfortunately, due to the lack of public access to private prison contracts, most of the details are unknown.

This week, a group of ten female prisoners from the Central California Women’s Facility (CCWF) and the California Institution for Women (CIW) have written an open letter calling on “California state legislators to direct CDCR to cancel the contract with GEO and implement existing release programs instead of opening a new prison!”

The women write that they are being “shuffled around without regard for our well-being or our human rights” due to overcrowding. They note that CCWF’s facility is currently operating at 185% capacity, and as a result, prisoners’ access to critical services such as food and healthcare have declined.

They are concerned, however, that this move by the state will not positively impact its mass incarceration problem, and women transferred to GEO Group’s new facility might not see their treatment improve.

GEO GROUP’S RECORD

The letter points to a few instances of abuse and human rights violations at GEO Group facilities, including the 2012 mandated closure of their youth detention center in Walnut Grove, Mississippi. دانلود hotel desire It was there that a judge accused GEO Group of allowing “a cesspool of unconstitutional and inhuman acts and conditions to germinate, the sum of which places the offenders at substantial ongoing risk.”

The letter also mentions another big part of GEO Group’s work: دانلود hotel desire incarcerating immigrants on behalf of the federal government. At a private immigrant facility in Tacoma, Washington, inmates went on hunger strike “to protest the grossly inadequate medical care, exorbitant commissary prices and low or NO pay for work within the center. ”

But GEO’s rap sheet is actually much longer than this, and provides a deeply troubling glimpses into life for female prisoners at their institutions. From PR Watch:

GEO Settles Suit with Family of a Woman who Committed Suicide after Reporting Rape – A woman committed suicide at GEO Group-Operated Val Verde County jail in Texas. Shortly before her death, the woman reported that she had been raped and assaulted by male inmates who were housed in the same cell block. She also reported being ually humiliated by a GEO guard after reporting to the warden that guards allowed male and female inmates to have . The woman’s family sued The GEO Group and several of its guards (PDF). In March 2007, the company reportedly settled with the family for $200,000.

And also:

State of Texas Fines Company $625,000 and Terminates $12 Million Contract for Mismanagement of Jail; 12 Employees Charged with Sexual Assault – In 1999, the AP reported that the state of Texas terminated GEO Group’s (then known as Wackenhut) $12 million a year contract to run a jail in Travis County due to mismanagement that eventually led to eleven guards and one case manager being charged with ually assaulting female inmates. Over a period of two years, the state levied $625,000 in penalties due to chronic staffing shortages at the facility. A state audit showed that the jail barely kept the minimum number of guards required in the contract.

Under GEO’s watch, other private service companies have abused prisoners as well. A doctor from Corizon Health, Inc., a private contractor that “provides medical care and pharmacy services,” was the subject of a lawsuit alleging he ually abused nearly 20 prisoners at two GEO facilities in New Mexico.

Like other private prison companies, as GEO fills its beds, it makes more money with which it can lobby elected officials for favorable laws and to secure more contracts. Successive California governors have taken thousands from private prison corporations. Corrections Corporation of America (CCA) gave $100,000 to Gov. Schwarzenegger’s PAC in 2009/10. This year — the same year CDCR announced this deal with GEO Group — Gov. Brown’s reelection campaign took $54,400 from the private prison contractor.

Their lobbying operation, however, is much bigger than giving money to a couple of Golden State governors. The women acknowledge in their letter that “GEO Group has spent $7.6 million on lobbying and campaign contributions in the U.S. in the last decade,” and has even partnered with ALEC to draft a bill to profile immigrants in Arizona. As they note, “These legal changes resulted in significant profits for GEO.”

A NIGHTMARE FOR WOMEN

Violence, ual assault and a lack of medical and mental health care are just a few of the issues women must endure behind bars at for-profit institutions. Medical staff have been found to be poorly trained and under-employed, sometimes dishing out wrong or different prescriptions to inmates.

The personnel problems (poor training, failure to conduct background checks, etc) contribute significantly to the abusive atmosphere at these prisons. Undertrained guards and an absurdly zero-tolerance rule system also conspire to quickly land prisoners in prolonged solitary confinement, sometimes for relatively benign infractions.

Older incarcerated women (who require more medical care, constitute a lower threat to public safety and cost more to imprison) are particularly vulnerable in these situations.

Take, for example, the case for 73 year old prisoner Carol Lester, who was put in solitary for 34 days at a CCA prison in New Mexico as her health seriously declined. Lester was put in solitary for starting a letter writing campaign after she was given the wrong medication and ultimately denied medical care for her thyroid cancer.

The denial of medical care can be especially threatening to pregnant prisoners, who make up 2/3 of the female prison population. At some private facilities, those women are herded like cattle and forced to give birth in chains. In one case at a CCA prison in Dallas, a four-day-old child died after her mother gave birth to her in a toilet because officials at the private prison refused her medical care.

Finally, it must be noted that the majority of incarcerated women are victims of violence (domestic, ual, or otherwise), often serving mandatory minimum sentences for defending themselves against their attackers, like the case of Marissa Alexander. Their incarceration represents a perpetuation of that violence on both sides of the prison walls.

CALIFORNIA IS ADDICTED TO PRISONS

What makes this call to action all the more important is that it’s coming from California, which not only has one of the highest incarceration rates in the nation, but has one of the highest incarceration rates for women. According to the Women’s Prison Association, the number of women in prison has surged 800% in the past 30 years.

Private prisons are indeed a big problem for California, but the public system does not offer women much respite from administrative violence, either. For over two decades, CDCR was found to have sterilized hundreds of female inmates without state approval. Some of the women who fell victim to CDCR’s unauthorized sterilization campaign came from CIW, where a few of the women who wrote the open letter are being incarcerated.

California’s prison addiction is out of control, and it’s truly shameful that few politicians (particularly those with national ambitions) are willing to risk the label of being another Michael Dukakis in order to do what’s right for their people. This is how we get to a place where Governor Brown appears to be willing to do anything to avoid court-ordered decarceration, including increasing the state’s patronage of private prison corporations while taking money from the industry at the same time for his reelection.

Governor Brown claims that focusing on sentence reduction and speeding up the release and re-entry of prisoners could put communities at risk. This claim has no basis in reality, but for the sake of argument, hasn’t mass incarceration put these communities through enough already? Didn’t decades of tough-on-crime policies steal away thousands of mothers, daughters, fathers and sons from their communities, contributing to an endless cycle of abject conditions that landed even more people in those prisons? Does the mistrust in law and order and simmering resentment promulgated by these policies not put communities at risk as well? Are we not to blame the New Jim Crow for continuing this social isolation after prisoners have been released, denying them job and housing opportunities?

And are we to forget that these are indeed human beings in California’s prisons, who are forced to toil away in subhuman conditions while the governor kicks the can further down the road?

The women behind the open letter know that a new private prison for women is just about the furthest thing from what the state needs to be doing right now to address its addiction to mass incarceration. They write, “It is shameful that CDCR is about to open a for-profit “boutique prison” that does nothing positive to solve the disproportionate overcrowding in the women’s prisons at this time. […] Instead use this $9 million to fully implement existing release programs immediately and fund community-based not-for-profit reentry programs.”

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نویسنده و منبع: Brian Sonenstein | تاریخ انتشار: Fri, 04 Jan 2019 21:03:00 +0000

دانلود hotel desire

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: دانلود hotel desire ، دانلود hotel desire

[دانلود hotel desire]

نویسنده و منبع: Brian Sonenstein | تاریخ انتشار: Sat, 05 Jan 2019 05:53:00 +0000

دانلود hotel desire

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Western Electric Model 302 telephone, found throughout the United States from 1937 until the introduction of touch-tone dialing.[1]

Calculator Olivetti Divisumma 24 designed in 1956 by Marcello Nizzoli

Industrial design is a process of design applied to products that are to be manufactured through techniques of mass production.[2][3] Its key characteristic is that design is separated from manufacture: دانلود hotel desire the creative act of determining and defining a product's form and features takes place in advance of the physical act of making a product, which consists purely of repeated, often automated, replication.[4][5] This distinguishes industrial design from craft-based design, where the form of the product is determined by the product's creator at the time of its creation.[6]

All manufactured products are the result of a design process, but the nature of this process can take many forms: it can be conducted by an individual or a large team; it can emphasize intuitive creativity or calculated scientific decision-making, and often emphasizes both at the same time; and it can be influenced by factors as varied as materials, production processes, business strategy, and prevailing social, commercial, or aesthetic attitudes.[4] The role of an industrial designer is to create and execute design solutions for problems of form, function, usability, physical ergonomics, marketing, brand development, sustainability, and sales.[7]

History

Precursors

For several millennia before the onset of industrialisation, design, technical expertise, and manufacturing were often done by individuals craftsmen, who determined the form of a product at the point of its creation, according to their own manual skill, the requirements of their clients, experience accumulated through their own experimentation, and knowledge passed on to them through training or apprenticeship.[6]

The division of labour that underlies the practice of industrial design did have precedents in the pre-industrial era.[2] The growth of trade in the medieval period led to the emergence of large workshops in cities such as Florence, Venice, Nuremberg and Bruges, where groups of more specialized craftsmen made objects with common forms through the repetitive duplication of models which defined by their shared training and technique.[8] Competitive pressures in the early 16th century led to the emergence in Italy and Germany of pattern books: collections of engravings illustrating decorative forms and motifs which could be applied to a wide range of products, and whose creation took place in advance of their application.[8] The use of drawing to specify how something was to be constructed later was first developed by architects and shipwrights during the Italian Renaissance.[9]

In the 17th century, the growth of artistic patronage in centralized monarchical states such as France led to large government-operated manufacturing operations epitomised by the Gobelins Manufactory, opened in Paris in 1667 by Louis XIV.[8] Here teams of hundreds of craftsmen, including specialist artists, decorators and engravers, produced sumptuously decorated products ranging from tapestries and furniture to metalwork and coaches, all under the creative supervision of the King's leading artist Charles Le Brun.[10] This pattern of large-scale royal patronage was repeated in the court porcelain factories of the early 18th century, such as the Meissen porcelain workshops established in 1709 by the Grand Duke of Saxony, where patterns from a range of sources, including court goldsmiths, sculptors and engravers, were used as models for the vessels and figurines for which it became famous.[11] As long as reproduction remained craft-based, however, the form and artistic quality of the product remained in the hands of the individual craftsman, and tended to decline as the scale of production increased.[12]

Birth of industrial design

The emergence of industrial design is specifically linked to the growth of industrialisation and mechanisation that began with the industrial revolution in Great Britain in the mid 18th century.[2][3] The rise of industrial manufacture changed the way objects were made, urbanisation changed patterns of consumption, the growth of empires broadened tastes and diversified markets, and the emergence of a wider middle class created demand for fashionable styles from a much larger and more heterogeneous population.[13]

The first use of the term "industrial design" is often attributed to the industrial designer Joseph Claude Sinel in 1919 (although he himself denied this in interviews), but the discipline predates 1919 by at least a decade. دانلود hotel desire Christopher Dresser is considered among the first independent industrial designers.[14] Industrial design's origins lie in the industrialization of consumer products. For instance the Deutscher Werkbund, founded in 1907 and a precursor to the Bauhaus, was a state-sponsored effort to integrate traditional crafts and industrial mass-production techniques, to put Germany on a competitive footing with Great Britain and the United States.

The earliest use of the term may have been in The Art Union, A monthly Journal of the Fine Arts, 1839.

Dyce's report to the Board of Trade on foreign schools of Design for Manufactures. Mr Dyces official visit to France, Prussia and Bavaria for the purpose of examining the state of schools of design in those countries will be fresh in the recollection of our readers. His report on this subject was ordered to be printed some few months since, on the motion of Mr Hume.

The school of St Peter, at Lyons was founded about 1750 for the instruction of draftsmen employed in preparing patterns for the silk manufacture. It has been much more successful than the Paris school and having been disorganized by the revolution, was restored by Napoleon and differently constituted, being then erected into an Academy of Fine Art: to which the study of design for silk manufacture was merely attached as a subordinate branch. It appears that all the students who entered the school commence as if they were intended for artists in the higher sense of the word and are not expected to decide as to whether they will devote themselves to the Fine Arts or to Industrial Design, until they have completed their exercises in drawing and painting of the figure from the antique and from the living model. It is for this reason, and from the fact that artists for industrial purposes are both well paid and highly considered (as being well instructed men) that so many individuals in France engage themselves in both pursuits.

The Practical Draughtsman's Book of Industrial Design by Jacques-Eugène Armengaud was printed in 1853.[15] The subtitle of the (translated) work explains, that it wants to offer a "complete course of mechanical, engineering, and architectural drawing." The study of those types of technical drawing, according to Armengaud, belong to the field of industrial design. This work paved the way for a big expansion in the field drawing education in France, the United Kingdom and the United States.

Robert Lepper helped to establish one of the country's first industrial design degree programs in 1934 at Carnegie Institute of Technology.[16]

Education

Product design and industrial design overlap in the fields of user interface design, information design, and interaction design. Various schools of industrial design specialize in one of these aspects, ranging from pure art colleges and design schools (product styling), to mixed programs of engineering and design, to related disciplines such as exhibit design and interior design, to schools that almost completely subordinated aesthetic design to concerns of usage and ergonomics, the so-called functionalist school.[17] Except for certain functional areas of overlap between industrial design and engineering design, educational programs in the U.S. for engineering design require accreditation by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET)[18] in contrast to programs for industrial design which are accredited by the National Association of Schools of Art and Design (NASAD).[19]

Institutions

Most industrial designers complete a design or related program at a vocational school or university. Relevant programs include graphic design, interior design, industrial design, architectural technology, and drafting Diplomas and degrees in industrial design are offered at vocational schools and universities worldwide. Diplomas and degrees take two to four years of study. The study results in a Bachelor of Industrial Design (B.I.D.), Bachelor of Science (B.Sc) or Bachelor of Fine Arts (B.F.A.). Afterwards, the bachelor programme can be extended to postgraduate degrees such as Master of Design, Master of Fine Arts and others to a Master of Arts or Master of Science.

Definition

Industrial design studies function and form—and the connection between product, user, and environment. Generally, industrial design professionals work in small scale design, rather than overall design of complex systems such as buildings or ships. Industrial designers don't usually design motors, electrical circuits, or gearing that make machines move, but they may affect technical aspects through usability design and form relationships. Usually, they work with other professionals such as engineers who design the mechanical aspects of the product assuring functionality and manufacturability, and with marketers to identify and fulfill customer needs and expectations.

Industrial design (ID) is the professional service of creating and developing concepts and specifications that optimize the function, value and appearance of products and systems for the mutual benefit of both user and manufacturer.

Industrial Designers Society of America,[20]

Design, itself, is often difficult to describe to non-designers and engineers, because the meaning accepted by the design community is not made of words. Instead, the definition is created as a result of acquiring a critical framework for the analysis and creation of artifacts. One of the many accepted (but intentionally unspecific) definitions of design originates from Carnegie Mellon's School of Design, "Design is the process of taking something from its existing state and moving it to a preferred state" (Simon, Herbert A. "The sciences of the artiﬁcial." Cambridge, MA (1969, 1981, 1996)). This applies to new artifacts, whose existing state is undefined, and previously created artifacts, whose state stands to be improved.

Industrial design can overlap significantly with engineering design, and in different countries the boundaries of the two concepts can vary, but in general engineering focuses principally on functionality or utility of products, whereas industrial design focuses principally on aesthetic and user-interface aspects of products. In many jurisdictions this distinction is effectively defined by credentials and/or licensure required to engage in the practice of engineering.[21] "Industrial design" as such does not overlap much with the engineering sub-discipline of industrial engineering, except for the latter's sub-specialty of ergonomics.

At the 29th General Assembly in Gwangju, South Korea, 2015, the Professional Practise Committee unveiled a renewed definition of industrial design as follows: "Industrial Design is a strategic problem-solving process that drives innovation, builds business success and leads to a better quality of life through innovative products, systems, services and experiences." An extended version of this definition is as follows: "Industrial Design is a strategic problem-solving process that drives innovation, builds business success and leads to a better quality of life through innovative products, systems, services and experiences. Industrial Design bridges the gap between what is and what’s possible. It is a trans-disciplinary profession that harnesses creativity to resolve problems and co-create solutions with the intent of making a product, system, service, experience or a business, better. At its heart, Industrial Design provides a more optimistic way of looking at the future by reframing problems as opportunities. It links innovation, technology, research, business and customers to provide new value and competitive advantage across economic, social and environmental spheres. Industrial Designers place the human in the centre of the process. They acquire a deep understanding of user needs through empathy and apply a pragmatic, user centric problem solving process to design products, systems, services and experiences. They are strategic stakeholders in the innovation process and are uniquely positioned to bridge varied professional disciplines and business interests. They value the economic, social and environmental impact of their work and their contribution towards co-creating a better quality of life. "[22]

Design process

A Fender Stratocaster with sunburst finish, one of the most widely recognized electric guitars in the world.

Model 1300 Volkswagen Beetle

Although the process of design may be considered 'creative,' many analytical processes also take place. In fact, many industrial designers often use various design methodologies in their creative process. Some of the processes that are commonly used are user research, sketching, comparative product research, model making, prototyping and testing. These processes are best defined by the industrial designers and/or other team members. Industrial designers often utilize 3D software, computer-aided industrial design and CAD programs to move from concept to production. They may also build a prototype first and then use industrial CT scanning to test for interior defects and generate a CAD model. From this the manufacturing process may be modified to improve the product.

Product characteristics specified by industrial designers may include the overall form of the object, the location of details with respect to one another, colors, texture, form, and aspects concerning the use of the product. Additionally they may specify aspects concerning the production process, choice of materials and the way the product is presented to the consumer at the point of sale. The inclusion of industrial designers in a product development process may lead to added value by improving usability, lowering production costs and developing more appealing products.

Industrial design may also focus on technical concepts, products, and processes. In addition to aesthetics, usability, and ergonomics, it can also encompass engineering, usefulness, market placement, and other concerns—such as psychology, desire, and the emotional attachment of the user. These values and accompanying aspects that form the basis of industrial design can vary—between different schools of thought, and among practicing designers.

Industrial design rights

Main article: Industrial design rights

Industrial design rights are intellectual property rights that make exclusive the visual design of objects that are not purely utilitarian. A design patent would also be considered under this category. An industrial design consists of the creation of a shape, configuration or composition of pattern or color, or combination of pattern and color in three-dimensional form containing aesthetic value. An industrial design can be a two- or three-dimensional pattern used to produce a product, industrial commodity or handicraft. Under the Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs, a WIPO-administered treaty, a procedure for an international registration exists. An applicant can file for a single international deposit with WIPO or with the national office in a country party to the treaty. The design will then be protected in as many member countries of the treaty as desired.

Examples of iconic industrial design

Lurelle Guild. Vacuum Cleaner, c. 1937. Brooklyn Museum

Chair by Charles Eames

Russel Wright. Coffee Urn, c. 1935 Brooklyn Museum

A number of industrial designers have made such a significant impact on culture and daily life that their work is documented by historians of social science. Alvar Aalto, renowned as an architect, also designed a significant number of household items, such as chairs, stools, lamps, a tea-cart, and vases. Raymond Loewy was a prolific American designer who is responsible for the Royal Dutch Shell corporate logo, the original BP logo (in use until 2000), the PRR S1 steam locomotive, the Studebaker Starlight (including the later iconic bulletnose), as well as Schick electric razors, Electrolux refrigerators, short-wave radios, Le Creuset French ovens, and a complete line of modern furniture, among many other items.

Richard A. Teague, who spent most of his career with the American Motor Company, originated the concept of using interchangeable body panels so as to create a wide array of different vehicles using the same stampings. He was responsible for such unique automotive designs as the Pacer, Gremlin, Matador coupe, Jeep Cherokee, and the complete interior of the Eagle Premier.

Milwaukee's Brooks Stevens was best known for his Milwaukee Road Skytop Lounge car and Oscar Mayer Wienermobile designs, among others.

Viktor Schreckengost designed bicycles manufactured by Murray bicycles for Murray and Sears, Roebuck and Company. With engineer Ray Spiller, he designed the first truck with a cab-over-engine configuration, a design in use to this day. Schreckengost also founded The Cleveland Institute of Art's school of industrial design.

Oskar Barnack was a German optical engineer, precision mechanic, industrial designer, and the father of 35mm photography. He developed the Leica, which became the hallmark for photography for 50 years, and remains a high-water mark for mechanical and optical design.

Charles and Ray Eames were most famous for their pioneering furniture designs, such as the Eames Lounge Chair Wood and Eames Lounge Chair. Other influential designers included Henry Dreyfuss, Eliot Noyes, John Vassos, and Russel Wright.

Dieter Rams is a German industrial designer closely associated with the consumer products company Braun and the Functionalist school of industrial design.

Many of Apple's recent iconic products were designed by Sir Jonathan Ive.

Notes

^ See Dyson's autobiography Against The Odds, Pub Thomson 2002[23]

References

Citations

^ "WE 300-series Types". Paul-f.com. 2012-08-11. Retrieved 2012-09-20.

^ a b c Heskett 1980, pp. 10-11.

^ a b Kirkham 1999.

^ a b Heskett 1980, p. 10.

^ Noblet 1993, pp. 21-22.

^ a b Noblet 1993, p. 21.

^ de Noblet, J., Industrial Design, Paris: A.F.A.A. (1993)

^ a b c Heskett 1980, p. 11.

^ Baynes 1991, p. 108.

^ Heskett 1980, pp. 11-12.

^ Heskett 1980, p. 12.

^ Heskett 1980, pp. 12-13.

^ Benton 2000, p. 380.

^ "Christopher Dresser". Design Museum. Archived from the original on 20 September 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2015.

^ "The practical draughtsman's book of industrial design : forming a complete course of mechanical, engineering, and architectural drawing by Armengaud, aîné (Jacques-Eugène), 1810-1891". Internet Archive. Retrieved 14 April 2015.

^ "Newsbriefs: Lepper show runs at Warhol." Carnegie Mellon Magazine. Winter 2002. Retrieved January 17, 2014.

^ Pulos, Arthur J., The American Design Adventure 1940-1975, Cambridge, Mass:MIT Press (1988), p. 249 (ISBN 9780262161060)

^ Abet.org

^ Nasad.arts-accredit.org Archived 2015-08-12 at the Wayback Machine.

^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on January 24, 2010. Retrieved 2010-01-25.

^ "The Difference Between Industrial Design And Design Engineering". MCADC Cafe. Archived from the original on 20 September 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2015.

^ ICSID web：DEFINITION OF INDUSTRIAL DESIGN Archived 2007-03-17 at the Wayback Machine.

^ Dyson, James (1997). Against the odds: An autobiography. London: Orion Business. ISBN 978-0-7528-0981-6. OCLC 38066046.

Sources

Barnwell, Maurice. Design, Creativity and Culture, Black Dog, 2011, ISBN 978 1 907317 408
Barnwell, Maurice. Design Evolution: Big Bang to Big Data,Toronto, 2014. ISBN 978-0-9937396-0-6
Benton, Charlotte (2000). "Design and Industry". In Kemp, Martin. The Oxford History of Western Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 380–383. ISBN 0198600127.
Coelho, Denis A. (editor), Industrial Design - New Frontiers, InTech Open Access Publisher, 2011. ISBN 978-953-307-622-5.
Forty, Adrian. Objects of Desire: Design and Society Since 1750. Thames Hudson, May 1992. ISBN 978-0-500-27412-5
Heskett, John. Industrial Design, Thames & Hudson, 1980, ISBN 0500201811
Kirkham, Pat (1999). "Industrial design". Grove Art Online. Oxford University Press. Missing or empty |url= (help)
Mayall, WH, Industrial Design for Engineers, London: Iliffe Books, 1967, ISBN 978-0592042053
Mayall, WH, Machines and Perception in Industrial Design, London: Studio Vista, 1968, ISBN 978-0289279168
Meikle, Jeffrey. Twentieth Century Limited: Industrial Design engineering in America, 1925 - 1939, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1979 ISBN 978-0877222460
Noblet, Jocelyn de (1993). "Design in Progress". In Noblet, Jocelyn de. Industrial design: reflection of a century. Paris: Flammarion/APCI. pp. 21–25. ISBN 2080135392.
Pirovano, Carlo, ed. (1991). "Forms of Representation". History of Industrial Design. 1. Milan: Electa. pp. 108–127. OCLC 32885051.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Product Design. Wikiquote has quotations related to: Industrial design

Doodles, Drafts and Designs: Industrial Drawings from the Smithsonian (2004) Smithsonian Institution Libraries

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History

Precursors

Birth of industrial design

Education

Institutions

Definition

Design process

Industrial design rights

Examples of iconic industrial design

See also

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

External links