معنی hide your story به فارسی

ايران درون رديف کهن ترين تمدن هاي جهان قرار دارد و از طرفی بـه  خاطر وجود آب و هواي متنوع و چهار فصل مختلف درون هریک ار مناطق کشور و جاذبه هاي طبيعي زيبا و متعدد از زیبا ترین و جذاب ترین  مراکز جهانگردي دنيا بـه حساب مي آيد.

تا کنون تصور مـی شده کـه ایران و هند از دوره کوروش بزرگ و داریوش با هند روابط فرهنگی و تمدنی داشته اند اما کشفیـات و شواهد باستان شناسی کـه اخیرا درون شمال خراسان و در شـهر سوخته و تمدن جیرفت ایران و پیدا شده نشان مـی دهد کـه روابط تمدنی ایرانیـان و هند بسیـار قدیمـی تر بوده است.

بعضی اطلاعات کلی ایران

نام بين المللي : معنی hide your story به فارسی ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN

نام بین المللی قدیمـی تر : پرشیـا

مساحت : 1648195 کيلومتر مربع

جمعيت : 75,597,633 نفردر سال 1390

پايتخت : تهران

دين رسمي : اسلام

زبان رسمي : فارسي

واحد پول : ريال

جغرافيا کشور ايران با وسعتي بيش از 1.648.195 کيلومتر مربع (شانزدهمين کشور جهان از نظر مساحت ) درون جنوب غربي قاره آسيا واقع شده و جزو کشورهاي خاورميانـه هست .

حدود 90 درصد از خاك كشور درون محدوده فلات ايران واقع شده است. معنی hide your story به فارسی سرزمين ايران بطور كلي كوهستاني و نيمـه خشك بوده و ميانگين ارتفاع آن بيش از 1200 متر از سطح درياست. معنی hide your story به فارسی بيش از نيمي از مساحت كشور را كوهها و ارتفاعات، معنی hide your story به فارسی يك چهارم آن را دشت ها و كمتر از يك چهارم ديگر آن را نيز زمين هاي درون دست كشت تشكيل مي دهد. پست ترين نقطه داخلي با ارتفاع 56 متر درون چاله لوت و بلند ترين آن قله دماوند با ارتفاع 5628 متر درون ميان رشته كوه البرز درون نزدیکی تهران قرار دارد، درون كناره جنوبي درياي خزر ارتفاع زمين 28 متر پايين تر از سطح درياي آزاد مي باشد.

.ايران از شمال بـه جمـهوري ترکمنستان ، درياي خزر ، جمـهوري‌هاي آذربايجان و ارمنستان، از مغرب بـه ترکيه و عراق ، از مشرق بـه پاکستان و افغانستان و از جنوب بـه درياي عمان و خليج فارس محدود هست و درون مجموع محيط پيرامون ايران بالغ بر 8731 کيلومتر هست که 2700 کيلومتر آن مرز آبي و 6031 کيلومتر آن مرز زميني هست .

– مرتفع‌ترين نقطه ايران : قله دماوند با 5610 متر ارتفاع ، قله دماوند از شـهرهای مختلفی قابل دیدن هست بخصوص  از تهران – ورامـین – پاکدشت و سواحل دریـای کاسپین.

– طولاني‌ترين رود : رود کارون با 950 کيلومتر امتداد (تنـها رود قابل کشتيراني )

– بزرگ‌ترين درياچه : درياچه اروميه با 4868 کيلومتر مربع وسعت

– بزرگ‌ترين جزيره : جزيره قشم با 1491 کيلومتر مربع وسعت

– حکومت : حکومت ايران، جمـهوري اسلامي و روز ملي آن روز بيست و دوم بهمن مي باشد. پايتخت آن شـهر تهران است.

براساس تقسيمات کشوري درون مردادماه سال 1390 :

– تعداد استانـها : 31

– تعداد شـهرستانـها : 397

– تعداد بخشـها : 984

– تعداد شـهرها : 1154

– تعداد دهستانـها : 2499

پرچم‌:‌ از سه‌ رديف افقي مساوي‌ تشکيل شده که‌ رنگ‌ سبز درون بالا، سفيد درون وسط‌ و قرمز درون پايين‌قرار دارد.

صادرات:‌ نفت، فرش، ميوه، خشکبار (پسته، کشمش، خرما)، پوست‌ و سالامبور، خاويار، محصولات‌پتروشيمي، منسوجات، پوشاک، محصولات صنايع‌ غذايي‌

واردات:‌ ماشين آلات، صنايع‌ فلزي، مواد غذايي‌، دارويي‌، خدمات فني، فرآورده‌هاي شيميايي‌‌ صنايع‌:‌ نفت، پتروشيمي، نساجي‌، سيمان و ساير مصالح‌ ساختماني‌، فرآوري‌ محصولات غذايي‌ (به‌‌خصوص تصفيه قند و روغن‌ کشي)، فلزي ‌

کشاورزي‌:‌ گندم، برنج‌، غلات، چغندر قند، ميوه، دانـه‌هاي روغني (پسته، بادام، گردو)، پنبه، محصولات‌لبني، پشم، خاويار ‌

واحد پول :‌ 10 ريال ايراني‌ . 1 تومان‌

حمل و نقل‌ راه آهن‌:‌ : 9796 کيلومتر

طول راههاي کشور :‌ 158000 کيلومتر‌

خطوط لوله‌:‌ فرآوردههاي نفتي : 3900 کيلومتر، گاز طبيعي 4550 کيلومتر

‌بنادر: ‌ آبادان، اهواز، بندر شـهيد بهشتي، بندر عباس، بندر انزلي‌، بندر بوشـهر، بندر امام خميني،‌بندر ماهشـهر، بندر ترکمن، خرمشـهر، نوشـه

مـیراث فرهنگی:

Naqshe Rostam in Koh e Mehr the oldest prayer site 

– ایران دارای آثار تاریخی بسیـار زیبا و دیدنی است

تعدادی از آنـها  توسط يونسکو بـه عنوان  ” ميراث تمدن جهاني ” بـه رسميت شناخته شده هست که مـهمترین آنـها عبارتند از :

تخت جمشيد (ويرانـه هاي پايتخت پرشیـا (ايران) درون 2500 سال پيش) –  شیراز / مرودشت

ميدان نقش جهان (مجموعه بناهاي مذهبي ، دولتي عهد صفويه ) – مرکز شـهر اصفهان

معبد چغازنبيل (شـهر سلطنتي عيلامي ها درون 3 هزار سال پيش ) – هفت تپه / شوش

تخت سليمان (محوطه باستاني شامل آتشکده آذر گشسب درون دوره ساساني) – تکاب آذربايجان غربي

گنبد سلطانيه (بلندترين گنبد جهان ) درون شـهرستان خدابنده درون زنجان

– مـهمترين و مشـهورترين نقاط تاريخي و ديدني ايران

تهران: پیست اسکی بازی درون کوههای تهران دماوند و دیزین – موزه های تهران – کاخ های تهران -بناي شمس العماره و کاخ نیـاوران – پارک ملت و جمشیدیـه .

مشـهد : حرم امام رضا (ع) (هشتمين امام شيعيان جهان ) – آرامگاه فردوسی شاعر حماسه سرای  تاریخ کهن ایران

شیراز: تخت جمشید – ارک – حرم  شاه چراغ – آرامگاه حافظ و سعدی شاعران صوفی و عارف ایران – پاسارگاد (مقبره کورش) و نقش رستم درون کوه مـهر

 اصفهان: مـیدان  اصفهان و کاخ های صفویـه – مسجد شيخ لطف الله (يکي از شاهکارهاي معماري اسلامي درون دوره صفويه ) در

کليساي وانک ( يکي از زيباترين کليساهاي ايران ) سي و سه پل

یزد: آتشکده يزد (بزرگترين و قديمي ترين عبادتگاه زرتشتيان )

بم – ارگ بم (بزرگترين بناي خشتي جهان )

– کرمانشاه : آثار دوره پارسی و ساسانی – طاق بستان (از بناهاي سنگي دوره ساسانيان )  و معبد آناهيتا (معبد سنگي عصر اشکانيان )

لرستان – قلعه فلک الافلاک (قلعه بزرگ نظامي دوره ساسانيان ) همچنین درون تبریز-  نیشابور و همدان آثار دیدنی و مناظر طبیعی زیبایی وجود دارد و غار همدان درون جهان بی نظیر است.

– مـهمترين نقاط طبيعي ديدني ايران نيز عبارتند از:

قله دماوند – شمال شرق تهران-غار علي صدر – همدان – دشت لاله هاي واژگون – دامنـه قله دنا – جنگل گلستان – بجنورد- پارک ملی گلستان – استان گلستان – کوير لوت – مرکز ايران – درياچه اروميه – منطقه آذربايجان –  مرداب انزلي – بندر انزلي – دشت لار – کوهپايه دماوند .

– ایران دارای آثار تاریخی بسیـار زیبا و دیدنی است. و در موضوعات زیـادی دارای رتبه اول هست از جمله

دارای:

1-    طولانی ترین و عمـیق ترین و  کهن ترین  کاریز /قنات درون گناباد

2-     بزرگترین بنای سنگی جهان پرسپلیس

3-    گرمترین نقطه زمـین درون کویر لوت، شـهدادبیشتراز 70 درجه سانتیگراد درون روز،

4-    بلندترین برج آجری جهان برج گنبد قابوس.

5-     طولانی ترین غار نمکی جهان جزیره قشم

6-      بزرگترین بافت خشتی جهان درون یزد

7-     بزرگترین جزیره غیر مستقل جهان قشم

8-     داغترین چشمـه جهان  قینرجه مشکین شـهر

9-     پیرترین درخت سرو جهان درون ابرکوه

10-       قدیمـی ترین پل قابل استفاده درون جهان دزفول از 1800 سال قبل

11-       بزرگترین عمارت خشتی جهان.قلعه نارین قلعه درون شـهر مـیبد

12-      مرتفع ترین بادگیر جهان  باغ دولت آباد یزد،

13-      پیرترین گونـه جانوری زنده دنیـا تریوپس (tripos) یـا مـیگوی سه چشم، آذربایجان غربی .

14-      بزرگترین طاق طبیعی جهان. دهانـه غار اسپهبد خورشید فیروزکوه

15-      قدیمـی ترین سدّ جهان.سدّ کبار درون ۲۵ کیلومتری جاده قدیم قم – کاشان

16-      عجیب ترین سیستم آبرسانی جهان سیستم آبرسانی قنات دو طبقه “مون” درون اردستان

17-      بزرگترین بازار مسقف جهان بازار سنتی تبریز

18-      تولید کننده نخست تولید زعفران و پسته و زرشک و فرش های نفیس درون جهان.

19 – قنات قصبه گناباد یـا (کاریز کیخسرو ) طولانی ترین و عمـیق ترین و شاید کهن ترین قنات یـا کانال زیر زمـینی  که درون عمق 300 متری زمـین و به طول 33 کیلومتر واقع شده هست  و حدود سه هزار سال فعال  و زنده است.

20 – قدیمـی ترین ساعت کاربردی  آبی دنیـا ساعت آبی کاریز  زیبد گناباد

– مـهمترين موزه های ایران

موزه ايران باستان – تهران

موزه آبگينـه و سفالينـه – تهران

موزه تاريخ طبيعي – تهران

موزه چهلستون – اصفهان

موزه گنجعلي خان – کرمان

موزه فرش – تهران

مجتمع موزه هاي سعد آباد – تهران

موزه مردم شناسي – تهران

موزه هنرهاي زيبا – تهران

موزه پست – تهران

موزه جواهرات ملي – تهران

موزه هنرهاي معاصر – تهران

مجموعه فرهنگي آزادي – تهران

مزايا و ويژگي‌هاي اقتصاد ايران

  • هجدهمين اقتصاد برتر دنيا

  • رشد مثبت اقتصادي عليرغم تحریم اقتصادي

  • جمعيت جوان و تحصيلکرده

  • غني بـه لحاظ ذخاير طبيعي

  • زيرساختهاي اقتصادي قوي و گسترده

مزيتها بـه لحاط ذخاير طبيعي و معدني

  • تنوع درحوزه هاي اقتصادي وغني بـه لحاظ ذخاير هيدروکربني ونفتي

  • چهارمين توليد کننده نفت درون جهان

  • داراي دومين ذخاير گازي جهان

  • حائز رتبه دهم درون صنعت توريسم و رتبه پنجم درون اکوتوريسم

  • بزرگترين وبيشترين ميزان صنايع درون حوزه خاورميانـه وشمال آفريقا

  • رتبه هاي چهارم که تا دهم دنيا درون توليد روي وکبالت

  • حائز رتبه برتر درون ذخاير آلومينيوم، منگنز و مس درون جهان

  • رتبه چهارم دنيا بـه لحاظ تنوع توليدات محصولات کشاورزي درون جهان

اصلاحات اقتصادي درون چارچوب برنامـه پنجم

  – 20 ميليارد دلارسرمايه گذاري بخش خصوصي وسرمايه گذران خارجي درون صنعت نفت وگاز

  – بهبود نظام تامين سلامت کشور

  – توسعه روابط بين الملل

  خصوصي سازي گسترده

  – 80% از دارايي هاي دولت بايد بـه بخش خصوصي منتقل شود

  – 40% از اين انتقال از طريق سهام عدالت صورت خوهد پذيرفت

  – 40% از خصوصي سازي فوق نيز ار کانال بازار بورس تهران صورت خواهد پذيرفت

  – دولت کماکان مالکيت 20% از دارايي ها را درون دست خواهد داشت

  – حجم کل دارايي ها واموال دولت 120 ميليارد دلار مي باشد

  – از اين ميزان 63 ميليارد دلار طي 5 سال گذشته خصوصي شده است

  – با تکميل روند خصوصي سازي سهم دولت درون توليد ناخالص داخلي از 80 % بـه 40% کاهش خواهد يافت

مزيتهاي قانون سرمايه گذاري

 پوشش هاي تضميني و حمايتي:

  • تضمين پرداخت غرامت درون صورت ملي شدن و سلب مالکيت، (ماده 9 قانون)

  • تضمين جبران زيان ناشي از ممنوعيت و يا توقف اجراي موافقتنامـه هاي مالي درون سرمايه گذاريهاي خارجــي بـه روش ترتيبـــات قراردادي بر اثر وضع قانون و يا تصميمات دولت، (ماده 17 قانون و ماده 26 آئين نامـه )

  • تضمين خريد کالا و خدمات توليدي طرح سرمايه گذاري خارجي درون مواردي کـه دستگاه دولتي خريــدار انحصـــاري و يا عرضه کننــده کــالا و خدمــات توليــدي بـه قيمت رايانـه اي است. (مـاده 11 آئين نامـه)

نـهاد متولي: سازمان سرمايه‌گذاري و کمکهاي فني و اقتصادي ايران

چارچوب قانوني: قانون تشويق و حمايت از سرمايه‌گذاري خارجي و ايين‌نامـه مربوط بـه آن

تصویری از کویر ایران

تاریخ کهن ایران.

ایران دارای تمدن حدود 7 هزار ساله هست وتقریبا  از 2500 سال قبل که تا کنون دارای تاریخ مکتوب و شناسنامـه  سالشمار رویدادهای تاریخی است. دو نمونـه اط ظروف 7 هزار ساله جیرفت.

دوره اسلامـی

ایران درون دوره اسلامـی نقش بارزی درون گسترش فرهنگ و تمدن اسلامـی بـه سایر مناطق جهان داشته است.

معماری، تذهیب گری و گچ کاری، سنگ نویسی،  هنر خوشنویسی ، صنعت مسگری و روی سازی و کیمـیاگری و ترجمـه از کارهایی هست که ایرانیـان آن را بـه حوزه قلمرو اسلامـی وارد د.

** ویزا درون فرودگاه

همـه افراد مـی توانند درون هنگام ورود بـه فرودگاه  مـهرآباد تهران ویزای ورود بـه مدت 15 روز ویزا دریـافت کنند 15 روز دیگر نیز این ویزا قابل تمدید است. اما گذرنامـه های کشورهای اسرائیل- آمریکا- انگلیس- استرالیـا- کانادا- عراق- افغانستان- پاکستان- بنگلادش قبلا حتما هماهنگی لازم را با سفارتخانـه انجام دهند.

در بیشتر شـهرهای ایران موزه وجود دارد دستکم 20 موزه ایران از شـهرت بین المللی برخوردار هستند

 تهیـه کننده دکتر عجم 1392

The documented history of Iran begins with the Achaemenian dynasty dating back about 2500 years ago. A significant era marked by decisive unification of the pars tribes during the reign of Astyages and his grandson, Cyrus, who initially formed an extensive, centralized and mighty empire. Although according to will the “Aryans”, inhabitants of the vast Iranian plateau, were not the founders of civilization and followed the Babylonian as well as Egyption examples yet their ingenious Souls enabled them to transform those models, institute the first autonomous nation and establish a well-organized financial system. Ironically, Achaemenian’s most remarkable military expedition against the Greeks took place in 480 B.C. resulting in both the Iranian’s defeat and Seizure of undisputed power by Alexander.

Darius, another prominent king of the mentioned dynasty, divided his empire into tewenty states or “satrapi” and accordingly appointed powerful rulers for all. He also began building roads to facilitate trade, enhance relations among the states and attain his military goals. “Shahi” or king’s Road, extending 2400 kilometers, linked Susa to Mesopotamia (located in present day Iraq) while another major road connected Babylonia to India. Establishment of a tax and wage system for the labour, introduction of a unified measuring system, emergence of private banks, granting of loans for agricultural purposes and coin minting highlight the worthy accomplishments of this particular era.

Appropriately, Roman Ghirshman also has noted that once the use of coins became common overland and over seas trade rapidly extended to distant lands.

The Royal messengers, chapars, would travel the long and vast roads of Achaemenian empire to deliver the Royal decrees or commands to the state rulers as well as military commanders and return with reports on the state of affairs. The messengers would then deliver the communications to the “Chapar House”, present day post office, situated along the route and the process would continue until reaching the final destination. The “Silk Road” too was one of the ancient trade routes which led to Kashgar from two opposite directions of north and south. Extending westward to Samarkand, Marv and Balkh in northen region of Iran, passing through Central Asia leading to ancient Greece. This major historical route connecting the west to the east was known as the Great Road of Khorasan or “the Silk Road”, as previously mentioned. The pre-Islam civilization of Iran takes pride in such innovations, particularly because the management and maintenance of the “King’s Great Road” 25 Centuries ago constituted great honor for Iranians among all nations.

In addition to land routes, various sea routes were also frequented and ships with capacities up to 300 tons treaded those waters. The ship’s sailors were mainly Phoenicians or Greeks, the officers were Iranians whereas a 10,000-strong military formed Darius’s renowned “Immortal Army”. More over, excavation of the Suez Chanal (the chanal dug on the order of Darius and slightly different from the present chanal) exhibited the economic and military merits of yet another chapter of Iranian history.

The “Throne of Jamshid” or Persepolis was chosen as Iran’s capital during the rule of Achaemenians. However, the corner-stone of Persepolis was laid during the reign of Darius I – ofter whom each king added more sections to the site. Also the cities of Susa, Babylonia and Ekbatan (today’s Hamadan) each inturn served as the nation’s capital.

During the rule of Ardeshir, the founder of the Sassanide dynasty, a very powerful centralized government developed and for the first time in Iran the religion of Zoroaster (the Iranian prophet) was declared as the official religion. A faith whose essential pillars are laid upon virtuous thoughts, virtuous words, and virtuous deeds.

The Prophet of Islam, Mohammad (BABUHHP) was born in the city of Mecca during the rule of Anushirvan Sassani, and was chosen as the completion of all prophecy and the last prophet during the reign of Khosrow Parviz (610 A.D.). Weakness of the Sassanide government, oppressions of the Kings, and at the same time Islam’s human-rights oriented ideology and it’s message of equality and brotherhood of mankind were the imperative factors which led to the victory of Islam’s army over the Iranian military might in the course of numerous battles. The Prophet Mohammad migrated to Medina from Mecca (622 A.D). Thus, this particular year was chosen as the base of the Muslims’ calendar owing to the indisputable effect of this migration. At that time, Islam spread mainly in the Arabian peninsula, and after the prophet in the Southern parts of Iran, Syria, Iraq, Turkey and all of Egypt as well as northern part of Syria embaraced Islam. In the course of all these victories, call to God’s religion with the slogan “the unique Allah is Great” became the infrastructure of the Muslims’ new, powerful and popular ideology.

Iran’s mighty army was defeated in the “Ghadessieh” (15 A.H.) and “Nahavand” (21 A.H.) battles, and the country gradually came under the influence of Islam.

The expedition of the devastating mogul tribe to Iran began (616 A.H) and the last Persian King of the dynasty, Sultan Jalal-e-din Kharazmshah was overthrown by Gengiz’s army and later put to death (628 A.H.). The period of Mogul chieftain’s rule in Iran was the most oppressed era the nation had ever seen and the conditions did not change until the founding of the Iranian dynasty, the Safavides, and the rule of Shah Ismeal.

The Mogul were removed from Iran’s political scene after about 300 years by the Safavides, and Shah Ismeal was crowned in Tabriz (907 A.H). During the reign of Safavie Dynasty relations between Iran and European and other countries expanded and Iran’s powerful centralized government, during Shah Abbas’s rule, established political and economic ties with great leaders such as Queen Elizabeth, Philip II the king of Spain, India’s Akbar shah and also put an end to the domination of Portuguese in the Persian Gulf. The Iranian culture and art once again flourished during the Safavie rule and architechture, carpet-weaving, miniature painting, gilding and handicraft(s) underwent special development.

After the Safavide, alternately weak and strong governments came to power among which the government of Nader Shah Afshar, Karim Khan Zand, Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, Naser-e-din Shah and Mozafar-e-din Shah are noteworthy. During the rule of Nader Shah, The Russians were expelled from Iran, the booties which the Ottomans had taken from the country were recovered, Kandhar and Delhi became parts of Iran and once again the Iranian territory was expanded and included a vast area of southeast Asia. Oppression and tyranny became prevelant in the course of the Qajar dynasty’s rule due to  treason of courtiers and the Kings’ powerlessness and inattention to the state of affairs. The unprecedented and historical measures of Mirza Taghi Khan Amir Kabir, Naser-e-din Shah’s prime minister, such as dispatching students abroad for higher education, printing of newspaper, compilation of laws, etc. made him an immortal historical personage.

The new era began with the reign of the Pahlavi dynasty. Reza Khan Mir-Panj, commander of a Kazak battalion, occupied Tehran on 22 Feb. 1920, and five years later crowned himself the King with the support of England. Gradually, he began opposing the Islamic culture and tranditions and his despotic rule lasted for 16 years. In 1941 under pressure by England, he abdicated the throne in favor of his son Mohammad-Reza and was exiled into St.Moritz island and then to Johannesburg in South Africa where he later died.

Mohammad Reza too, fairly followed in the footsteps of his father for 37 years of his reign. Following the events leading to nationalization of oil, he was reinstated subsequent to a coup and while England’s position with this rule began to deteriorate, the United States gained more influence and power in the country’s political, economic and culture affairs.

As his father, Mohammad-Reza too was strongly against the presence and involvement of clergymen in the socio-political scene. After his forced summary referendum concerning the so-called “Agriculture and land reforms” or the allocation of farmland to farmers, Iran’s dependence on imported goods, false employment due to relocation of farmers in cities, and “Consumerism”, as opposed to “Production”, increased sharply which were strongly opposed by the time’s scholors and theologians, particulary the late Imam Khomeini. The opposition of both religious scholars and the people to the government in 1963 as well as army’s assault on Qom’s theological school (Iran’s main center for training theologians) coupled with martydom of a large number of those students and the people, paved the grounds for escalation of religious movement within the country and their determination to take over the political arena, materialization of the idea of “unity of politics and religion” in the form of the Islamic Republic of Iran and uprooting of 2500 years of the Kings’ despotic rule in this country.

With the victory of the Islamic revolution, for the first time ever the people of Iran went to the polls in April 1979 and voted in favour of the establishment of the Islamic republican system with an overwhelming majority of over 98.8 percent. The assembly of experts then embarked upon formulating the Constitutional law of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This Constitutional law was ofcourse approved by the vote of the Iranian nation. The significant point, however, was the united presence of the people in the presidential election, elections for the Islamic consultative assembly as well as other relevant elections which took place one after the other in order to determine the major and fundamental organs and institutions of the Islamic system. With the establishment of the Islamic government many conspiracies were hatched by the world imperialism. Fortunately, all of them failed due to the presence of the Iranian people on the scenes. The gravest of such conspiracy, hatched with the main objectives of weakening and paralyzing Iran’s economic and political system and the occupation of the fertile land of Khuzistan, was Iraqi regime’s invasion of Iran directly provoked by the United States in 1980 — that was only two years following the victory of the Islamic revolution. The war continued for 8 years and included the most savage bombings and chemical attacks leaving much destruction and damages in 4 border provinces of the country in the South and the West. Hundreds of thousands of the best and most faithful forces were martyred or disabled in the war and millions of people became homeless as a result of the war.

This destructive war came to an end in 1989 due to brave resistance of Iranian people and acceptance of the UN security council resolution 598. Moreover, events such as assassination of the political leaders or state officials, economic sanctions and various plans for isolation of Islamic Republic of Iran were all the cost a nation paid in order to establish its first favorite republic.

On fourth of June 1989 the grand leader and architect of the Islamic revolution, The late Imam Khomeini, passed away and the world lost one of its most revered and distinguished religious and political leaders. Besides his role as a political leader, Imam Khomeini was a prominent instructor of ethics who lived in ultimate continence and chastity.

Following the demise of Imam Khomeini, the assembly of experts chose one of the prominent students of Imam Khomeini, a great combatant who had been imprisoned and send into exile by the regim of the Shah many times, as the leader of the Islamic revolution. This noble personage was none but grand Ayatollah Khamenei who had been elected as president of the Islamic Republic of Iran twice following the victory of the Islamic revolution in Iran.

With his election as the leader of the Islamic revolution, the reconstruction programs began in full might and despite all the bottlenecks that the war had created the construction works maintained their pace in the course of first-five year plan designed by the government of president Hashemi Rafsanjani

The government managed to reconstruct the major portion of the ruins, many factories resumed operations, agriculture flourished, the water supply and sewage networks plus great dams were designed and constructed and finally the rate of illiteracy which acted as a barrier in the way of the country’s development, reached its lowest. Despite some economic problems, the Islamic Republic of Iran has managed to adopt an independent political and economic policy and relying on local specialized forces extends international cooperation and enjoys a high level of acceptability worldwide.

Renovation of the Silk Road has been transformed into a regional and global demand during the recent years and now a national will strongly supports this constructive desire in the Islamic Republic as well. Since 1988 UNESCO has also reinforced all the relevant international decisions for restoration of this immense ancient road through holding various conferences in the world’s famous cities such as New Delhi, Paris, Tashkent and the last of which was held in the picturesque city of Isfahan in 1995.

On completion, once again, this enormous project would revive the historic role of Iran as the bastion of multinational communication, indispensable for the development of regional commerce and cultural relations. Upon disintegration of the former “Soviet Union” in 1985, the policy of friendship and cooperation with the newly independent and autonomous states (situated in the north of Iran) received immediate attention as one of the utmost and perpetual foreign policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

In compliance with the stated policy, therefore numerous multilateral contracts regarding road transportation, economic cooperation and establishment of the sales agencies for Iranian goods were thus signed. Further formation of regional economic organization (ECO) consisting of twelve countries also expedited the implementation of the most strategic railway project in the region, stretching from Eastern China to Europe via Iran’s national railway system.

The unique position of this giant commercial highway currently leaves other countries of the world, willing to develop commercial and economic ties with the Central Asian republics, no alternatives but to take full advantages of this vital connective passage — geographically situated in Iran, China, Russia, Turkey and Afghanistan. Apart from Georgia most of the newly independent states are landlocked countries whose connecting routes with rest of the world, directly or indirectly, could pass through Iran and thus enhancing the Islamic Republic’s unique geo-political status world-wide.

Iran’s strategic significance, both in the region and in international arena, generally revolves around material and spiritual aspects. Moreover, its material dimension is mainly composed of economic, technical, military and geo-political components while the spiritual aspect derives from the great Islamic ideology, a rich common history as well as the existing racial and cultural interconnections with other nations in the region. Since disintegration of the former Soviet Union this emphasis has undoubtedly increased and the political focal point of the relevant policies of the ” The Arab Middle East” has also been redirected towards the east and the north, namely the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Central Asia.

As a linking bridge connecting two of the world’s most vital energy reservoirs, the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea, the east and westwards proximity of Iran to eleven countries including the oil-rich countries of the Persian Gulf has certainly reassured the regional prestige of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Accordingly, restoration of the Silk Road is currently regarded as one of the essential precursors of more fruitful regional and intercontinental cooperations amongst the “ECO” member countries. Also due to inauguration of Mashhad-Tajan railway and the impending completion of Bafagh-Mashhad railway the above mentioned states would both gain easier access to open sea and have an ever increasing chance of an active incorporation in the global economy.

The Central Asian countries, with an old and excessive dependence on the former Soviet Union, still primarily rely upon imports. Yet the necessary efforts are being made to overcome this economic barrier by exploring various new markets. Despite availability of several socio-economic advantages such as abundant manpower and cheap labour, rich natural energy resources as well as the exportation of raw materials, oil, gas and agricultural products, vast majority of these countries crucially lack the existence of modern and well-organized banking, insurance, transportation as well as other essential commercial services. Fortunately, productive technical assistance and multilateral economic cooperations with the republics not only would ensure the important role of Iran as a catalyst of commercial development in the region, but would also lead all the concerned parties to more constructive participation in the world economy.

As the world’s greatest Islamic economic organization possessing distinct religious, strategic, historical and socio-economic particularities, undoubtedly, “ECO” presents Iran with an immense security and economic significance and now tehran proudly hosts the headquarter of this organisation. Furthermore, the linkage of Mashhad-Tajan railways would definitely provide “ECO” and the like with an ideal possibility of attaining their long-term comprehensive goals.

Numerous sources have mentioned various routes for the “Silk Road.”Some sources consider the city of “Tun Huang” as the origins of the “Silk Road, located in the western most tip of the Wall of China, while others strongly suggest that the starting point of the said road was in the city of “Loyang” on the south-bank of Huang Ho River. Once reaching the vast “Pamir-Plateau” in Afghanistan, a branch of this ancient road passed through Marv, Samarghand and then led towards iran via Neyshabur.

Marv, Samarghand and then led towards Iran via Neyshbur. In its path the “Silk Road” also connected main cities such as Gorgan, Ray, Hamadan and further joined Iraq through Ghasr-e-Shirin and later arrived at its final land destination adjacent to the Mediterranean coast. As its name clearly suggests, the main role of this ancient road was expediting the safe and easy transport of many important goods from China to Venice among which silk was the incomparable merchandise of the time. For eighteen centuries (BC 200-AD 1600) the ancient world’s most principal commercial highway, the “Silk Road” 8000 km in lenght, enomously contributed to meaningful intercontinental, traditional, and cultural exchanges which also give a fresh impetus to commercial development in the region

According to Christiansen: “because the ancient Persians exclusively imported huge quantities of silk from China they were thus able to sell their silk-orientated products in various European markets, at their own desired prices. The Turks’ efforts to gain permission for the passage of silk across the Iranian territory were all to no avail and a long and persistent conflict between the Byzantine Empire (395-1453 AD) and the Persians, over the transit of Chinese silk, continued throughout the early centuries of the Middle Ages.” Later the Roman and the Chinses attempts at establishing a new silk transit route, without involvement of the Persians, also proved fruitless and even enabled the Persian merchants to control the silk trade particularly throughout Indo-China

Once the Europeans gained complete dominance over East India and the Mediterranean sea routes, at the turn of the 15th Century, their respective companies in the orient also turned their immediate attention to these new routes. In addition, a number of crucial events such as rapid decline in silk production within Persian territories, the oscillation of diplomatic ties between the Ottoman Empire (C1300-1918) and the Persians, and the emergence of new rival silk exporters eventually paved the way for the ironic demise of the ancient “Silk Road.”

Fortunately, from now on, all the countries in the region will not only celebrate the 24th of Ordibehesht as the inauguration day of Mashad-Tajan rail ways, but also would acclaim this historic occasion as the anniversary of the revival of the ” Ancient Silk Road.” The following is an excerpt from the opening speech by the former Iranian president Mr. Rafsanjani: “The occurrence of great events during the early years of the last decade of the 20th Century as well as the emergence of new conditions in the region have led the Islamic Republic of Iran to play its key and proper role, in this decisive era, by renovating the Silk Road as the region’s most vital connecting bridge which would further link the countries of the north with those in the Orient — via the Islamic Republic of Iran… .”

 

Some facts and features about Islamic Republic of Iran

THE FINANCIAL EXPRESS VOLXXXIX NO 295 PAGE 19 DATE 10/02/2014

Iran is one of the most ancient countries of the world. Because of having a varied climate this country witnesses four different seasons in different parts of the country simultaneously. Iran enjoys a lot of natural beautiful sceneries and is considered to be one of the most attractive tourist place in the world.

 

Some facts about Iran:

International name: Islamic Republic of Iran.

Ancient name: Persia

Supreme Leader:  Ayatollah Ali Khamenei

National day :11 February

Area: 1648195 Sq. Kms. Population: 75,597,633 in the year 2011

Capital: Tehran . Official religion: Islam

Official language: Persian. Currency: Rial

From the point of view of area, Iran is the sixteenth largest country in the world. It is situated in the north west of Asia and is one of the countries of the Middle East.

About 90 per cent of the area of the country consists of plateau. Iran is completely a hilly and semi dry region. Its average height from the level of sea is 1200 meters. More than half of the country consists of mountains and hills. One fourth of the country consists of desert and the other less than one fourth is under cultivation. The lowest point in the country is at the height of 56 meters in kavir  Lout and the highest point at 5628 meters is Damavand summit in the Alborz range near Tehran.

The Damavand mountain can be seen from the different cities particularly Tehran, Varameen and also the Caspian Sea.

 

 On the southern side of the Caspian Sea the land is 28 meters below the surface of the sea.

 The total periphery of Iran is 8731 Kms, the 6031 kms of which consist of land and the remaining 2700 Kms is coastal area in the Caspian Sea and Oman Sea and the Persian Gulf

The longest and navigable river: The Karun river, with 950 kms.

The biggest lake: The Uroomieh lake with 4868 Sq.Kms.

 The biggest island: The Gheshm island with 1491 Sq.Kms .

Number of provinces: 31

Number of the cities: 397

Number of divisions: 984

Number of towns: 1154

Number of rural areas: 2499

Exports: oil, carpets, fruits, dry fruits, skin and hide, caviar, petrochemical products, textiles, clothes and food products.

Imports: Machinery, metal industry, food material, medicine, technical services. Industrial chemical products, oil, petrochemicals, textiles, cement, other construction material, food and metal products.

Agricultural produce: Wheat, rice, food grains, beet root, sugar, fruits, oil grains, cotton, dairy products, wool and caviar.

Rail transport network: 9796 Kms

Length of roads: 158000 Kms

Pipelines: Oil products 3900 Kms, natural gas: 4550 Kms.

Ports: Abadan, Ahwaz, Bandar Abbas, Anzali, Bushehr, Imam Khomeini, Mahshehr, Turkmen, Khorramshar and Noushehr

Cultural Heritage:

Iran has got many beautiful and worth seeing historical buildings. Some of them are as under:

The biggest stone structure of the world in Persepolis

The hottest part of the land in the world in Lout Desert which has a temperature of more than 70 degree Celsius.

The highest brick tower in the world The Qaboos Gumbad.

The longest salt cave of the world in the Gheshm island.

The biggest brick structure of the world in Yezd

The  biggest non independet island of the world The Gheshm island

The  hottest spring in the world in Mishkin Shehr.

The oldest cypress tree of the world in Abr Koh.

 The oldest still in use bridge in the world in Dezful which was constructed 1800 years ago.

 The  biggest brick building in the world The Nareen fort in the Mebod city.

The highest ventilator(Baadgeer) of the world in Bagh Dolatabad, Yezd

 The  oldest living animal species in the world The three eyed tripos in west Azerbaijan

 The biggest natural arch in the world at the mouth of the Espehbad cave in Khursheed Firozkoh

The  oldest dam of the world on the old Qom – Kashan highway (Kabbar Dam)

 The biggest covered traditional market of the world Tabriz Bazaar

 Iran is the first producer of saffron, pistachio, barberries and carpets in the world.

 A unique network of two storey subterranean canals in the world for water supply in Ardestan

 The longest, deepest and oldest network of subterranean canals(qanat or Kariz) in Gonabad Khorasan provance.

 

The Ancient History of Iran:

Iran enjoys a seven thousand years old civilization and has got a written history recorded year wise.

 The Islamic period

 Iran played a valuable role in the spread of the Islamic culture and civilization to the other parts of the world.

 

Architecture, illumination, stucco plastering, engraving, calligraphy, copper and zinc industry and alchemy as well as translation of literature are the things which the Iranians exported to the Islamic countries.

Cultural Heritage:

Iran contains most beautiful and worth seeing historical places some of which have been officially recognized by UNISCO as the “World Heritage”, the most important of which are as the following:

Takht Jamshed (the ruins of the capital of the ancient Persian about 2500 years ago) – Shiraz and Marv Dasht

 

Maidan e Naghsh e Jahan (a complex containing religious and government buildings of the Safavid period) – center of the city of Esfahan

Ma’bad Chaghaz Nabeel (the royal city of the Ilamis about three thousand years ago) Haft Teppeh/ Shush

Takht e Soleiman (the ancient complex consisting of the fire temple of Azar Gashb in the Sassanid period) – Tokab Azerbaijan West

Gonbad e Soltanieh (the highest dome of the world) in the city of Khodbandeh in Zanjan

The most important and famous historical and religious places of Iran include the following:

Tehran: The skiing field in the Damavand mountains of Tehran and Diesene, the museums of Tehran, the palaces of Tehran and the Niavaran Palace, Park Millat and Jamshedieh

Mashhad: The mausoleum of Imam Reza (A.S.), the eighth Imam of the world Shias, the grave of Firdowsi, the famous epic poet of Iran.

Shiraz: Takht Jamshed, Arak, the Shah Chiragh mausoleum, the graves of Hafiz and Sa’di, the famous poets of Iran, Pasargad (the mausoleum of Cyrus) and the relics of Rostam in Mehr mountain

Esfahan: The Esfahan square and the Safavid palaces, the Sheikh Lotfollah mosque (one of the architectural master pieces of the Safavid period), the Wanak church (one of the most beautiful churches of Iran) and the 33 arch bridge.

Yezd: The Yeza fire temple (the biggest and the most ancient place of worship of the Zoroastrians)

Bam: Arg Bam (the biggest brick structure in the world)

Kermanshah: Buildings of the Parsi and  Sassanid period, Taaq e Bostan (a stone building of the Sassanid period) and Anahita temple (the stone temple of the Ashkanian period)

Lorestan: The Falak ol Aflak fort (the big military fort of the Sassanid period). There are many religious buildings as well as natural scenery in Tabriz, Nishapour and Hamadan. The Hamadan cave also is matchless.

The most important natural worth seeing places in Iran include the following:

The Damavand hillock in the north east Tehran, the Ali Sadr cave in Hamadan, the field of the inverted tulips in the Dana mountain region, the Golestan forest in Bijnorad, the National Park in the Golestan province, the Lout desert in central Iran, the Uroomieh lake in Azerbaijan region, the Anzali marshes in the Anzali port region, the Lar desert and the Damavand mountain region.

The most important museums of Iran:

In most of the cities of Iran, different  museums can be found and at least twenty museums of Iran enjoy international fame.

The main features of the economy of Iran:

It is the eighteenth economy in the world

In spite of economic sanctions this country has had positive economic growth

The young and educated population

The natural and mineral resources of Iran:

It is diversified from the point of economy and rich from the point of oil and hydrocarbon reserves

It is the fourth oil producer in the world

It contains the second largest gas reserves in the world

It is ranked tenth in the tourism industry and fifth in eco tourism

It contains the biggest and the largest number of industries in the Middle East and North Africa.

It is fourth and tenth in the production of zinc and cobalt in the region

It contains huge reserves of aluminum, manganese and copper in the world

It is fourth in the world from the point of view of agricultural products

Economic reforms during the Fifth Plan:

20 billion dollar investment by the private sector and the foreign investors in the oil and gas industry

Reforming the health system of the country

Developing the international relations

Extensive privatization in the country:

It is agreed that 80% of the assets of the government should be transferred to the private sector, the half of which would be transferred to the public judiciously and the other half would be sold through the stock exchanges

20% of the total assets of the country would continue to remain in the hand of the government

The total value of the assets of the government is 120 billion dollars from which the assets totaling 63 billion dollars were privatized during the last five years

After completion of the privatization process the share of the government in the GDP would be reduced from the current 80% to 40%.

Investment Law  in Iran  support and Guarantee  all Wright for foreign investors  Article – 4- 8 -9- 16- 17- 26 -11- in investment Law guarantee  all the wrights.

For more info on investment information in Iran  www.iio.ir

Visa on arrival at the airport

Everybody can get a 15 days entry visa on arrival at the Mehrabad airport of Tehran. This visa can be renewed for a period of another 15 days. But those having passports of Israel, USA, UK, Australia, Canada, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Bangladesh should coordinate through the embassies.

INDIA-IRAN RELATIONS

Political Relations:    
        India-Iran relations span centuries marked by meaningful interactions.

 

The two countries shared a border till 1947 and share several common features in their language, culture and traditions. Both South Asia and the Persian Gulf have strong commercial, energy, cultural and people-to-people links. 

Independent India and Iran established diplomatic links on 15 March 1950. In addition to the Embassy in Tehran, India currently has two Consulates in Iran -Bandar Abbas and Zahedan. The Shah visited India in February/March 1956 and Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru visited Iran in September 1959. Prime Minister Smt. Indira Gandhi visited Iran in April 1974 and Prime Minister Shri Morarji Desai visited in June 1977. The Shah, in turn, visited India in February 1978. 

The Iranian Revolution in 1979 introduced a new phase of engagement between India and Iran marked by exchange of high level visits of Indian and Iranian officials.

Economic Relations:

India-Iran economic and commercial ties have traditionally been buoyed by Indian import of Iranian crude oil. India-Iran trade in 2010-11 was US$ 13.4 billion (Indian exports US$ 2.5 billion and imports US$ 10.9 billion). India’s exports to Iran include rice, machinery & instruments, metals, primary and semi finished iron & steel, drugs/pharmaceuticals & fine chemicals, processed minerals, manmade yarn & fabrics, tea, organic/inorganic/agro chemicals, rubber manufactured products, etc.

India and Iran hold regular bilateral talks on economic and trade issues at the India-Iran Joint Commission Meeting (JCM). The 16th JCM was held in New Delhi on July 8-9, 2010. It was co-chaired by Iran’s Minister of Economic Affairs and Finance Dr. Seyed Shamseddin Hosseini and India’s External Affairs Minister Shri S.M. Krishna. During the visit, Dr. Hosseini called on Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh and met Minister of Finance Shri Pranab Mukherjee, and NSA Shri Shivshankar Menon. Dr. Shamseddin Hosseini again visited India on 25 February 2011 during which he called on Prime Minister, Finance Minister and External Affairs Minister. The 17th JCM will be held in Tehran in 2012 at the level of Foreign Ministers. Under the JCM mechanism, meetings of various Joint Working Groups have been held regularly.

During the 16th JCM, 6 MoUs/agreements were signed: (i) Air Services Agreement; (ii) Agreement on Transfer of Sentenced Persons; (iii) MoU on Cooperation in New & Renewable Energy; (iv) MoU on Cooperation in Small Scale Industry between National Small Industries Corporation (NSIC) and Iranian Small Industries and Industrial Parks Organisation (ISIPO); (v) Programme of Cooperation on Science & Technology and (vi) MoU on Cooperation between Central Pulp and Paper Research Institute of India  (CPPRI) and Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources (GUASNR).

 

Trends in India-Iran Bilateral Trade (figures in Million US$) are as follows:

(Source: Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Government of India)

There has been regular exchange of business delegations from both sides. India and Iran are also engaged in discussions on various projects in Iran including the Chabahar Port and Rail Project. 

Cultural and historical  Relations: 

 

Till now it has been believed that Iran and India have had cultural and civilizational links with each other from the time of Cyrus the Great and Darius. But many recent archaeological findings in north Khorassan, Sokhte (burnt city)and Jeeroft in Iran show that the civilizational relations between the Iranians and India have been so much older.

In the period of Darius and Xeroxes (khashayarShah), a group of the elephant riding soldiers of the army were Indians. Such kinds of relations have been clearly recorded in the periods of Ashkanians and the Sassanids as well. In the period of the Gorkanis (the Moghals) or the Khorassanis the official language of  the courts of India was Persian. It is for the same reason that about seventy per cent of the important documents, royal orders as well as the poetry and prose books still found in the museums and the government as well as private collections in India are in the Persian language.

Dr. Hekmat, the first ambassador of Iran in India has recorded a total of 80 important stone engravings in the important palaces and mausoleums of India. But the number of such engravings and inscription  which are still found runs into thousands.

 

 

 

 

Some of the stone engravings in the Red Fort, the Taj Mahal and the Agra Fort which have been registered as the national heritage.

India and Iran maintain regular cultural and educational exchanges.

The cultural ties between Iran and India go back to the ancient times, to such an ancient time that determining its real date is impossible.

 

This antiquity of relations can be understood from the extensive similarities in the languages of the two countries. It is for the same reason that Sanskrit is called as the sister of the ancient Iranian languages. India and Iran have been familiar names for each other. The names of India ,Sind and Makran have been used in almost all historical& geghraphical and literature  Persian books in the Shahnameh itself at least a hundred times. The same is true for other books as well.

 

A number of Indian scholars were teachers in the great university of the Gandi Shahpur of Persia and used to teach there.

In the period of Khusro Anushirvan, a number of Indian tales including the Panchtantra were translated into Iranian language by the name of Kalileh Wa Dameneh.

 

This work was later translated from the Persian language to Hindi. Other stories like the tales of Behram, story of the parrots and the tales of Sindbad were all translated from Hindi into Persian.

Iranians have played a distinguished role in the transmission of the heritage of India to the other languages. The famous Iranian scientist, Aburehan Albiruni, during his 16 years stay in India, presented his master piece named “Tehqeeq Ma’al le Hind”  to the world which is known as the Encyclopedia of India.

 

Masoodi was yet another Iranian scholar, who wrote many detailed reports about India. Moreover, the scientists like Koshiar and Khwarizmi learned the Indian mathematics and globalized this science.

 During the Khorasanid dynasties(Tamurid,Babri,Mugals, Bahmani) the cultural exchange was so deeply that the official language became Persian. the Khorasanid emperor of India  invited several Persian artists and scientist  to their courts.

• painting Jahangir’s Dream (around 1620 by Abul Hassan showing Abbas I (Pade Shah of Persia, left) and Jahangir (KHORASANID  Emperor of India, right) on the globe  lams and lions are in peaceful co existence

 Mirza who was the father of Arjumand Banu Mumtaz Mahal,The wife of Shah Jahan, the Emperor of India he also served as the governor  of wes india and lahour.

also we can mention many others like  Safdar Jung and Ashraf khan khorasani.

Arjumand  Bano  or Momtaz E maha Taj .  girl of an  Iranian  born prince  Asef khan  l

                              Arjumand  Bano  or Momtaz E mahal          and her father  Asaf Khan

India and Iran maintained regular cultural exchanges even during the time of colonialism and also after independent India.

 

 

         Persian paintings on the Rashtrapati bahavan palace.

 

 As per an MoU signed in January 2008 between the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR), New Delhi and the Iranian Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization (ICHHTO) a weeklong Iranian cultural week was held in New Delhi and Mumbai in April-May 2008. India also held its “Days of Culture” at the Niyavaran Palace in Tehran and Hafezia in Shiraz from May 10-17, 2011 which was attended by over twenty thousand people. The cultural festival was dedicated to the memory of Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore. During 2011-12, various functions were organised through out Iran to commemorate the 150th birth anniversary of Gurudev Tagore. Gurudev Tagore had visited Iran in 1934 and 1935 during which he wrote some poem on Iran. 

There are about 8,000 Iranian students studying in India. India provides 67 scholarships every year to Iranian students under ITEC, ICCR, Colombo Plan and IOR-ARC schemes. 

India over the years has emerged as one of the favourite tourist destinations for Iranian tourists and every year around 40,000 Iranians visit India for various purposes.

 For more information on Iranian culture and sightseeing and news log on the website and watch lives TV.

http://www.presstv.ir/

Iran’s television network, broadcasting in English round-the-clock. Based in Tehran

http://www.sahartv.ir/

Sahar Urdu TV “Sahar Universal Network” is one of several TVchannels that runs under the supervision of Iranian IRIB.

source:

irna

INDIA & IRAN – AGE OLD TIES

“Few people have been more closely related in origin and throughout history than the people of India and the people of Iran”

– Jawahar Lal Nehru[1]

“I used to dream of a Persia where bulbuls made love to the roses, where in dreamland gardens poets sat around their wine cups and invoked visions of ineffable meanings. But now that I have come to your country my dream has been formed into a concrete image that finds its permanent place in the inner chamber of my experience … I have visited Sa’di’s tomb; I have sat beside the resting place of Hafiz and intimately felt his touch in the glimmering green of your woodlands, in blossoming roses. The past age of Persia lent the old world perfume of its own sunny hours of spring to the morning of that day and the silent voice of your ancient poet filled the silence in the heart of the poet of Modern India”

– Rabindranath Tagore, 09 May 1932.[2]

The peoples of India and Iran, two ancient neighbouring civilisations, have enjoyed close historical links through the ages. They had a common homeland and share a common linguistic and racial past. Over the several millennia, they interacted an enriched each other in the fields of language, religion, arts, culture, food and other traditions. Today the two countries enjoy warm, friendly relations and cooperate in a wide range of fields.

PART I

Prehistoric times

1. It is believed that before 2000-3000 BC, the inhabitants of modern Iraq and southern Iran as also the people of west and north west India came from the same region. Later, around 1500 BC Aryan tribes from north invaded and defeated these people and marched further to south Asia.[3] During the pre-historic times (around 3000 BC), the people of Kulli culture (North West Indian borders) excelled in making small boxes of soft stone, delicately engraved with linear patterns. At Susa (west Iran) a few pieces of painted pottery have been found which appear to be similar to the wares of the Kulli people. In the hills of Baluchistan, where the people of Nal and Zhob cultures built their little villages, the Barhuis, though ethnically now predominantly Iranian, speak a Dravidian language (spoken in South India).[4]

2. There seems little doubt that the Indus Valley civilization had contacts with the contemporaneous civilizations of Iran and Mesopotamia. There is a striking similarity between some of the designs and seals. There was trade between the coast of southern Iran and India through the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea. Some Indus seals have been excavated at Kish, Susa and Ur in Iran. The Harappan people are believed to have imported silver, copper, turquoise and lapis lazuli from Persia and Afghanistan.[5] Iran supplied silver, gold, lead, zinc, turquoise to ancient India. Ivory was imported from India.[6]

India and Iran : Common Homeland, common linguistic and racial Past

3. On the basis of linguistic evidence the people who arrived on the southern slopes of Alborz mountains in North Iran and in Western Iran, are regarded as having originally been along the Indo-Iranians who for a long period shared a common tradition while living as Nomads in the Central Asian steppes. Eventually the two linguistically related groups separated and migrated southwards. The Iranian group moved into the highlands of Iran through the flat passable area south-east of Caspian Sea, while the Indian tribes migrated into the Indian sub-continent.[7]

4. It is believed that Indians and Iranians belonged to one single family before the beginning of the Indo-Aryan civilisation and lived together with a common language for many centuries in pasturelands of Oxus valley in Central Asia (Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakstan).[8] This common habitat was either around the upper reaches of the Tigris where the Zob meets it or in the vast doab of the rivers Vahvi-Datiya and Ranha (the Oxus and Jaxertes). [9]The first Aryan migration into India and Iran took place around 2000 BC. In Iran, as in India, the impact of the Aryans was to prove ineffaceable and founded a long enduring tradition.[10] These people brought with them their patrilinear system, their worship of sky gods, their horses and chariots.[11] In the second millennium B.C. there was close agreement between the language and mythology, religious traditions and social institutions of Indians and Iranians on the one hand and those of the Greeks, Romans, Celts, Germans and Slavs on the other. For a considerable period after their separation from their western kinsmen, the Indians and Iranians are believed to have lived together. [12]

5. The scriptures Vedas (of the Indian Aryans) and the Avesta (of the Iranians) both agree on the cause, which led to the migration of the Aryans from their original homeland (called Airyana Vaejo in Avesta). In the Vedic account, it is a flood of water that is referred to and in the Avestan account it is a flood of snow and frost. The praleya signifying snow or frost is derived from pralaya or deluge in Sanskrit by Panini. That there was a huge flodd in pre-historic ties in some parts of the then known world is proved by Semitic sources which seem to have borrowed their account from Aryan sources. The name of the person who escaped this disaster is Noah, according to them (more correctly Nuh as in Arabic which is a contracted form of Manuh, nominative form of Manu). In both Indian and Iranian versions, he is the son of the same person – Vivasvat or Vivanghat. According to the tradition of the Vendidad, the ancestors of the Iranians lived in 15 other countries turn by turn. One of these was Haptahindu, i.e. Saptasindhu, the cradle land of Indo-Aryan civilization. [13]

6. Indian or Indo-Iranian groups who worshiped the Vedic deities were found in and to the north of Syria in the middle of the second millennium B.C. Prof. S.A. Cook writes “In what may roughly be called the ‘Mosaic’ age, viz, that illustrated by the Amarna letters and the “Hittite” tables from Boghaz-Keui, Palestine was exposed to Iranian (Old Persia) or Indo-European Persian Empire…. In the Mosaic Age, Varuna, the remarkable ethical God of ancient India, was known to North Syria.” [14] In the 14th century BC, there appeared in North East Syria, a people called Mittani, whose kings had Indo-Iranian names and whose gods were very similar to the Aryan gods – Indara (Indra), Uruvna (Varuna), Mitira and Nasatiya. Some other chiefs in Syria and Palestine also had Indo-Iranian names.[15]

7. India is mentioned in the Avesta and there is some description of north India in it. In the Rig Veda there are references to Persia – the Persians who were called Parshavas and later Parasikas, from which the modern word Parsi is derived. The Parthians were referred to as Parthavas.[16]

8. Old Persian language was a member of the Indic branch of the Indo-European languages. Related to it was Zend of Avestan, the language of the earliest Zoroastrian text, which was later, divided into two distinct branches – Indic and Iranic. One later developed as Sanskrit and the other as Persian. [17]

9. The name of India has come from Iran through a long relay – Iranic to Greek to Latin to English and finally to India with its dominance of English. India is a Greek word written ‘India in the Greek alphabet and pronounced Hindia. It comes from Hindos ‘the river Indus’ from the old Persian Hindu, the Persian pronunciation of the Sanskrit Sindhu. (In Avesta and old Persian an initial s was pronounced h).[18]

10. Similarly, the name Iran is related to Sanskrit Arya (noble). The ancient Persian also used the name ‘Arya’ and the word survives in the word ‘Iran’. Iranians are one of three peoples of the world who have called their countries ‘Land of Nobility’ or ‘The Noble Land’. Iran is the Avesta word airya ‘noble’ with the toponymic suffix –an, denoting a geographical area. The name of Ireland is Eire in Irish language and aire means ‘noble’ in Irish. Aryavarta is the sacred land bounded on the north and south by the Himalaya and Vindhya mountains, and extending from the eastern to the western sea. The name Iran and Aryavarta are close relatives and denote the abode of the excellent ones, the noble and respectable people, those faithful to their land. The Persian speaking Aizerbajan is the ancient word aryanam vajah ‘the power of the Aryans’, which celebrates the emerging sway of the Iranians in the second or third millennium BC.[19]

11. Sanskrit and Avesta have a common basic vocabulary and common grammar. The name of Hapta Hendu (land of seven rivers) is mentioned in Avesta whereas Ariya (the name of Persia) is mentioned in the Vedas.[20] In the Rig Veda, the Persians were called Parshavas and later Parasikas (from which the modern word Parsi is derived).

12. The ancient Iranians invoked the good mind, the good spirit Vohu Manah (Vasu manah in Sanskrit). The word vohu is vasu in Sanskrit. Its superlative form is vashishta (the personification of right). The modern Persian Bahisht is Avesta Vahishta and Sanskrit Vashishtha (in English best).[21] Some other words with apparent common roots are –

13. River Sarasvati became the province Haraxvaiti in Avesta. The river Rasa became the district Rangha in Media now Rai near Tehran. Avesta has the river Varan, which refers to Varanasi situated on the confluence of Varana and Asi rivers. Avesta mentions the river Haroyu which is Saryu flowing near Ayodhya. The Hapta Hendu of Avesta and Sapta Sindhu of Rigveda is Punjab.[22]

14. The Persian word Khuda goes back to Avesta Hvada, which is svadha in Sanskrit (inherent power). The Avestic bara survives in the name of Baghdad and it is Sanskrit bhaga or better known bhagavan).[23]

15. Avestic Kshathra and Sanskrit Kshatra become in modern Persian Shahr and Hindi Khatri/Khet. Avestic dugh and Sanskrit dugdha change into dugh and dudh. Avestic bratar and Sanskrit bhratri change into Persian baradar and Hindi Bhai. Avestic hvar or khvar and Sanskrit svara become Persian khur (of Khurshid) and Hindi sur.[24] Sanskrit dha (set, make), bhr (bear), gharma (warm) are Avestan and old Persian da, bar and garma. Sanskrit pra (forth), putra (son) are Avestan fra and puthra. [25]

16. h replaced s in Iranian except before non-nasal stops and after I, u, r, k; Sanskrit sapta (seven), sarva (all) are Avestan hapta and haurva. Iranian also has both xs and s sounds, Indo-Aryan has only ks. Avestan xsayeiti (has power, is capable), saeiti (dwells) are Sanskrit ksayati and kseti.

17. There is much in common between the Vedic religion and Zoroastrianism. The core of these religions was sacrifice, centred on fire. The earliest religious texts of Indo-Aryans (principally the Rig Veda dating back to 1300 to 900 BC) are indispensable for making historical reconstructions of the development of Iranian religion.[26] Gatha, the hymns of Prophet Zoroaster, included in a part of the Avesta, the holy book of the Zoroastrians, suggests a close link with the ancient Indian hymns, the Rig Veda of c. 1700 B.C. This is the period prior to the migration of Nomadic tribes into Iran and India.[27]

18. The hymn of Gayatri resembles the Gatha of the ancient Iranians. The vedic ritual of Agni and the Avestic ritual of Atar were similar. The Hindu Gods and Goddesses like Indra and Bhadrika resemble Ahura Mazda and Mithra.[28]During the Vedic period, gods were divided into two classes the devas and the asuras (In Iranian daevas and ahuras).In India devas came to be more powerful than the asuras and the latter word eventually took on the meaning of a demon. In Iran the reverse took place and the daevas were denounced as demons by Zoroaster. They still survive as such in the divs of Persian foklore, especially though Ferdowsi’s epic Shah Nameh).[29]

19. Vedic and Persian religions (both Aryan) mingled in Gandhar, where stood the Indian city called Taxila by the Greek. By the age of Darius (6th century BC), the most refined of its cult had evolved into what was later known as Zoroastrianism – a dualist religion accounting for the problem of evil in terms of struggle of a good with an evil god.[30] To this day, there are close similarities in the Persian festival of Nowruz (Iranian New Year) also celebrated by Parsis in India and Holi as both are centred towards fire.

20. The Indo-Iranian element in later Hinduism is chiefly found in the initiatory ceremony (upanayana) performed by boys, a rite both in Hinduism and in Zoroastrianism that involves the tying of a sacred cord. The Vedic god Varuna, now an unimportant sea god appears in the Rigveda as sharing many features of the Zoroastrian Ahura Mazda (“Wise Lord”); the hallucinogenic sacred drink soma corresponds to the sacred haoma of Zoroastrianism.[31] Varuna was known as an Asura, a term also applied to lesser gods, which in later Hinduism came to mean a class of demons, but which in Persia was adopted by the Zarathustra in its local form as part of the title of the great god of light – Ahura Mazda. Varuna may have been the high god of the Indo-Iranians before the two peoples divided. Varuna was first and foremost a king, an emperor sitting in a great palace in heavens often with associated gods around him. Most important of these was Mitra, a god with some solar characteristics. He was represented in the Zoroastrian pantheon and was also widely worshipped in the Roman Empire under the Greco-Iranian name Mithras.[32]

21. The Iranian Surya (sun god) wearing a long coat with a sacred girdle and knee-high boots was worshipped by Indian kings. He had a special name Mundira svami and the word Mundira is found in ancient Iranian texts from Khotan. The Modhera temple in Gujarat and Munirka village in Delhi remind of the name Mundira. The Sun God at Konarak, Orissa is famous in his Iranian drapery and boots. The royal priests of this royal surya were of Iranian descent like Sakadvipiya Brahmanas, or Mishra (in which th of Avesta Mithra became sh).[33]

22. Both Vedas and Gathas have no place for idols or temples. Both enjoin the maintenance of fire and performance of sacrifice (Sanskrit yajna and Avestic yasna). Their priests have common duties and names.

23. The four varnas (classification of society) of India developed out of very early Aryan class divisions. Some stratification existed in many Indo-European communities. Ancient Iran had four pistras (classes), comparable in some respects to those in India.[34] The four-fold classification of society into priests, warriors, peasants and artisans appears in the Vedas, the Gathas and Yasna and Ferdowsi’s Shah Nameh (which mentions their designations as Amuzian, Nisarian, Nasudi and Ahnukishi.[35]

24. The system of four yugas (ages) was similar to the doctrine of four ages that existed in ancient Persia. The system was also prevalent in ancient Greece.[36] The Iranians, like the Indians, believed that the world was divided into seven regions or karshvar (keshvar in modern Persian, which means country).[37]

25. There is a word in the Gathas – asha – that appears in a variety of forms – asha/arsh/eresh/arta/ereta. The last variant is near to the rita of the Rig Veda. For both Avesta and Veda, this word means the order of the world, the law of the man. Law and order seems to be the fundamental concepts of the Aryans.[38]

26. The myths that appear in the part of the Avesta known as Yasht include some tales of very ancient pre-Zoroastrian origin, probably belonging to the pagan Indo-Iranian era. Many of these myths re-appear in the Shahnameh (Book of Kings), an epic in rhyme by the Poet Firdowsi, which was completed in A.D. 1010. The greatest hero of Iranian mythology was undoubtedly Yima (Jamshid of the Shahnameh.) As Yima Khshaeta, King Yima, he belongs to the Indo-Iranian traditions. The Indian equivalent, the Vedic Yama, chooses to die and becomes the Kind of the dead. [39]

27. There are several parallelisms between medical, physiological and pathological doctrines of the Ayurveda and those of the Avesta in its surviving texts represented by the Vendidad, the Yasna and the Yashts.[40] The Persian word din (religion) is similar to dhena of the rigveda where it means ‘speech reflecting the inner thoughts of man’. Its Avesta equivalent is daena, a common word in Gathas meaning inner self of man.[41]

28. The Samba-purana relates that Samba, the son of Krishna, had been afflicted with leprosy and was restored to health by the grace of Sun God whose worship was performed by Iranian priests called Maga. The Maga priests were the famous Magoi or Magi – Zoroastrian priests who spread the worship of fire and Sun and erected temples at Taxila and Multan.[42] The Bhagvat-Puran calls the sacred girdle of Sun priest avyanga, which is the Avestan aiwyanghana. Samba built the sanctuary of Mitravana on the banks of Chenab. There were Sun temples on the banks of Yamuna.[43] The Maga Brahmins and the Gandhara Brahmins of North India, as well as Brahmini Magis of the South were all of Iranian origin.[44]

29. Commerce between the mouth of the Indus and the Persian Gulf was unbroken down to the Buddhist times.There is evidence of trade between the Phoenicians of the Levant and western India as early as 975 B.C. Trade between the Indus Valley and the Euphrates seems to be very ancient.[45]

Contacts between Achaemenian Persia and India

30. By around 1000 BC, Indians and Persians had established themselves as distinct cultural and racial entities with their boundaries meeting at Kabul and Sistan.[46]

31. The founder of the Achaemenian dynasty in Persia was Hakhamanis (Sakhamani in Sanskrit, meaning one who has allies/friends – Hakha/Sakha of crystalline fidelity – mani). During the Achaemenian period, some parts of northwest India came under Persian rule. Indian emissaries were present in the courts of Medes and Emperor Cyrus in 550 – 529 BC.[47]

32. One of the great Achaemenian emperors was Cyrus. His correct name in the inscriptions is Kurus (Kuru of Aitareya-brahmana and Mahabharat in Sanskrit). Kuru is described as a country of everlasting happiness beyond the most northern ranges of the Himalayas. Cyrus founded the imperial capital of Pasargadae or Pars-gard (the seat of Persians). Gard is Garta in Sanskrit, which means a seat. Garta or Karta later came to mean capital as in Jakarta.[48]The audience hall of the Achaemenian emperors was called apadana. Its Budhist parallel is Avadana.[49]

33. Darius, the third ruler of the Achaemenian dynasty, sent an expedition to India. Three of his inscriptions refer to his relations with India. The Behistun rock inscription (ancient Bagastana ‘place of Gods’ or Sanskrit ‘Bhagasthana’) dating back to around 518 BC includes Gandhar in the list of his subject countries. Here Darius refers to his language as Aryan.[50] The Persepolis inscription mentions Punjab as a part of the Persian empire.The epigraph of Nagsh-i-Rustam shows India as the 24th state of his empire. When Cyrus the Great was invaded by King Croesus of Lydia in Greece, a contemporary Indian king is believed to have rendered military assistance to the Iranian emperor.[51]

34. The Indian province of Darius was the richest in his empire and the most populous. Herodotus tells us of the wealth and density of the Indian population and of the tribute paid to Darius: ‘The population of the Indians is by far the greatest of all the people that we know; and they paid tribute proportionately larger than all the rest – (the sum of) 360 talents of gold dust’ (equivalent to over a million pounds sterling). Herodotus also mentions the Indian contingent in the Persian armies consisting of infantry, cavalry, and chariots. Later, elephants are mentioned.[52] One-third of gold that flowed into the imperial treasury of Iran came as a tribute from India. Indians clad in white cotton cloth fought in the armies of Xerxes on the battlefields of Plataea and Marathon against the Greeks. Of the two scripts employed in India, one had evolved from Armaic, which the Achaemenian scribes employed.[53] Indian mercenaries roamed the coasts of Caspian and smished with the Scythians. The Khudrakas of the Ravi were deployed beyond the Hindukush.[54] The Achaemenians brought rice from India to be planted in the Near East.[55] It is also believed that cane sugar was first used by man in Polynesia from where it spread to India. In 510 BC the Emperor Darius found in India “the reed which gives honey without bees”, which he then brought to Persia.[55a]

35. It is believed that the Greek philosopher Pythagoras may have obtained his doctrine of metempsychosis(transmigration, or passage of the soul from one body to another) from India, mediated by Achaemenian (6th-4th century BC) Persia (although similar ideas were known in Egypt and were also present in Greece before the time of Pythagoras). The Pythagorean doctrine of a cyclic universe may also be derived from India.[56]

36. Darius-I killed Gaumata, a pretender to the Persian throne, in 522 BC to become the Persian emperor. Gaumata (one who considers cow as mother) is used till today in Hindi to mean cow the mother.[57]

37. Xerxes (5th century BC) succeeded his father Darius-I to the Achaemenian throne. His avestic name was Khshayarsha (ruling over heroes), which was Hellenised as Xerxes. His army included Pathans and Bactrians from India. He invaded and defeated the Greeks.[58] According to Herodotus, a detachment Indians fought in the Persian army against the Greeks at Plataea.[59]

38. Not surprisingly, administrative and political nomenclature in northern India at this time reflected that of western and Central Asia. The Persian term for the governor of a province, khshathrapavan, as used by the Achaemenians, was Hellenized into “satrap” and widely used by these dynasties. Its Sanskrit form was ksatrapa.[60]

39. Darius assigned a Greek navigator Skylax of Casyanda to make a voyage from the mouth of the Indus river to Egypt.

40. Achaemenian art and architecture had a significant influence on India. Before the Ashokan period of history, there is no evidence of epigraphy in India.[61] It has been suggested that the idea of issuing decrees by Ashoka was borrowed from the Achaemenian emperors, especially from Darius (though the tone and content of Ashoka”s edicts are different). The pillars, with their animal capitals (fine examples of Mauryan imperial art), are influenced by Achaemenian pillars.[62] The use of this means of propagating official messages and the individual style of the inscriptions both suggest Persian and Hellenistic influence and India under the Mauryas was certainly more continually in touch with the civilizations to the west than ever before. At Kandahar, Ashoka left instructions in both Greek and Aramaic.[63]

41. In 330 BC Alexander defeated Darius III. In the decisive battle of Gaugamela a small contingent of Indian soldiers with fifteen elephants fought with Darius against the Greeks. [64]Alexander the Great after destroying the Achaemenian empire marched into India. Chandragupta Maurya, who founded the Mauryan dynasty, had friendly relations with the successor of the Macedonian conqueror in Persia. Seleucus Nicator, the Grecian ruler of Persia, sent Megasthenes as the envoy of Hellenistic Persia to the court of Patliputra in India. Commercial and cultural relations between Persia and India continued.[65] Persian nobles were conspicuous in the courts of Mauryan kings.Tushaspa, a Persian, was present during the reign of Chandragupta Maurya. The Kharoshti script was introduced by the Persian officials in the northwestern frontier province and continued to be in use till the 4th century AD.[66]

42. Towards the end of 1st century BC, a line of kings with Iranian names, usually known as Pahlavas, gained the brief suzerainty of North West India. According to legend, St Thomas brought Christianity to the kingdom of one of these rulers – Gondophares.[67]

43. Trade expanded mainly because Achaemenians introduced coinage, which facilitated exchange. India exported spices, black pepper and imported gold and silver coins from Iran. [68] The grape, introduced from Persia with the almond and walnut, was cultivated in the wetsren Himalayas.[69] One of the earliest Indian words for a coin is Karsa (also a small weight), which is of Persian origin.[70]

44. According to Herodotus, the Persian emperor Artaxerxes (5th century BC) exempted the inhabitants of four Babylonian villages from taxation in return for their breeding Indian dogs for hunting and war. The dog is only once mentioned with respect in ancient Indian literature and was rarely, if ever, treated as a pet. The exception occurs in the Mahabharata, where the five pandavas and their wife Draupadi take their dog with them on their final pilgrimage to heaven, and the eldest brother Yudhisthira refuses to enter without his faithful friend. It has been suggested that the episode shows Iranian influence, for with the Zoroastrians, the dog was a sacred animal.[71]

Contacts between Sassanian Persia and India

45. The Sassanian period in Persia (226-651 AD) coincided with the Gupta period (308-651 AD) in India. The Sassanian monarchs maintained relations with the Patliputra based Gupta empire. The name of Pulakesin, the ruler of the Deccan, was known in Persia. It was usual to exchange Embassies between Persia and India. Iranian traders acted as commission agents to deliver Indian goods to European ports. One of the murals in Ajanta caves near Mumbai depicts a Hindu king with men in Sassanian dress.[72]

46. During the reign of Shahpur (310-379 AD) in Persia, Indian physicians were invited to practice medicine along with Greek and Iranian physicians in Jundishpur Hospital in southern Kuzestan province of Iran.[73]

47. In Kushana and Gandhara art, Parthian and east Iranian elements are visible. Sassanian motifs are abundant in Gupta art. Also Indian peacock, dragons, cocks and spiral creeper adorn Sassanian monuments.[74] The tiles of Harvan monastery near Srinagar testify to the Sassanian influence on the Kashmir valley.[75] The Kushanas became affluent through trade, particularly with Rome. They issued large number of gold coins, which exhibit the figures of Greek, Roman, Iranian, Hindu and Buddhist deities.[76]

48. The borderland areas of Kabul, Kandhar and Seistan, which were often politically parts of India, were the meeting place of Indians and Iranians. In later Parthians times they were called ‘white India’. Referring to these areas the French savant, James Darmesteler says “Hindu civilization prevailed in those parts, which in fact in the two centuries before and after Christ were known as white India”.[77]

49. The Ranas of Udaipur, the head of the Sisodia clan of the Rajputs are believed to have veeb Iranians originally who came to India towards the end of sixth century. The Pallavas (Parthians, Sanskrit – Pahlavas) are also believed to have originated from Iran. Pulkessin II, the Ruler of Badami sent an Embassy to Khusro II (Parviz) in A.D. 625 and a return Embassy to his court is the subject a beautiful fresco in a cave at Ajanta. [78]The name Gujarat itself has associations with the Gujar tribe of Iran that inhabited the region of Gujistan near west of Caspian Sea. These people are believed to have entered India around 6th century A.D. [79]

50. After the conquest of Alexander, the nobles of Saurashtra and Kutch acknowledged the suzerainty of the Parthians and later the Sassanians. The history of Gujarat from A.D. 78 to A.D. 400 is shown as Kshatrapa (Satrap) period. Nahapana (Parthian), Chashtana, Jayadaman, Rudradaman, Tushasp, Suvisakha were some of the rulers of this period. Over time the rulers assumed Hindu names. [80]

Buddhist influence on Persia

51. In the 1st century BC, Kanishka, the ruler of northwest India, became a great patron of Buddhist faith. Buddhism began to spread to Central Asia and the Far East. Kanishka patronized the Gandhara school of Buddhist art, which introduced Greek and Persian elements into Buddhist iconography.[81] By the end of 3rd century AD, Vasudeva, one of Kanishka’s successors was defeated by the Sassanian king Shahpur I and northwest India came under Persian influence.

52. Buddhism became the religion of the east Iranian province of Khorasan through the Kushana emperors. The legendary biography of Buddha in Sanskrit – the Buddha Charita – composed by Ashva Ghosh was translated into Khotanese and then into Sogdian and Parthian – old Persian idioms, then into Pahlavi and into Arabic and other languages. Ibn Babaviah of Qom in his work Akmal al din wa Tamam al Nimah included a story based upon the Persian version of the above story by Zakariya Razi. The legend of Balohar and Budasaf became a part of European and Asian literature. In Iran, the story of Ibrahim ibn Adham, the prince who abandoned his kingdom to lead a religious life, is moulded on the model of Budha.[82]

53. During the Sassanian era, Mani, a scion of the Ashkanian family preached a syncretic religion combining elements of Zoroastrian, Buddhist and Christian faiths. He claimed to be the incarnation of the Buddha.[83]

54. In Central Asia there was a confusing welter of languages, religions, and cultures, and, as Buddhism interacted with these various traditions, it changed and developed. Shamanism, Zoroastrianism, Nestorian Christianity, and later Islam all penetrated these lands and coexisted with Buddhism. For example, some of the Mahayana bodhisattvas, such as Amitabha, may have been inspired, in part, by Zoroastrianism. There is also evidence of some degree ofsyncretism between Buddhism and Manichaeism, an Iranian dualistic religion that was founded in the 3rd century AD.

55. In north west India, Zoroastrianism and Buddhism came into close contact. The Zoroastrian doctrine of the Saviour (Saosyant) probably influenced the idea of the future Buddha, which later became part of the orthodox belief.[84]

56. The temples, monasteries and the monuments, which dotted Khorasan, must have in some ways influenced the early architecture of Persia.[85] The blue of turquoise from Khorasan in east Persia became the symbol of the ‘mind by nature luminous’ (cittam prakriti-prabhasvaram). The spires of Buddhist monasteries were made of turquoise, as blue was the colour of meditation. The shades of blue porcelain created by the Buddhist masters of East Asia reflected the subtle planes of contemplation. This tradition was centuries later taken over by the blue mosques of Persia.[86] The Jandial temple near Taksasila was probably Zoroastrian.[87] Ivory plaques, originally fastened to the lids and sides of furniture and boxes, found at the Kushana site of Begram, 80 km north west of Kabul are Indian in inspiration.[88]

57. Paintings on the walls of Dukhang of Alchi monastery in Ladakh reproduced in detail Sassanian motives on textiles. They can be seen in round medallions with mythical animals. The most ancient stringed instrument from Persia – a red-sandalwood five-stringed vina – has been preserved at the Todaiji monastery in Nara, Japan since 8th century. It is decorated with a Persian motif in mother-of-pearl inlay and represents a cultural exchange between the Persian and the Buddhist world. The Tibetan histories of medicine relate that Jivaka the physician to Lord Buddha was born as the son of King Bimbisara. Grown up, one day he saw a group of white-clad men and asked his father: “Who are they”. He said: “They are doctors and they protect people from diseases”. He wished to become a doctor and he asked his father for permission. King Bimbisara sent him to Taxila. These white-clad men were Iranians, who were famous physicians as attested by Sanskrit texts.[89]

58. Early Persian poetry, creation of east Persians, cultivated abstract mental forms recalling the grace of Buddhist statues. (Till the 11th century Persian poetry came from Khorasan, Sogdiana and adjacent areas, which were once steeped in Buddhism). The metaphor of Bot (Buddha) was constant and exclusive in early Persian poetry. The facial type of bot-e-mahruy (moon-faced statue) was the norm in Persian paintings and poetry. Bahar is both spring and a monastery (vihar). The Persian raghe for sloping hill refers to the location of vihars on top of a hill with gentle slopes.[90]

59. The Parthians of east Iran and Central Asian Iranians translated Sanskrit texts into Chinese. An Shih-Kao was a Parthian prince who became a Buddhist monk. He came to China in 148 AD and translated 95 Sanskrit works on Buddhism into Chinese. 55 of them are still available in Chinese Tripitaka. Another Parthian prince An Huen translated two Sanskrit works into Chinese in AD 181.]

Continuing contacts (2nd to 7th century AD)

60. According to Shahname of Ferdowsi (11th century AD), the 5th century AD Sassanian king Behram Gur requested Indian king Shangol to select 12,000 gypsies – expert Indian musicians – and introduced them into Persia from India.These gypsies are believed to be the ancestors of the Persian gypsies. They propagated Indian music and dancing in Persia and travelled to all parts of the world from there. There are remarkable similarities in the language of European gypsies (Romani) and Indo-Aryan languages. It is also believed that Behram Gur visited India in 5th century AD. Persian poet Hakim Nizami Ganjavi has alluded to the Indian wife of king Behram in his famous work Haft Paikar (seven figures) indicating instances of inter-marriage]

61. During the reign of Sassanian king Noshirvan (531-576 AD), scientists and other scholars were exchanged between Persia and India. During the same period, the game of chess (Chaturang in India) is believed to have been introduced in Persia from India (known as Shatranj).[93] Later, when Persia was conquered by the Arabs, the game quickly spread all over the middle east and then to Europe. The original game was played on 64 squares (astapada) with a king piece and pieces of four other types, corresponding to the corps of the ancient Indian army – an elephant, a horse, a chariot or ship and four footmen..]

62. Under Noshirwan, Jundishpur was developed as a leading center of Persian medicine, in which Indian Ayurvedic system was syncretized with the Greek system propagated there by the Nestorian Christians. Burzuya, the physician to Noshirwan, was sent to India to bring back works on medicine and searched for elixir of life. Burzuya on his return brought stories of Panchatantra with him.. The Jundishpur school of medicine continued its active existence and after the Arab conquest of Persia, exerted a great deal of influence on the development of Arabian medicine..]

63. Panchtantra, the collection of Indian fables – instructions about conduct of one’s affairs, was translated from Sanskrit to Pehalvi by Burzoy-e-Tabib who called it Kalila va Demna. From Persia it travelled to the west. Abdullah ibn Muquaffa translated this Pehalvi text into Arabic. There exist several versions of the text in Persian written by Rudki (10th century AD), Nasrullah bin Mohd bin Abdul Hamid Munshi (15th century AD) and a version by Abdul Fazal (16th century AD). The later Arabian Nights owes several of its stories and themes to India. .]

64. In the 6th century, sandalwood, magenta, shells, corals, pearls, gold and silver were traded. Several Indian translators are believed to have been present in the Sassanian royal courts. Bam, in south-east Iran, was a major commercial and trading town on the famous Spice Road, a major tributary of the Silk Road, that connected trade routes from India through Iran to Central Asia and China.

65. Around 7th century AD an Arabic translation from a Persian version of the Charaka Samhita, the famous Indian medical text, was made during this phase. Another early Pahlavi book Zik-i-Shatro Ayar an astronomical work based on Indian elements was translated into Arabic by Al Tamimi.

66. According to Christian Topography of Cosmos Indicopleustes of 6th century AD, there were churches in Keral and Ceylon in the hands of Persian priests, supervised by a Persian bishop at Kalliana (perhaps modern Cochin). Indian Christians had embraced the Nestorian heresy, which was then widespread in Persia. The Nestorians were active missionaries and their monks had crossed Central Asia to found churches in China. These missionaries following in the wake of Persian merchants are believed to be chiefly responsible for establishing Christian community in south India.  compiled by Dr.M.Ajam

دیدنی های هند 

مسجد جامع دهلی و سنگ نوشته‌های مرمری زیبای فارسی آن

 

ایرنا سمـینار بین المللی روابط ایران و هند درون دوره معاصر درون حیدرآباد برگزار شد.

*** دانشگاه  جنو 

 

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[معنی hide your story به فارسی]

نویسنده و منبع | تاریخ انتشار: Thu, 08 Nov 2018 17:39:00 +0000

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با سلام ((:
[ بهتره کـه متن آهنگ ها رو درون تایپیک های جداگانـه بزارید ]
من مـیخوام اینجا متن آهنگ های halsey رو بزارم ^_^

نمـیدونم مـیشناسینش یـا نـه ولی اگه بشناسینش بهتره چون خدایی عشقه |:

حدود 2-3 ماه پیش یکی از دوستام تو تل واسم یکی از آهنگاشو فرستاد و دیگه هیچی دیگه عاشقش شدم رف :|

هر کی هم ID اینستا توییتر و اینا رو خواست بگه بش بدم :/

تفسیر هر کدومم پیدا کردم مـیزارم <:

خب اینم آهنگاش ((:

" colors "

(این آهنگ رو واسه ی Matty healy عضو گروه The 1975 خونده کـه مـیشـه دوست پسرش)

[Verse 1]
Your little brother never tells you but he loves you so
داداش کوچکت هیچوقت بهت نمـیگه ولی تورو خیلی دوست داره

You said your mother only smiled on her TV show
گفتی کـه ت فقط بـه برنامـه های تلویزیون لبخند مـیزنـه

You’re only happy when your sorry head is filled with dope
تو فقط وقتیکه سر بدبختت با مواد مخدر پر شده خوشحالی
(از این خط معلومـه کـه پسره معتاده)

I hope you make it to the day you’re 28 years old
امـیدوارم که تا سن 28 سالگی دووم بیـاری
(مـیگه از بس مواد مـیزنی و به خودت آسیب مـیزنی شاید حتی بـه سن بیست و هشت سالگی هم نرسی.ایی کـه خیلی مـیکشن عمرشون کوتاه تر مـیشـه)

[Pre-Chorus]
You’re dripping like a saturated sunrise
تو مثل یک طلوع آفتاب سیرشده مـیچکی

You’re spilling like an overflowing sink
تو مثل یک وان دستشویی لبریز شده داری مـیریزی
(همـه ی اینا منظورش اینـه کـه پسره داره خودشو نابود مـیکنـه وقتی یک وان دستشویی پر بشـه یعنی خراب شده خورشید هم همـینطور)

You’re ripped at every edge but you’re a masterpiece
همـه ی گوشـه هات پاره شده ولی هنوز یک شاهکار هنری ای
(مـیگه با کارات داری خودتو نابود مـیکنی ولی هنوزم برام جذابی)

And now you're tearing through the pages and the ink
و داری بین برگه ها و جوهر گریـه مـیکنی
(احساس بدبختی و سردرگمـی مـیکنـه متی بـه خاطر همـه ی اون چیزایی کـه گفته شد راجع بهش مثل اعتیـاد و...)

[Chorus]
Everything is blue
همـه چیز آبیـه

His pills, his hands, his jeans
قرصاش، معنی hide your story به فارسی دستاش، شلوار جیناش

And now I’m covered in the colors
و من توی رنگ ها پوشونده شدم

Pull apart at the seams
از ریشـه از هم دریده مـیشم

And it's blue
و این آبیـه

And it's blue
و این آبیـه

Everything is grey
همـه چیز خاکستریـه

His hair, his smoke, his dreams
موهاش، دود سیگارش، رویـاهاش

And now he's so devoid of color
و الان اون خالی از رنگه

He don’t know what it means
نمـیدونـه این چه معنی داره

And he's blue
و اون پسره آبیـه

And he's blue
و اون آبیـه
(هالسی راجع بـه رنگ آبی توضیح داده بود کـه آرامش داره و به رنگ دریـا و آسمونـه و رنگ مورد علاقشـه از رنگ موهاشم مـیشـه فهمـید و این باعث شده کـه بیـان احساساتش با استفاده از این رنگ آسونتر بشـه)

[Verse 2]
You were a vision in the morning when the light came through
تو، یـه رویـا درون صبح هنگام اومدن روشنایی بودی

I know I’ve only felt religion when I’ve lied with you
مـیدونم فقط وقتی دین رو حس کردم کـه با تو خوابیدم

You said you’ll never be forgiven till your boys are too
گفتی کـه تا وقتی دوستات(پسرای گروهش) بخشیده نشن تو هم بخشیده نمـیشی

And I’m still waking every morning but it’s not with you
و من هنوزم صبح ها بیدارم مـیشم ولی بدون تو

[Pre-Chorus]
You’re dripping like a saturated sunrise
You’re spilling like an overflowing sink
You’re ripped at every edge but you’re a masterpiece
And now you're tearing through the pages and the ink

[Chorus]
Everything is blue
His pills, his hands, his jeans
And now I’m covered in the colors
Pull apart at the seams
And it's blue
And it's blue

Everything is grey
His hair, his smoke, his dreams
And now he's so devoid of color
He don’t know what it means
And he's blue
And he's blue

[Bridge]
You were red, and you liked me because I was blue
تو قرمز بودی، و از من بـه خاطر اینکه آبی بودم خوشت مـیومد
(رنگ قرمز و آبی رنگ های مخالف همن و چیزای مخالف هم مثل قطب مثبت و منفی بـه هم جذب مـیشن)

But you touched me, and suddenly I was a lilac sky
ولی تو لمسم کردی,و ناگهان یـه آسمون بنفش رنگ شدم
(وقتیکه رنگ قرمز و آبی باهم مخلوط مـیشن رنگ بنفش یـاسی مانندی رو بـه وجود مـیارن)

Then you decided purple just wasn’t for you
و ناگهان تصمـیم گرفتی کـه رنگ بنفش به منظور تو خوب نیست
(حسش نسبت بـه هالسی عوض شد)

[Chorus]
Everything is blue
His pills, his hands, his jeans
And now I’m covered in the colors
Pull apart at the seams
And it's blue
And it's blue

Everything is grey
His hair, his smoke, his dreams
And now he's so devoid of color
He don’t know what it means
And he's blue
And he's blue

[Outro]
Everything is blue
Everything is blue
Everything is blue
Everything is blue

   "Hold Me Down"

   My demons are begging me to open up my mouth
   شیطانـهام بهم التماس مـیکنن کـه دهنم رو باز کنم
   I need them mechanically make the words come out
   بهشون نیـاز دارم کـه به طور مکانیکی کلمات رو بیرون بکشن
   They fight me, vigorous and angry, watch them pounce
   باهام مـیجنگن، قوی و عصبانی، مـیبینم کـه یورش مـیبرن
   Ignite me, licking up the flames they bring about
   منو آتش مـیزنن، شعله هایی کـه روشن رومـیزنن

   I sold my soul to a three-piece
   روحم رو بـه ارواح سه گانـه فروختم
   And he told me I was holy
   و یکیشون بهم گفت مقدسم
   He's got me down on both knees
   منو بـه زانو درآورد
   But it's the devil that's tryna
   ولی شیطان ه کـه داره تلاش مـیکنـه

   Hold me down, hold me down
   منو تحت تسلط داشته باشـه
   Sneaking out the back door,
   از درون پشتی بیرون فرار کن
   Make no sound
   صدایی تولید نکن
   Knock me out, knock me out
   منو بیـهوش کنـه
   Saying that I want more, this is what I live for
   مـیگم بیشتر مـیخوام، این چیزیـه کـه براش زندگی مـیکنم

   Hold me down, hold me down
   منو تحت تسلط داشته باشـه
   Throw me in the deep end, watch me drown
   منو توی دریـای عمـیق بنداز و ببین کـه غرق مـیشم
   Knock me out, knock me out
   منو بیـهوش کنـه
   Saying that I want more, this is what I live for
   مـیگم بیشتر مـیخوام، این چیزیـه کـه براش زندگی مـیکنم

   Selfish, taking what I want and call it mine
   خودخواهم، چیزی کـه مـیخوام رو مـیگیرم و مـیگم مال منـه
   I'm helpless, clinging to a little bit of spine
   درمانده ام، بـه یـه ذره مـهره مـیچسبم
   They rush me, telling me I'm running out of time
   بهم مـیگن عجله کن، مـیگن داره وقتت تموم مـیشـه
   They shush me, walking me across a fragile line
   بهم مـیگن ساکت باش، از روی یـه خط باریک و شکستنی رَد م مـیکنن

   I sold my soul to a three-piece
   روحم رو بـه ارواح سه گانـه فروختم
   And he told me I was holy
   و یکیشون بهم گفت مقدسم
   He's got me down on both knees
   منو بـه زانو درآورد
   But it's the devil that's tryna
   ولی شیطان ه کـه داره تلاش مـیکنـه

   Hold me down, hold me down
   منو تحت تسلط داشته باشـه
   Sneaking out the back door,
   از درون پشتی بیرون فرار کن
   Make no sound
   صدایی تولید نکن
   Knock me out, knock me out
   منو بیـهوش کنـه
   Saying that I want more, this is what I live for
   مـیگم بیشتر مـیخوام، این چیزیـه کـه براش زندگی مـیکنم

   Hold me down, hold me down
   منو تحت تسلط داشته باشـه
   Throw me in the deep end, watch me drown
   منو توی دریـای عمـیق بنداز و ببین کـه غرق مـیشم
   Knock me out, knock me out
   منو بیـهوش کنـه
   Saying that I want more, this is what I live for
   مـیگم بیشتر مـیخوام، این چیزیـه کـه براش زندگی مـیکنم

   Hold me down now
   حالا منو تحت تسلط داشته باش

   I sold my soul to a three-piece
   روحم رو بـه ارواح سه گانـه فروختم
   And he told me I was holy
   و یکیشون بهم گفت مقدسم
   He's got me down on both knees
   منو بـه زانو درآورد
   But it's the devil that's tryna
   ولی شیطان ه کـه داره تلاش مـیکنـه

   Hold me down, hold me down
   منو تحت تسلط داشته باشـه
   Sneaking out the back door,
   از درون پشتی بیرون فرار کن
   Make no sound
   صدایی تولید نکن
   Knock me out, knock me out
   منو بیـهوش کنـه
   Saying that I want more, this is what I live for
   مـیگم بیشتر مـیخوام، این چیزیـه کـه براش زندگی مـیکنم

   Hold me down, hold me down
   منو تحت تسلط داشته باشـه
   Throw me in the deep end, watch me drown
   منو توی دریـای عمـیق بنداز و ببین کـه غرق مـیشم
   Knock me out, knock me out
   منو بیـهوش کنـه
   Saying that I want more, this is what I live for
   مـیگم بیشتر مـیخوام، این چیزیـه کـه براش زندگی مـیکنم

   "Castle"

  Sick of all these people talking, sick of all this noise
   از همـه مردم کـه اینـهمـه حرف مـیزنن خسته شدم، از همـه این سر و صداها خسته شدم
   Tired of all these cameras flashing, sick of being poised
   از همـه دوربین هایی کـه هی عمـیگیرن خسته شدم، از باوقار بودن خسته شدم
   Now my neck is open wide, begging for a fist around it
   حالا گردنم بازه، التماس مـیکنـه یـه دست دورش مشت بشـه
   Already choking on my pride, so there's no use crying about it
   همـینجوریش دارم با غرورم خفه مـیشم، فایده ای نداره براش گریـه کنم

   I'm headed straight for the castle
   مستقیم بـه سمت قصر درون راهم
   They wanna make me their queen
   اونا مـیخوان من رو ملکه اشون کنن
   And there's an old man sitting on the throne that's saying that I probably shouldn't be so mean
   و یـه پیرمردی روی تخت سلطنتی نشسته کـه مـیگه احتمالا نباید اینقدر پَست باشم
   I'm headed straight for the castle
   مستقیم بـه سمت قصر درون راهم
   They've got the kingdom locked up
   اونا درِ قلمرو رو بستن
   And there's an old man sitting on the throne that's saying I should probably keep my pretty mouth shut
   و یـه پیرمردی روی تخت سلطنتی نشسته کـه مـیگه احتمالا حتما دهن خوشگلمو ببندم

   Straight for the castle
   مستقیم بـه سمت قصر

   Oh, all of these minutes passing, sick of feeling used
   همـه این دقایق مـیگذرن، از احساسِ مورد استفاده قرار گرفتن خسته شدم
   If you wanna break these walls down, you're gonna get bruised
   اگه مـیخوای این دیوارها رو پایین بریزی کبود مـیشی
   Now my neck is open wide, begging for a fist around it
   حالا گردنم بازه، التماس مـیکنـه یـه دست دورش مشت بشـه
   Already choking on my pride, so there's no use crying about it
   همـینجوریش دارم با غرورم خفه مـیشم، فایده ای نداره براش گریـه کنم

   I'm headed straight for the castle
   مستقیم بـه سمت قصر درون راهم
   They wanna make me their queen
   اونا مـیخوان من رو ملکه اشون کنن
   And there's an old man sitting on the throne that's saying that I probably shouldn't be so mean
   و یـه پیرمردی روی تخت سلطنتی نشسته کـه مـیگه احتمالا نباید اینقدر پَست باشم
   I'm headed straight for the castle
   مستقیم بـه سمت قصر درون راهم
   They've got the kingdom locked up
   اونا درِ قلمرو رو بستن
   And there's an old man sitting on the throne that's saying I should probably keep my pretty mouth shut
   و یـه پیرمردی روی تخت سلطنتی نشسته کـه مـیگه احتمالا حتما دهن خوشگلمو ببندم

   Straight for the castle
   مستقیم بـه سمت قصر

   There's no use crying about it x4
   فایده ای نداره براش گریـه کنم

   I'm headed straight for the castle
   مستقیم بـه سمت قصر درون راهم
   They wanna make me their queen
   اونا مـیخوان من رو ملکه اشون کنن
   And there's an old man sitting on the throne that's saying that I probably shouldn't be so mean
   و یـه پیرمردی روی تخت سلطنتی نشسته کـه مـیگه احتمالا نباید اینقدر پَست باشم
   I'm headed straight for the castle
   مستقیم بـه سمت قصر درون راهم
   They've got the kingdom locked up
   اونا درِ قلمرو رو بستن
   And there's an old man sitting on the throne that's saying I should probably keep my pretty mouth shut
   و یـه پیرمردی روی تخت سلطنتی نشسته کـه مـیگه احتمالا حتما دهن خوشگلمو ببندم

   Straight for the castle
   مستقیم بـه سمت قصر
   They wanna make me their queen
   اونا مـیخوان من رو ملکه اشون کنن
   And there's an old man sitting on the throne that's saying that I probably shouldn't be so mean
   و یـه پیرمردی روی تخت سلطنتی نشسته کـه مـیگه احتمالا نباید اینقدر پَست باشم
   I'm headed straight for the castle
   مستقیم بـه سمت قصر درون راهم
   They've got the kingdom locked up
   اونا درِ قلمرو رو بستن
   And there's an old man sitting on the throne that's saying I should probably keep my pretty mouth shut
   و یـه پیرمردی روی تخت سلطنتی نشسته کـه مـیگه احتمالا حتما دهن خوشگلمو ببندم

   Straight for the castle
   مستقیم بـه سمت قصر

   "New Americana"

  Cigarettes and tiny liquor bottles,
   سیگارها و بطری های کوچک الکل
   Just what you'd expect inside her new Balenciaga
   همون چیزی کـه انتظار داری توی خونـه ی مدل بلنسیـاگا ش پیدا کنی
   Viral mess, turned dreams into an empire
   آشفتگی ویروسی، رویـاها رو بـه امپراطوری تبدیل کرده
   Self-made success, now she rolls with Rockefellers
   موفقیت خود ساخته، حالا با خانواده راکافلرز رفت و آمد مـیکنـه

   Survival of the richest, the city's ours until the fall
   نجات پیدا پولدارها، شـهر مال ماست که تا وقتی کـه سقوط کنـه
   They're Monaco and Hamptons bound, but we don't feel like outsiders at all
   اونا توی موناکو و همپتونز با هم رفیق شدن، ولی ما اصلا احساس نمـیکنیم غریبه ایم

   We are the new Americana
   ما آمریکای جدیدیم
   High on legal marijuana
   با ماریـ*جوانای قانونی نعشـه مـیشیم
   Raised on Biggie and Nirvana
   با آهنگهای بیگی و نیروانا بزرگ شدیم
   We are the new Americana
   ما آمریکای جدیدیم

   Young James Dean, some say he looks just like his father
   جیمز دین جوان، بعضی ها مـیگن شبیـه پدرشـه
   But he could never love somebody's daughter
   ولی هیچوقت نمـیتونـه هی رو دوست داشته باشـه
   Football team loved more than just the game
   تیم فوتبال رو بیشتر از بازی دوست داشت
   So he vowed to be his husband at the altar
   پس توی محراب قسم خورد کـه شوهرش باشـه

   Survival of the richest, the city's ours until the fall
   نجات پیدا پولدارها، شـهر مال ماست که تا وقتی کـه سقوط کنـه
   They're Monaco and Hamptons bound, but we don't feel like outsiders at all
   اونا توی موناکو و همپتونز با هم رفیق شدن، ولی ما اصلا احساس نمـیکنیم غریبه ایم

   We are the new Americana
   ما آمریکای جدیدیم
   High on legal marijuana
   با ماریـ*جوانای قانونی نعشـه مـیشیم
   Raised on Biggie and Nirvana
   با آهنگهای بیگی و نیروانا بزرگ شدیم
   We are the new Americana
   ما آمریکای جدیدیم

   We know very well who we are, so we hold it down when summer starts
   ما خیلی خوب مـیدونیم کی هستیم، بعد وقتی تابستون شروع مـیشـه کنترلش مـیکنیم
   What kind of dough have you been spending?
   چه پولی داری خرج مـیکنی؟
   What kind of bubblegum have you been blowing lately?
   اخیرا چه آدمس بادکنکی مـیتر؟

   We are the new Americana
   ما آمریکای جدیدیم
   High on legal marijuana
   با ماریـ*جوانای قانونی نعشـه مـیشیم
   Raised on Biggie and Nirvana
   با آهنگهای بیگی و نیروانا بزرگ شدیم
   We are the new Americana
   ما آمریکای جدیدیم

  "Drive"

   My hands wrapped around the stick shift
   دستهام دور دنده حلقه شده
   Swerving on the 405, I can never keep my eyes Off this
   توی اتوبان 405 کج و معوج مـیرم، هیچوقت نمـیتونم چشمـهامو از این بردارم
   My neck, the feeling of your soft lips
   گردنم، حس لبهای نرمت
   Illuminated in the light, bouncing off the exit signs I missed
   توی نور روشن شده، از تابلوهای خروجی کـه بهشون توجه نکردم بازتاب مـیکنـه

   All we do is drive
   ما فقط رانندگی مـیکنیم
   All we do is think about the feelings that we hide
   فقط راجع بـه احساساتی کـه قایمشون مـیکنیم فکر مـیکنیم
   All we do is sit in silence waiting for a sign
   فقط توی سکوت مـیشینیم و منتظر یـه نشونـه ایم
   Sick and full of pride
   خسته و پر از غروریم
   All we do is drive
   ما فقط رانندگی مـیکنیم

   And California never felt like home to me x3
   و کالیفورنیـا هیچوقت به منظور من مثل خونـه ام نبود
   Until I had you on the open road and now we're singing
   تا وقتی کـه با توی توی جاده بودم و حالا داریم مـیخونیم
   Your laugh, echoes down the hallway
   خنده ات، توی راهرو مـیپیچه
   Carves into my hollow chest, spreads over the emptiness
   توی ی خالی من جا پر مـیکنـه، روی پوچی رو مـیپوشونـه
   It's bliss
   برکت ه

   It's so simple but we can't stay
   خیلی سادست اما نمـیتونیم بمونیم
   Overanalyze again, would it really kill you if we kissed?
   باز بیش از حد تحلیل مـیکنیم، واقعا مـیکشتت اگه ما همو ببوسیم؟

   All we do is drive
   ما فقط رانندگی مـیکنیم
   All we do is think about the feelings that we hide
   فقط راجع بـه احساساتی کـه قایمشون مـیکنیم فکر مـیکنیم
   All we do is sit in silence waiting for a sign
   فقط توی سکوت مـیشینیم و منتظر یـه نشونـه ایم
   Sick and full of pride
   خسته و پر از غروریم
   All we do is drive
   ما فقط رانندگی مـیکنیم

   And California never felt like home to me x3
   و کالیفورنیـا هیچوقت به منظور من مثل خونـه ام نبود
   Until I had you on the open road and now we're singing
   تا وقتی کـه با توی توی جاده بودم و حالا داریم مـیخونیم

   "Hurricane"

   There's a place way down in Bed-Stuy
   یـه جایی توی خیـابونـهای بِد-استای (محله ای توی نیویورک) هست
   Where a boy lives behind bricks
   که یـه پسری پشت آجرها زندگی مـیکنـه
   He's got an eye for girls of eighteen
   چشمش دنبال های 18 سالست
   And he turns them out like tricks
   و مثل حقّه اونـها رو تبدیل بـه های هرزه مـیکنـه

   I went down to a place in Bed-Stuy
   من رفتم یجایی توی بد-استای
   A little liquor on my lips
   یکم الکل روی لبم
   I let him climb inside my body
   گذاشتم بیـاد توی بدنم
   And held him captive in my kiss
   و توی بوسه ام محصورش کردم

   And there's a storm you're starting now x3
   و داری یـه کولاک ایجاد مـیکنی

   I'm a wanderess
   من یـه سیـار م
   I'm a one night stand
   من فقط یـه شب باهات مـیخابم
   Don't belong to no city
   به هیچ شـهری تعلق ندارم
   Don't belong to no man
   به هیچ مردی تعلق ندارم
   I'm the violence in the pouring rain
   من خشونت توی تگرگ ام
   I'm a hurricane
   من یـه طوفانم
   Ha ah ah ha ah ah ah

   I went down to a place in Brooklyn
   رفتم یجایی توی بروکلین
   Where you tripped on LSD
   که پر از ال.اس.دی (از مواد توهم زا) ه
   And I found myself reminded
   و بهم یـادآوری شد
   To keep you far away from me
   که تو رو از خودم دور نگه دارم

   And there's a storm you're starting now x3
   و داری یـه کولاک ایجاد مـیکنی

   I'm a wanderess
   من یـه سیـار م
   I'm a one night stand
   من فقط یـه شب باهات مـیخابم
   Don't belong to no city
   به هیچ شـهری تعلق ندارم
   Don't belong to no man
   به هیچ مردی تعلق ندارم
   I'm the violence in the pouring rain
   من خشونت توی تگرگ ام
   I'm a hurricane
   من یـه طوفانم

   He says, "Oh, baby, beggin' you to save me
   اون مـیگه "اوه عزیزم، التماست مـیکنم کـه نجاتم بدی
   Well lately, I like 'em crazy
   اخیرا دوست دارم هام دیوونـه باشن
   Oh, maybe, you could devastate me
   شاید تو بتونی خرابم کنی
   Little lady, come and fade me"
   خانوم کوچولو، بیـا و محوم کن

   I'm a wanderess
   من یـه سیـار م
   I'm a one night stand
   من فقط یـه شب باهات مـیخابم
   Don't belong to no city
   به هیچ شـهری تعلق ندارم
   Don't belong to no man
   به هیچ مردی تعلق ندارم
   I'm the violence in the pouring rain
   من خشونت توی تگرگ ام

   Come and fade me
   بیـا و من رو محو کن
   I'm a hurricane
   من یـه طوفانم

   "Roman Holiday"

  Do you remember the taste of my lips that night
   مزههام رو یـادت مـیاد اون شب که
   I stole a bit of my mother's perfume
   یکم از عطر مادرم رو دزدیدم
   Cause I remember when my father put his fist through
   چون یـادم مـیاد پدرم مشتش رو کوبوند
   The wall that separated the dining room
   به دیواری کـه اتاق پذیرایی رو جدا مـیکرد
   And I remember the fear in your eyes
   و ترس توی چشمـهات رو یـادم مـیاد
   The very first time we snuck into the city pool
   اولین باری کـه دزدکی رفتیم توی استخر شـهر
   Late December with my heart in my chest and the clouds of my breath
   آخرای ماه دسامبر بود و قلبم توی ام تند مـیزد و از نفسم ابر ایجاد مـیشد
   Didn't know where we were running to
   نمـیدونستیم کجا داریم فرار مـیکنیم
   But don't look back
   ولی بـه عقب نگاه نکن

   We'll be looking for sunlight
   ما دنبال نور خورشیدیم
   Or the headlights
   یـا نور ماشین
   Till our wide eyes burn blind
   تا وقتی چشـهای بازمون کور بشن
   We'll be lacing the same shoes
   بند ه همون کفشـهایی رو مـیبندیم
   That we've worn through
   که پوشیدیم
   To the bottom of the line
   تا بـه ته خط برسیم
   And we know that we're headstrong
   و مـیدونیم کـه سرسختیم
   And our heart's gone
   و قلبهامون رفتن
   And the timing's never right
   و زمانبدی هیچوقت درست نیست
   But for now let's get away
   ولی به منظور الان بیـا فرار کنیم
   On a Roman holiday
   به یـه تعطیلات رومـی

   Could you imagine the taste of your lips
   مـیتونی مزه لبهات رو تصور کنی
   If we never tried to kiss on the drive to Queens
   اگه هیچوقت سعی نمـیکردیم توی راه بـه سمت کویینز (محله ای درون نیویورک) همو ببوسیم
   Cause I imagine the weight of your ribs
   چون من وزن دنده هات رو تصور مـیکنم
   If you lied between my hips in the backseat
   اگه توی صندلی عقب بین پاهام دراز مـیکشیدی
   I imagine the tears in your eyes
   اشکهای توی چشمـهات رو تصور مـیکنم
   The very first night I'll sleep without you
   اولین شبی کـه بدون تو خواهم خوابید
   And when it happens I'll be miles away
   و وقتی این اتفاق بیـافته من مایلها دورتر خواهم بود
   And a few months late
   و چند ماه بعد
   Didn't know where I was running to
   نمـیدونم داشتم بـه کجا فرار مـیکردم
   But I won't look back
   ولی بـه عقب نگاه نمـیکنم

   We'll be looking for sunlight
   ما دنبال نور خورشیدیم
   Or the headlights
   یـا نور ماشین
   Till our wide eyes burn blind
   تا وقتی چشـهای بازمون کور بشن
   We'll be lacing the same shoes
   بند ه همون کفشـهایی رو مـیبندیم
   That we've worn through
   که پوشیدیم
   To the bottom of the line
   تا بـه ته خط برسیم
   And we know that we're headstrong
   و مـیدونیم کـه سرسختیم
   And our heart's gone
   و قلبهامون رفتن
   And the timing's never right
   و زمانبدی هیچوقت درست نیست
   But for now let's get away
   ولی به منظور الان بیـا فرار کنیم
   On a Roman holiday
   به یـه تعطیلات رومـی

   Feet first, don't fall
   پاهاتو اول بذار، نیـافت
   We'll be running again
   باز فرار خواهیم کرد
   Keep close, stand tall
   نزدیک بمون، محکم بایست

   We'll be looking for sunlight
   ما دنبال نور خورشیدیم
   Or the headlights
   یـا نور ماشین
   Till our wide eyes burn blind
   تا وقتی چشـهای بازمون کور بشن
   We'll be lacing the same shoes
   بند ه همون کفشـهایی رو مـیبندیم
   That we've worn through
   که پوشیدیم
   To the bottom of the line
   تا بـه ته خط برسیم
   And we know that we're headstrong
   و مـیدونیم کـه سرسختیم
   And our heart's gone
   و قلبهامون رفتن
   And the timing's never right
   و زمانبدی هیچوقت درست نیست
   But for now let's get away
   ولی به منظور الان بیـا فرار کنیم
   On a Roman holiday
   به یـه تعطیلات رومـی

. معنی hide your story به فارسی . معنی hide your story به فارسی : معنی hide your story به فارسی

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[معنی hide your story به فارسی]

نویسنده و منبع | تاریخ انتشار: Thu, 08 Nov 2018 22:54:00 +0000

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The Doctor of Despair

The fin de siecle Viennese satirist, Karl Kraus, took a dim view of the emerging field of psychiatry: معنی hide your story به فارسی “Psychoanalysis is that mental illness for which it regards itself as therapy.” And, somewhat surprisingly, this is the main theme of this novel by an eminent psychotherapist. معنی hide your story به فارسی Psychiatry is indeed a field of Byzantine relationships. معنی hide your story به فارسی Perhaps that is Yalom’s point.

Friedrich Nietzsche and Josef Breuer never really met; but Yalom puts them in an intense relationship of mutual th

، معنی hide your story به فارسی

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[معنی hide your story به فارسی]

نویسنده و منبع | تاریخ انتشار: Mon, 03 Jan 2005 23:57:00 +0000

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ليست 4000 پراستفاده ترين لغات درون انگليسي همراه با معني فارسي1

1-       the

2-       be بودن

3-       and و

4-       of از

5-       a

6-       in به

7-       to به

8-       have داشتن

9-       it آن

10-    I من

11-    that که

12-    for براي

13-    you شما

14-    he او

15-    with با

16-    on بر

17-    do انجام دادن

18-    say گفتن

19-    this اين

20-    they آنـها

21-    at در

22-    but اما

23-    we ما

24-    his او

25-    from از

26-    not نـه

27-    by توسط

28-    she او

29-    or يا

30-    as مانند

31-    what چه

32-    go رفتن

33-    their شان

34-    can مي تواند

35-    who که

36-    get رسيدن

37-    if اگر

38-    would خواهد بود

39-    her او

40-    all تمام

41-    my من

42-    make ساخت

43-    about درون باره

44-    know دانستن

45-    will اراده

46-    up بالا

47-    one يک

48-    time زمان

49-    there آنجا

50-    year سال

51-    so پس

52-    think فکر

53-    when وقتي که

54-    which که

55-    them آنـها

56-    some برخي از

57-    me بـه من

58-    people مردم

59-    take گرفتن

60-    out خارج

61-    into به

62-    just فقط

63-    see ديدن

64-    him او را

65-    your خود را

66-    come رسيدن

67-    could ميتوانست

68-    now اکنون

69-    than نسبت به

70-    like مانند

71-    other ديگر

72-    how چگونـه

73-    then سپس

74-    its آن

75-    our ما

76-    two دو

77-    more بيشتر

78-    these اينـها

79-    want خواست

80-    way راه

81-    look نگاه

82-    first اولين

83-    also همچنين

84-    new جديد

85-    because زيرا

86-    day روز

87-    use استفاده

88-    no هيچ

89-    man مرد

90-    find پيدا

91-    here اينجا

92-    thing چيز

93-    give دادن

94-    many بسياري

95-    well خوب

96-    only فقط

97-    thoseاني که

98-    tell گفتن

99-    very بسيار

100-  even حتي

101-  back پشت

102-  any هر

103-  good خوب

104-  woman زن

105-  through از طريق

106-  us ما

107-  life زندگي

108-  child کودک

109-  work کار

110-  down پايين

111-  may ممکن است

112-  after بعد از

113-  should بايد

114-  call صدا

115-  world جهان

116-  over روي

117-  school مدرسه

118-  still هنوز

119-  try امتحان

120-  last آخر

121-  ask پرسيدن

122-  need نياز

123-  too هم

124-  feel احساس

125-  three سه

126-  state دولت

127-  never هرگز

128-  become شدن

129-  between ميان

130-  high زياد

131-  really واقعا

132-  something چيزي

133-  most بيشترين

134-  another ديگر

135-  much بسيار

136-  family خانواده

137-  own خود

138-  leave مرخصي

139-  put قرار دادن

140-  old قديمي

141-  while درون حين

142-  mean متوسط

143-  keep نگاه داشتن

144-  student دانشجو

145-  why چرا

146-  let اجازه

147-  great بزرگ

148-  same همان

149-  big بزرگ

150-  group گروه

151-  begin شروع

152-  seem بـه نظر مي رسد

153-  country کشور

154-  help کمک

155-  talk صحبت

156-  where جايي که

157-  turn نوبت

158-  problem مشکل

159-  every هر

160-  start شروع

161-  hand دست

162-  might قدرت

163-  American امريکايي

164-  show نشان

165-  part بخش

166-  against درون برابر

167-  place محل

168-  such چنين

169-  again دوباره

170-  few کمي از

171-  case مورد

172-  week هفته

173-  company شرکت

174-  system سيستم

175-  each هر

176-  right راست

177-  program برنامـه

178-  hear شنيدن

179-  question سوال

180-  during درون طي

181-  play بازي

182-  government دولت

183-  run دويدن

184-  small کوچک

185-  number شماره

186-  off خاموش

187-  always هميشـه

188-  move حرکت

189-  night شب

190-  live زنده

191-  Mr آقاي

192-  point نقطه

193-  believe باور

194-  hold نگه داشتن

195-  today امروز

196-  bring را

197-  happen اتفاق مي افتد

198-  next بعد

199-  without بدون

200-  before قبل از

201-  large بزرگ

202-  million ميليون

203-  must بايد

204-  home خانـه

205-  under تحت

206-  water اب

207-  room اتاق

208-  write نوشتن

209-  mother مادر

210-  area منطقه

211-  national ملي

212-  money پول

213-  story داستان

214-  young جوان

215-  fact حقيقت

216-  month ماه

217-  different مختلف

218-  lot خيلي

219-  study مطالعه

220-  book کتاب

221-  eye چشم

222-  job کار

223-  word کلمـه

224-  though اگر چه

225-  business تجارت

226-  issue موضوع

227-  side سمت

228-  kind نوع

229-  four چهار

230-  head سر

231-  far دور از

232-  black سياه

233-  long طولاني

234-  both هر دو

235-  little کوچک

236-  house خانـه

237-  yes بله

238-  since بعد از

239-  provide ارائه

240-  service سرويس

241-  around درون اطراف

242-  friend دوست

243-  important مـهم

244-  father پدر

245-  sit نشستن

246-  away دور

247-  until تا

248-  power قدرت

249-  hour ساعت

250-  game بازي

251-  often غالبا

252-  yet هنوز

253-  line خط

254-  political سياسي

255-  end پايان

256-  among درون ميان

257-  ever هميشـه

258-  stand ايستادن

259-  bad بد

260-  lose از دست دادن

261-  however اما

262-  member عضو

263-  pay پرداخت

264-  law قانون

265-  meet ملاقات

266-  car اتومبيل

267-  city شـهرستان

268-  almost تقريبا

269-  include عبارتند از

270-  continue ادامـه

271-  set مجموعه

272-  later بعد

273-  community انجمن

274-  name نام

275-  five پنج

276-  once يک بار

277-  white سفيد

278-  least کمترين

279-  president رئيس جمـهور

280-  learn ياد بگيرند

281-  real واقعي

282-  change تغيير

283-  team تيم

284-  minute دقيقه

285-  best بهترين

286-  several چند

287-  idea فکر

288-  kid بچه

289-  body بدن

290-  information اطلاعات

291-  nothing هيچ

292-  ago پيش

293-  lead رهبري

294-  social اجتماعي

295-  understand فهميدن

296-  whether چه

297-  watch ساعت

298-  together با هم

299-  follow دنبال

300-  parent پدر يا مادر

301-  stop توقف

302-  face صورت

303-  anything هر چيزي

304-  create ساختن

305-  public عمومي

306-  already قبلا

307-  speak صحبت

308-  others ديگران

309-  read خواندن

310-  level سطح

311-  allow اجازه دادن

312-  add اضافه

313-  office دفتر

314-  spend خرج

315-  door درب

316-  health سلامت

317-  person شخص

318-  art هنر

319-  sure مطمئن

320-  war جنگ

321-  history تاريخ

322-  party حزب

323-  within درون داخل

324-  grow رشد

325-  result نتيجه

326-  open باز

327-  morning صبح

328-  walk راه رفتن

329-  reason دليل

330-  low کم

331-  win پيروزي

332-  research پژوهش

333-  girl

334-  guy مرد

335-  early درون اوايل

336-  food غذا

337-  moment لحظه

338-  himself خود

339-  air هوا

340-  teacher معلم

341-  force مجبور

342-  offer ارائه

343-  enough کافي

344-  education آموزش و پرورش

345-  across درون ميان

346-  although اگر چه

347-  remember بـه ياد داشته باشيد

348-  foot پا

349-  second دوم

350-  boy پسر

351-  maybe شايد

352-  toward نسبت به

353-  able قادر

354-  age سن

355-  policy سياست

356-  everything همـه چيز

357-  love عشق

358-  process روند

359-  music موسيقي

360-  including از جمله

361-  consider درون نظر

362-  appear بـه نظر مي رسد

363-  actually درون حقيقت

364-  buy خريد

365-  probably شايد

366-  human انساني

367-  wait صبر

368-  serve خدمت

369-  market بازار

370-  die مردن

371-  send ارسال

372-  expect انتظار

373-  sense حس

374-  build ساختن

375-  stay ماندن

376-  fall سقوط

377-  oh اوه

378-  nation ملت

379-  plan طرح

380-  cut قطع

381-  college کالج

382-  interest علاقه

383-  death مرگ

384-  course دوره

385-  someoneي

386-  experience تجربه

387-  behind پشت سر

388-  reach رسيدن به

389-  local محلي

390-  kill کشتن

391-  six شش

392-  remain ماندن

393-  effect اثر

394-  yeah آره

395-  suggest نشان مي دهد

396-  class کلاس

397-  control کنترل

398-  raise بالا بردن

399-  care مراقبت

400-  perhaps شايد

401-  late دير

402-  hard سخت

403-  field رشته

404-  else ديگر

405-  pass عبور

406-  former سابق

407-  sell فروختن

408-  major عمده

409-  sometimes گاهي

410-  require نياز

411-  along همراه

412-  development توسعه

413-  themselves خودشان

414-  report گزارش

415-  role نقش

416-  better بهتر

417-  economic اقتصادي

418-  effort تلاش

419-  decide تصميم گيري

420-  rate نرخ

421-  strong قوي

422-  possible ممکن

423-  heart قلب

424-  drug دارو

425-  leader رهبر

426-  light نور

427-  voice صدا

428-  wife زن

429-  whole تمام

430-  police پليس

431-  mind ذهن

432-  finally سرانجام

433-  pull کشيدن

434-  return برگشت

435-  free رايگان

436-  military نظامي

437-  price قيمت

438-  less کمتر

439-  according مطابق

440-  decision تصميم

441-  explain توضيح

442-  son پسر

443-  hope اميد

444-  develop توسعه

445-  view نظر

446-  relationship ارتباط

447-  carry بردن

448-  town شـهر

449-  road جاده

450-  drive راندن

451-  arm بازو

452-  TRUE TRUE

453-  federal فدرال

454-  break شکستن

455-  difference تفاوت

456-  thank تشکر

457-  receive گرفتن

458-  value ارزش

459-  international بين المللي

460-  building ساختمان

461-  action اقدام

462-  full کامل

463-  model مدل

464-  join پيوستن

465-  season فصل

466-  society جامعه

467-  tax ماليات

468-  director مدير

469-  position موقعيت

470-  player نوازنده

471-  agree موافقت

472-  especially بـه خصوص

473-  record رکورد

474-  pick کلنگ

475-  wear پوشيدن

476-  paper مقاله

477-  special ويژه

478-  space فضا

479-  ground زمين

480-  form فرم

481-  support پشتيباني

482-  event واقعه

483-  official رسمي

484-  whose که

485-  matter ماده

486-  everyone هر

487-  center مرکز

488-  couple زن و شوهر

489-  site محل

490-  project پروژه

491-  hit اصابت

492-  base پايه

493-  activity فعاليت

494-  star ستاره

495-  table جدول

496-  court دادگاه

497-  produce محصول

498-  eat خوردن

499-  teach آموزش

500-  oil نفت

501-  half نيم

502-  situation وضعيت

503-  easy ساده

504-  cost هزينـه

505-  industry صنعت

506-  figure شکل

507-  street خيابان

508-  image تصوير

509-  itself خود

510-  phone تلفن

511-  either هر دو

512-  data اطلاعات

513-  cover پوشش

514-  quite کاملا

515-  picture عکس

516-  clear روشن

517-  practice عمل

518-  piece قطعه

519-  land زمين

520-  recent اخير

521-  describe توصيف

522-  product محصول

523-  doctor دکتر

524-  wall ديوار

525-  patient بيمار

526-  worker کارگر

527-  news اخبار

528-  test آزمون

529-  movie سينما

530-  certain معين

531-  north شمال

532-  personal شخصي

533-  simply بسادگي

534-  third سوم

535-  technology تکنولوژي

536-  catch گرفتن

537-  step گام

538-  baby کودک

539-  computer کامپيوتر

540-  type نوع

541-  attention توجه

542-  draw قرعه کشي

543-  film فيلم

544-  Republican جمـهوري

545-  tree درخت

546-  source منبع

547-  red قرمز

548-  nearly تقريبا

549-  organization سازمان

550-  choose را انتخاب کنيد

551-  cause علت

552-  hair مو

553-  century قرن

554-  evidence مدرک

555-  window پنجره

556-  difficult دشوار

557-  listen گوش دادن

558-  soon بزودي

559-  culture فرهنگ

560-  billion بيليون

561-  chance شانس

562-  brother برادر

563-  energy انرژي

564-  period دوره

565-  summer تابستان

566-  realize تحقق بخشيدن

567-  hundred صد

568-  available موجود

569-  plant گياه

570-  likely احتمالا

571-  opportunity فرصت

572-  term مدت

573-  short کوتاه

574-  letter نامـه

575-  condition شرط

576-  choice انتخاب

577-  single تک

578-  rule رد

579-  daughter

580-  administration حکومت

581-  south جنوب

582-  husband شوهر

583-  Congress کنگره

584-  floor طبقه

585-  campaign کمپين

586-  material ماده

587-  population جمعيت

588-  economy اقتصاد

589-  medical پزشکي

590-  hospital بيمارستان

591-  church کليسا

592-  close نزديک

593-  thousand هزار

594-  risk خطر

595-  current جريان

596-  fire آتش

597-  future بعدي

598-  wrong اشتباه

599-  involve شامل

600-  defense دفاع

601-  anyone هر

602-  increase افزايش

603-  security امنيت

604-  bank بانک

605-  myself خودم

606-  certainly قطعا

607-  west غرب

608-  sport ورزش

609-  board تخته

610-  seek بـه دنبال

611-  per درون هر

612-  subject موضوع

613-  officer افسر

614-  private خصوصي

615-  rest استراحت

616-  behavior رفتار

617-  deal برخورد

618-  performance کارايي

619-  fight جنگ

620-  throw پرتاب

621-  top بالا

622-  quickly سريعا

623-  past گذشته

624-  goal هدف

625-  bed بستر

626-  order نظم

627-  author نويسنده

628-  fill پر

629-  represent نشان دادن

630-  focus کانون

631-  foreign خارجي

632-  drop رها

633-  blood خون

634-  upon بر

635-  agency نمايندگي

636-  push فشار

637-  nature طبيعت

638-  color رنگ

639-  recently تازه

640-  store ذخيره

641-  reduce کاستن

642-  sound صدا

643-  note يادداشت

644-  fine خوب

645-  near نزديک

646-  movement

647-  page صفحه

648-  enter وارد شدن

649-  share سهم

650-  common مشترک

651-  poor فقير

652-  natural طبيعي

653-  race نژاد

654-  concern علاقه

655-  series سلسله

656-  significant قابل توجه

657-  similar مشابه

658-  hot داغ

659-  language زبان

660-  usually معمولا

661-  response پاسخ

662-  dead مرده

663-  rise بالا رفتن

664-  animal حيواني

665-  factor عامل

666-  decade دهه

667-  article مقاله

668-  shoot شليک

669-  east شرق

670-  save صرفه جويي

671-  seven هفت

672-  artist هنرمند

673-  scene صحنـه

674-  stock موجودي

675-  career حرفه اي

676-  despite با وجود

677-  central مرکزي

678-  eight هشت

679-  thus بنابر اين

680-  treatment درمان

681-  beyond خارج از

682-  happy خوشحال

683-  exactly کاملا

684-  protect محافظت

685-  approach روش

686-  lie دروغ

687-  size اندازه

688-  dog سگ

689-  fund صندوق

690-  serious جدي

691-  occur رخ مي دهد

692-  media رسانـه ها

693-  ready اماده

694-  sign امضاء

695-  thought فکر

696-  list فهرست

697-  individual فرد

698-  simple ساده

699-  quality کيفيت

700-  pressure فشار

701-  accept پذيرفتن

702-  answer پاسخ

703-  resource منابع

704-  identify شناسايي

705-  left سمت چپ

706-  meeting جلسه

707-  determine مشخص

708-  prepare آماده

709-  disease مرض

710-  whatever هر چه

711-  success موفقيت

712-  argue استدلال

713-  cup فنجان

714-  particularly ويژه

715-  amount مقدار

716-  ability توانايي

717-  staff کارکنان

718-  recognize شناختن

719-  indicate نشان دادن

720-  character شخصيت

721-  growth رشد

722-  loss فقدان

723-  degree درجه

724-  wonder تعجب

725-  attack حمله

726-  herself خودش

727-  region منطقه

728-  television تلويزيون

729-  box جعبه

730-  TV تلويزيون

731-  training پرورش

732-  pretty قشنگ

733-  trade تجارت

734-  election انتخاب

735-  everybody هر

736-  physical فيزيکي

737-  lay غير روحاني

738-  general عمومي

739-  feeling احساس

740-  standard استاندارد

741-  bill لايحه

742-  message پيام

743-  fail شکست

744-  outside خارج از

745-  arrive رسيدن

746-  analysis تحليل

747-  benefit سود

748-  جنسي

749-  forward بـه جلو

750-  lawyer وکيل دادگستري

751-  present ارائه

752-  section بخش

753-  environmental محيطي

754-  glass شيشـه

755-  skill مـهارت

756-  sister

757-  PM PM

758-  professor استاد

759-  operation عمل

760-  financial مالي

761-  crime جرم

762-  stage مرحله

763-  ok خوب

764-  compare مقايسه

765-  authority قدرت

766-  miss از دست

767-  design طرح

768-  sort نوع

769-  act عمل

770-  ten ده

771-  knowledge دانش

772-  gun تفنگ

773-  station ايستگاه

774-  blue ابي

775-  strategy استراتژي

776-  clearly بـه وضوح

777-  discuss مورد بحث

778-  indeed درون واقع

779-  truth حقيقت

780-  song ترانـه

781-  example مثال

782-  democratic دموکراتيک

783-  check چک

784-  environment محيط

785-  leg پا

786-  dark تاريک

787-  various مختلف

788-  rather بلکه

789-  laugh خنديدن

790-  guess حدس

791-  executive اجرايي

792-  prove ثابت

793-  hang چسبيدن به

794-  entire تمام

795-  rock سنگ

796-  forget فراموش

797-  claim ادعا

798-  remove برداشتن

799-  manager مدير

800-  enjoy لذت بردن

801-  network شبکه

802-  legal حقوقي

803-  religious مذهبي

804-  cold سرد

805-  final نـهايي

806-  main اصلي

807-  science علم

808-  green سبز

809-  memory حافظه

810-  card کارت

811-  above درون بالا

812-  seat صندلي

813-  cell سلول

814-  establish ايجاد

815-  nice خوب

816-  trial محاکمـه

817-  expert متخصص

818-  spring بهار

819-  firm شرکت

820-  Democrat عضو حزب دموکرات

821-  radio راديو

822-  visit بازديد

823-  management اداره

824-  avoid جلوگيري از

825-  imagine تصور کنيد

826-  tonight امشب

827-  huge کلان

828-  ball توپ

829-  finish پايان

830-  yourself خودت

831-  theory نظريه

832-  impact ضربه

833-  respond پاسخ

834-  statement بيانيه

835-  maintain نگه داشتن

836-  charge اتهام

837-  popular محبوب

838-  traditional مرسوم

839-  onto بر روي

840-  reveal فاش

841-  direction جهت

842-  weapon سلاح

843-  employee کارمند

844-  cultural فرهنگي

845-  contain شامل

846-  peace صلح

847-  pain درد

848-  apply اعمال مي شود

849-  measure اندازه

850-  wide وسيع

851-  shake تکان دادن

852-  fly پرواز

853-  interview مصاحبه

854-  manage اداره

855-  chair صندلي

856-  fish ماهي

857-  particular خاص

858-  camera دوربين

859-  structure ساختار

860-  politics سياست

861-  perform انجام دادن

862-  bit ذره

863-  weight وزن

864-  suddenly ناگهان

865-  discover پيدا

866-  candidate نامزد

867-  production توليد

868-  treat درمان

869-  trip سفر

870-  evening شب

871-  affect اثر

872-  inside داخل

873-  conference کنفرانس

874-  unit واحد

875-  style سبک

876-  adult بالغ

877-  worry نگراني

878-  range محدوده

879-  mention ذکر

880-  deep عميق

881-  edge لبه

882-  specific خاص

883-  writer نويسنده

884-  trouble زحمت

885-  necessary لازم

886-  throughout سراسر

887-  challenge چالش

888-  fear ترس

889-  shoulder شانـه

890-  institution نـهاد

891-  middle وسط

892-  sea دريا

893-  dream خواب

894-  bar بار

895-  beautiful زيبا

896-  property خاصيت

897-  instead درون عوض

898-  improve بهبود

899-  stuff چيز

900-  detail جزئيات

901-  method روش

902-  somebodyي

903-  magazine مجله

904-  hotel هتل

905-  soldier سرباز

906-  reflect منع

907-  heavy سنگين

908-  ual جنسي

909-  bag کيسه

910-  heat گرما

911-  marriage ازدواج

912-  tough سخت

913-  sing خواندن

914-  surface سطح

915-  purpose هدف

916-  exist وجود داشته باشد

917-  pattern الگو

918-  whom چهي

919-  skin پوست

920-  agent عامل

921-  owner دارنده

922-  machine ماشين

923-  gas گاز

924-  ahead پيش

925-  generation نسل

926-  commercial تجاري

927-  address ادرس

928-  cancer سرطان

929-  item بخش

930-  reality واقعيت

931-  coach مربي

932-  Mrs خانم

933-  yard حياط

934-  beat ضرب

935-  violence خشونت

936-  total کل

937-  tend تمايل

938-  investment سرمايه گذاري

939-  discussion گفتگو

940-  finger انگشت

941-  garden باغ

942-  notice توجه

943-  collection مجموعه

944-  modern مدرن

945-  task کار

946-  partner شريک

947-  positive مثبت

948-  civil مدني

949-  kitchen اشپزخانـه

950-  consumer مصرف کننده

951-  shot عکس

952-  budget بودجه

953-  wish دلخواه

954-  painting نقاشي

955-  scientist دانشمند

956-  safe ايمن

957-  agreement موافقت

958-  capital سرمايه

959-  mouth دهان

960-  nor نـه

961-  victim قرباني

962-  newspaper روزنامـه

963-  threat تهديد

964-  responsibility مسئوليت

965-  smile لبخند

966-  attorney وکيل

967-  score نمره

968-  account حساب

969-  interesting جالب

970-  audience حضار

971-  rich غني

972-  dinner شام

973-  vote راي

974-  western غربي

975-  relate ارتباط

976-  travel سفر

977-  debate مناظره

978-  prevent جلوگيري از

979-  citizen شـهروند

980-  majority اکثريت

981-  none هيچ يک

982-  front جلو

983-  born متولد

984-  admit پذيرفتن

985-  senior ارشد

986-  assume گرفتن

987-  wind باد

988-  key کليد

989-  professional حرفه اي

990-  mission ماموريت

991-  fast سريع

992-  alone تنـها

993-  customer مشتري

994-  suffer رنج مي برند

995-  speech سخنراني

996-  successful موفق

997-  option انتخاب

998-  participant شرکت کننده

999-  southern جنوبي

1000-       fresh تازه

1001-       eventually سرانجام

1002-       forest جنگل

1003-       video تصويري

1004-       global جهاني

1005-       Senate مجلس سنا

1006-       reform اصلاحات

1007-       access دسترسي

1008-       restaurant رستوران

1009-       judge قاضي

1010-       publish چاپ

1011-       relation ارتباط

1012-       release آزاد

1013-       bird پرنده

1014-       opinion نظر

1015-       credit اعتبار

1016-       critical بحراني

1017-       corner گوشـه

1018-       concerned علاقمند

1019-       recall ياد

1020-       version نسخه

1021-       stare از روي تعجب و يا ترس نگاه

1022-       safety ايمني

1023-       effective موثر

1024-       neighborhood همسايگي

1025-       original اصلي

1026-       troop دسته

1027-       income درامد

1028-       directly مستقيما

1029-       hurt صدمـه

1030-       species گونـه

1031-       immediately بلافاصله

1032-       track مسير

1033-       basic اساسي

1034-       strike اعتصاب

1035-       sky آسمان

1036-       freedom ازادي

1037-       absolutely کاملا

1038-       plane هواپيما

1039-       nobody هيچ

1040-       achieve رسيدن

1041-       object هدف

1042-       attitude گرايش

1043-       labor کار

1044-       refer اشاره

1045-       concept مفهوم

1046-       client مشتري

1047-       powerful قوي

1048-       perfect کامل

1049-       nine نـه نفر

1050-       therefore از اين رو

1051-       conduct رفتار

1052-       announce اعلام

1053-       conversation گفتگو

1054-       examine بررسي

1055-       touch لمس

1056-       please لطفا

1057-       attend حضور

1058-       completely بـه طور کامل

1059-       variety تنوع

1060-       sleep خواب

1061-       involved گرفتار

1062-       investigation تحقيق

1063-       nuclear اتمي

1064-       researcher پژوهشگر

1065-       press فشار

1066-       conflict تضاد

1067-       spirit روح

1068-       replace جايگزين

1069-       British انگليسي

1070-       encourage تشويق

1071-       argument استدلال

1072-       camp اردوگاه

1073-       brain مغز

1074-       feature خصيصه

1075-       afternoon بعد از ظهر

1076-       AM AM

1077-       weekend اخر هفته

1078-       dozen دوجين

1079-       possibility احتمال

1080-       insurance بيمـه

1081-       department بخش

1082-       battle نبرد

1083-       beginning شروع

1084-       date تاريخ

1085-       generally عموما

1086-       African افريقايي

1087-       sorry متاسف

1088-       crisis بحران

1089-       complete کامل

1090-       fan پنکه

1091-       stick چوب

1092-       define تعريف

1093-       easily بـه آساني

1094-       hole

1095-       element عنصر

1096-       vision ديد

1097-       status وضعيت

1098-       normal طبيعي

1099-       Chinese چيني

1100-       ship کشتي

1101-       solution راه حل

1102-       stone سنگ

1103-       slowly بـه آرامي

1104-       scale مقياس

1105-       university دانشگاه

1106-       introduce معرفي

1107-       driver راننده

1108-       attempt کوشش

1109-       park پارک

1110-       spot نقطه

1111-       lack عدم

1112-       ice يخ

1113-       boat قايق

1114-       drink نوشيدن

1115-       sun خورشيد

1116-       distance فاصله

1117-       wood چوب

1118-       handle دسته

1119-       truck کاميون

1120-       mountain کوه

1121-       survey بررسي

1122-       supposed مفروض

1123-       tradition سنت

1124-       winter زمستان

1125-       village دهکده

1126-       Soviet شوروي

1127-       refuse رد

1128-       sales فروش

1129-       roll چرخش

1130-       communication ارتباط

1131-       screen پرده

1132-       gain سود

1133-       resident اقامت

1134-       hide پنـهان

1135-       gold طلا

1136-       club باشگاه

1137-       farm مزرعه

1138-       potential پتانسيل

1139-       European اروپايي

1140-       presence حضور

1141-       independent مستقل

1142-       district ناحيه

1143-       shape شکل

1144-       reader خواننده

1145-       Ms خانم

1146-       contract قرارداد

1147-       crowd جمعيت

1148-       Christian مسيحي

1149-       express سريع السير

1150-       apartment اپارتمان

1151-       willing حاضر

1152-       strength استحکام

1153-       previous قبلي

1154-       band باند

1155-       obviously بديهي است

1156-       horse اسب

1157-       interested علاقمند

1158-       target هدف

1159-       prison زندان

1160-       ride سوار شدن

1161-       guard نگهبان

1162-       terms قوانين و مقررات

1163-       demand تقاضا

1164-       reporter خبرنگار

1165-       deliver ارائه

1166-       text متن

1167-       tool ابزار

1168-       wild وحشي

1169-       vehicle وسيله نقليه

1170-       observe مشاهده

1171-       flight پرواز

1172-       facility امکان

1173-       understanding درک

1174-       average متوسط

1175-       emerge پديدار شدن

1176-       advantage مزيت

1177-       quick سريع

1178-       leadership رهبري

1179-       earnب درآمد

1180-       pound پوند

1181-       basis اساس

1182-       bright روشن

1183-       operate عمل

1184-       guest مـهمان

1185-       sample نمونـه

1186-       contribute کمک

1187-       tiny کوچک

1188-       block مسدود

1189-       protection حفاظت

1190-       settle واريز

1191-       feed خوراک

1192-       collect جمع

1193-       additional اضافي

1194-       highly خيلي

1195-       identity هويت

1196-       title عنوان

1197-       mostly غالبا

1198-       lesson درس

1199-       faith ايمان

1200-       river رودخانـه

1201-       promote ترويج

1202-       living زندگي

1203-       count شمار

1204-       unless مگر

1205-       marry ازدواج

1206-       tomorrow فردا

1207-       technique تکنيک

1208-       path مسير

1209-       ear گوش

1210-       shop فروشگاه

1211-       folk مردم

1212-       principle اصل

1213-       survive زنده ماندن

1214-       lift بلند

1215-       border مرز

1216-       competition رقابت

1217-       jump پرش

1218-       gather جمع

1219-       limit محدود

1220-       fit مناسب

1221-       cry گريه

1222-       equipment تجهيزات

1223-       worth با ارزش

1224-       associate وابسته

1225-       critic نقاد

1226-       warm گرم

1227-       aspect منظر

1228-       insist اصرار

1229-       failure شکست

1230-       annual ساليانـه

1231-       French زبان فرانسه

1232-       Christmas کريسمس

1233-       comment توضيح

1234-       responsible مسئوليت

1235-       affair امر

1236-       procedure روش

1237-       regular منظم

1238-       spread گسترش

1239-       chairman رئيس

1240-       baseball بازي بيس بال

1241-       soft نرم

1242-       ignore چشم پوشي از

1243-       egg تخم مرغ

1244-       belief باور

1245-       demonstrate نشان دادن

1246-       anybodyي

1247-       murder قتل

1248-       gift هديه

1249-       religion دين

1250-       review اين فايل نقد مي نويسيد:

1251-       editor ويرايشگر

1252-       engage تعامل با

1253-       coffee قهوه

1254-       document سند

1255-       speed سرعت

1256-       cross صليب

1257-       influence نفوذ

1258-       anyway درون هر صورت

1259-       threaten تهديد

1260-       commit ارتکاب

1261-       female زن

1262-       youth جوانان

1263-       wave موج

1264-       afraid ترسيده

1265-       quarter ربع

1266-       background زمينـه

1267-       native محلي

1268-       broad پهن

1269-       wonderful شگفت انگيز

1270-       deny رد

1271-       apparently ظاهرا

1272-       slightly کمي

1273-       reaction واکنش

1274-       twice دو برابر

1275-       suit دادخواست

1276-       perspective چشم انداز

1277-       growing درون حال رشد

1278-       blow فوت

1279-       construction ساخت

1280-       intelligence هوش

1281-       destroy از بين بردن

1282-       cook پختن

1283-       connection ارتباط

1284-       burn سوختگي

1285-       shoe کفش

1286-       grade درجه

1287-       context زمينـه

1288-       committee کميسيون

1289-       hey هي

1290-       mistake اشتباه

1291-       location محل

1292-       clothes لباس

1293-       Indian هندي

1294-       quiet ساکت

1295-       dress لباس

1296-       promise وعده

1297-       aware مطلع

1298-       neighbor همسايه

1299-       function تابع

1300-       bone استخوان

1301-       active فعال

1302-       extend گسترش

1303-       chief رئيس

1304-       combine ترکيب

1305-       wine

1306-       below درون زير

1307-       cool سرد

1308-       voter راي دهنده

1309-       learning يادگيري

1310-       bus اتوبوس

1311-       hell جهنم

1312-       dangerous خطر ناک

1313-       remind يادآوري

1314-       moral اخلاقي

1315-       United متحد

1316-       category رده

1317-       relatively نسبتا

1318-       victory پيروزي

1319-       academic دانشگاهي

1320-       Internet اينترنت

1321-       healthy سالم

1322-       negative منفي

1323-       following متعاقب

1324-       historical تاريخي

1325-       medicine پزشکي

1326-       tour سفر

1327-       depend بستگي دارد

1328-       photo عکس

1329-       finding کشف

1330-       grab گرفتن

1331-       direct مستقيم

1332-       classroom کلاس درس

1333-       contact تماس

1334-       justice عدالت

1335-       participate شرکت

1336-       daily روزانـه

1337-       fair منصفانـه

1338-       pair جفت

1339-       famous معروف

1340-       exercise ورزش

1341-       knee زانو

1342-       flower گل

1343-       tape نوار

1344-       hire اجاره

1345-       familiar مانوس

1346-       appropriate مناسب

1347-       supply عرضه

1348-       fully کاملا

1349-       actor بازيگر

1350-       birth تولد

1351-       search جستجو

1352-       tie کراوات

1353-       democracy دموکراسي

1354-       eastern شرقي

1355-       primary اوليه

1356-       yesterday ديروز

1357-       circle دايره

1358-       device دستگاه

1359-       progress پيشرفت

1360-       bottom پايين

1361-       island جزيره

1362-       exchange مبادله

1363-       clean تميز

1364-       studio کارگاه

1365-       train قطار

1366-       lady خانم

1367-       colleague همکار

1368-       application کاربرد

1369-       neck گردن

1370-       lean خم

1371-       damage خسارت

1372-       plastic پلاستيک

1373-       tall بلند

1374-       plate صفحه

1375-       hate نفرت

1376-       otherwise وگرنـه

1377-       writing نوشته

1378-       male مردانـه

1379-       alive زنده

1380-       expression بيان

1381-       football فوتبال

1382-       intend قصد

1383-       chicken جوجه

1384-       army ارتش

1385-       abuse سوء استفاده

1386-       theater تئاتر

1387-       shut بسته

1388-       map نقشـه

1389-       extra اضافي

1390-       session جلسه

1391-       danger خطر

1392-       welcome خوش آمد

1393-       domestic خانگي

1394-       lots بسيار

1395-       literature ادبيات

1396-       rain باران

1397-       desire ميل

1398-       assessment ارزيابي

1399-       injury صدمـه

1400-       respect احترام

1401-       northern شمالي

1402-       nod سرتکان دادن

1403-       paint رنگ

1404-       fuel سوخت

1405-       leaf برگ

1406-       dry خشک

1407-       Russian روسي

1408-       instruction دستور العمل

1409-       pool استخر

1410-       climb بالا رفتن

1411-       sweet شيرين

1412-       engine موتور

1413-       fourth چهارم

1414-       salt نمک

1415-       expand گسترش

1416-       importance اهميت

1417-       metal فلز

1418-       fat چربي

1419-       ticket بليط

1420-       software نرمافزار

1421-       disappear ناپديد شدن

1422-       corporate شرکت ها

1423-       strange عجيب

1424-       lip لب

1425-       reading مطالعه

1426-       urban شـهري

1427-       mental رواني

1428-       increasingly بـه طور فزاينده

1429-       lunch ناهار

1430-       educational آموزشي

1431-       somewhere يک جايي

1432-       farmer کشاورز

1433-       sugar قند

1434-       planet سياره

1435-       favorite محبوب

1436-       explore اکتشاف

1437-       obtain گرفتن

1438-       enemy دشمن

1439-       greatest بزرگترين

1440-       complex پيچيده

1441-       surround احاطه

1442-       athlete ورزشکار

1443-       invite دعوت

1444-       repeat تکرار

1445-       carefully بدقت

1446-       soul روح

1447-       scientific علمي

1448-       impossible غير ممکن

1449-       panel تابلو

1450-       meaning معني

1451-       mom مادر

1452-       married متاهل

1453-       instrument سند

1454-       predict پيش بيني

1455-       weather هوا

1456-       presidential رياست جمـهوري

1457-       emotional عاطفي

1458-       commitment تعهد

1459-       Supreme عالي

1460-       bear تحمل

1461-       pocket جيب

1462-       thin نازک

1463-       temperature درجه حرارت

1464-       surprise تعجب

1465-       poll راي

1466-       proposal پيشنـهاد

1467-       consequence نتيجه

1468-       breath نفس

1469-       sight نظر

1470-       balance تعادل

1471-       adopt اتخاذ

1472-       minority اقليت

1473-       straight مستقيم

1474-       connect اتصال

1475-       works کار مي کند

1476-       teaching آموزش

1477-       belong تعلق

1478-       aid کمک

1479-       advice نصيحت

1480-       okay خوب

1481-       photograph عکس

1482-       empty خالي

1483-       regional منطقهاي

1484-       trail دنباله

1485-       novel رمان

1486-       code قانون

1487-       somehow بطريقي

1488-       organize سازمان دادن

1489-       jury هيئت منصفه

1490-       breast

1491-       Iraqi عراقي

1492-       acknowledge اذعان

1493-       theme موضوع

1494-       storm طوفان

1495-       union اتحاديه

1496-       desk ميز

1497-       thanks تشکر

1498-       fruit ميوه

1499-       expensive گران

1500-       yellow زرد

1501-       conclusion نتيجه

1502-       prime نخست

1503-       shadow سايه

1504-       struggle مبارزه

1505-       conclude نتيجه گيري

1506-       analyst روانکاو

1507-       dance

1508-       regulation تنظيم

1509-       being وجود

1510-       ring حلقه

1511-       largely که تا حد زيادي

1512-       shift تغيير

1513-       revenue درامد

1514-       mark علامت

1515-       locate قرار دادن

1516-       county شـهرستان

1517-       appearance ظاهر

1518-       package بسته

1519-       difficulty مشکل

1520-       bridge پل

1521-       recommend توصيه

1522-       obvious واضح

1523-       basically بطور اساسي

1524-       e-mail ايميل

1525-       generate توليد

1526-       anymore ديگر

1527-       propose پيشنـهاد

1528-       thinking تفکر

1529-       possibly احتمالا

1530-       trend گرايش

1531-       visitor مـهمان

1532-       loan وام

1533-       currently درون حال حاضر

1534-       comfortable راحت

1535-       investor سرمايه گذار

1536-       profit سود

1537-       angry خشمگين

1538-       crew خدمـه

1539-       accident تصادف

1540-       meal غذا

1541-       hearing شنوايي

1542-       traffic ترافيک

1543-       muscle عضله

1544-       notion مفهوم

1545-       capture گرفتن

1546-       prefer ترجيح مي دهم

1547-       truly صادقانـه

1548-       earth زمين

1549-       Japanese ژاپني

1550-       chest قفسه سينـه

1551-       thick ضخيم

1552-       cash پول نقد

1553-       museum موزه

1554-       beauty زيبايي

1555-       emergency اورژانس

1556-       unique منحصر بـه فرد

1557-       internal داخلي

1558-       ethnic قومي

1559-       link پيوند

1560-       stress فشار

1561-       content مقدار

1562-       select را انتخاب کنيد

1563-       root ريشـه

1564-       nose بيني

1565-       declare اعلام

1566-       appreciate قدرداني

1567-       actual واقعي

1568-       bottle بطري

1569-       hardly بـه سختي

1570-       setting زمينـه

1571-       launch انداختن

1572-       file پرونده

1573-       sick بيمار

1574-       outcome نتيجه

1575-       ad آگهي

1576-       defend دفاع

1577-       duty وظيفه

1578-       sheet ورق

1579-       ought بايد

1580-       ensure اطمينان از

1581-       Catholic کاتوليک

1582-       extremely خيلي

1583-       extent حد

1584-       component جزء

1585-       mix مخلوط

1586-       long-term دراز مدت

1587-       slow کند

1588-       contrast کنتراست

1589-       zone منطقه

1590-       wake بيداري

1591-       airport فرودگاه

1592-       brown قهوهاي

1593-       shirt پيراهن

1594-       pilot خلبان

1595-       warn هشدار دادن

1596-       ultimately درون نـهايت

1597-       cat گربه

1598-       contribution سهم

1599-       capacity ظرفيت

1600-       ourselves خودمان

1601-       estate املاک

1602-       guide راهنمايي

1603-       circumstance چگونگي

1604-       snow برف

1605-       English انگليسي

1606-       politician سياستمدار

1607-       steal سرقت

1608-       pursue دنبال

1609-       slip لغزش

1610-       percentage درون صد

1611-       meat گوشت

1612-       funny خنده دار

1613-       neither هيچ يک

1614-       soil خاک

1615-       surgery عمل جراحي

1616-       correct اصلاح

1617-       Jewish يهودي

1618-       blame سرزنش

1619-       estimate تخمين

1620-       due ناشي از

1621-       basketball بازي بسکتبال

1622-       golf گلف

1623-       investigate بررسي

1624-       crazy ديوانـه

1625-       significantly بـه طور قابل توجهي

1626-       chain زنجير

1627-       branch شاخه

1628-       combination ترکيب

1629-       frequently غالبا

1630-       governor فرماندار

1631-       relief تسکين

1632-       user کاربر

1633-       dad پدر

1634-       kick پا زدن

1635-       manner روش

1636-       ancient کهن

1637-       silence سکوت

1638-       rating رتبه

1639-       golden طلايي

1640-       motion حرکت

1641-       German آلماني

1642-       gender جنس

1643-       solve حل

1644-       fee پرداخت

1645-       landscape چشم انداز

1646-       used مورد استفاده قرار

1647-       bowl کاسه

1648-       equal برابر

1649-       forth جلو

1650-       frame قاب

1651-       typical نوعي

1652-       except جز

1653-       conservative محافظه کار

1654-       eliminate حذف

1655-       host ميزبان

1656-       hall سالن

1657-       trust اعتماد

1658-       ocean اقيانوس

1659-       row رديف

1660-       producer توليد کننده

1661-       afford استطاعت

1662-       meanwhile درون ضمن

1663-       regime رژيم

1664-       division تقسيم

1665-       confirm تاييد

1666-       fix تعمير

1667-       appeal استيناف

1668-       mirror اينـه

1669-       tooth دندان

1670-       smart زرنگ

1671-       length طول

1672-       entirely کاملا

1673-       rely تکيه

1674-       topic موضوع

1675-       complain شکايت

1676-       variable متغير

1677-       telephone تلفن

1678-       perception ادراک

1679-       attract جذب

1680-       confidence اعتماد

1681-       bedroom اطاق خواب

1682-       secret مخفي

1683-       debt بدهي

1684-       rare نادر

1685-       tank مخزن

1686-       nurse پرستار

1687-       coverage پوشش

1688-       opposition مخالفت

1689-       aside گذشته از

1690-       anywhere هر جا

1691-       bond اوراق قرضه

1692-       pleasure لذت

1693-       master استاد

1694-       era عصر

1695-       requirement نياز

1696-       fun سرگرمي

1697-       expectation انتظار

1698-       wing بال

1699-       separate جداگانـه

1700-       somewhat قدري

1701-       pour ريختن

1702-       stir بهم زدن

1703-       judgment داوري

1704-       beer

1705-       reference ارجاع

1706-       tear پارگي

1707-       doubt شک

1708-       grant اعطاي

1709-       seriously بـه طور جدي

1710-       minister وزير

1711-       totally کاملا

1712-       hero قهرمان

1713-       industrial صنعتي

1714-       cloud ابر

1715-       stretch بسط

1716-       winner برنده

1717-       volume حجم

1718-       seed دانـه

1719-       surprised متعجب

1720-       fashion روش

1721-       pepper فلفل

1722-       busy مشغول

1723-       intervention مداخله

1724-       copy کپي

1725-       tip نوک

1726-       cheap ارزان

1727-       aim هدف

1728-       cite گفتن

1729-       welfare رفاه

1730-       vegetable سبزي

1731-       gray خاکستري

1732-       dish ظرف

1733-       beach ساحل

1734-       improvement بهبود

1735-       everywhere درون همـه جا

1736-       opening افتتاح

1737-       overall بـه طور کلي

1738-       divide تقسيم

1739-       initial اول

1740-       terrible وحشتناک

1741-       oppose مخالفت

1742-       contemporary معاصر

1743-       route مسير

1744-       multiple چندگانـه

1745-       essential ضروري

1746-       league اتحاديه

1747-       criminal جنايي

1748-       careful دقيق

1749-       core هسته

1750-       upper بالا

1751-       rush حمله

1752-       necessarily لزوما

1753-       specifically بـه طور خاص

1754-       tired خسته

1755-       employ شغل

1756-       holiday روز تعطيل

1757-       vast وسيع

1758-       resolution حل

1759-       household خانواده

1760-       fewer کمتر

1761-       abortion سقط جنين

1762-       apart جدا

1763-       witness شاهد

1764-       match مسابقه

1765-       barely بـه سختي

1766-       sector بخش

1767-       representative نماينده

1768-       beneath درون زير

1769-       beside درون کنار

1770-       incident حادثه

1771-       limited محدود

1772-       proud مغرور

1773-       flow جريان

1774-       faculty اعضاي هيات علمي

1775-       increased افزايش يافته است

1776-       waste اتلاف

1777-       merely تنـها

1778-       mass جرم

1779-       emphasize تاکيد

1780-       experiment تجربه

1781-       definitely قطعا

1782-       bomb بمب

1783-       enormous عظيم

1784-       tone لحن

1785-       liberal ليبرال

1786-       massive عظيم

1787-       engineer مـهندس

1788-       wheel چرخ

1789-       decline کاهش

1790-       invest سرمايه گذاري

1791-       cable کابل

1792-       towards طرف

1793-       expose افشاي

1794-       rural روستايي

1795-       AIDS ايدز

1796-       Jew يهودي

1797-       narrow باريک

1798-       cream کرم

1799-       secretary دبير

1800-       gate دروازه

1801-       solid جامد

1802-       hill تپه

1803-       typically بـه طور معمول

1804-       noise سر و صدا

1805-       grass چمن

1806-       unfortunately متاسفانـه

1807-       hat کلاه

1808-       legislation قانون

1809-       succeed موفق شدن

1810-       celebrate جشن گرفتن

1811-       achievement موفقيت

1812-       fishing ماهيگيري

1813-       accuse متهم

1814-       useful مفيد

1815-       reject رد

1816-       talent استعداد

1817-       taste طعم

1818-       characteristic مشخصه

1819-       milk شير

1820-       escape فرار

1821-       cast قالب

1822-       sentence جمله

1823-       unusual غير عادي

1824-       closely نزديک

1825-       convince متقاعد

1826-       height ارتفاع

1827-       physician پزشک

1828-       assess ارزيابي

1829-       plenty فراوان

1830-       virtually تقريبا

1831-       addition اضافه

1832-       sharp تيز

1833-       creative خالق

1834-       lower کاهش

1835-       approve تاييد

1836-       explanation توضيح

1837-       gay همجنسگرا

1838-       campus دانشگاه

1839-       proper مناسب

1840-       guilty گناهکار

1841-       acquire دست آوردن

1842-       compete رقابت

1843-       technical فني

1844-       plus بعلاوه

1845-       immigrant مـهاجر

1846-       weak ضعيف

1847-       illegal غير قانوني

1848-       hi سلام

1849-       alternative ديگر

1850-       interaction فعل و انفعال

1851-       column ستون

1852-       personality شخصيت

1853-       signal سيگنال

1854-       curriculum برنامـه تحصيلي

1855-       honor افتخار

1856-       passenger مسافر

1857-       assistance کمک

1858-       forever براي هميشـه

1859-       regard نظر

1860-       Israeli اسرائيل

1861-       association انجمن

1862-       twenty بيست

1863-       knock بد گويي از

1864-       wrap بسته بندي

1865-       lab ازمايشگاه

1866-       display نمايش

1867-       criticism انتقاد

1868-       asset دارايي

1869-       depression افسردگي

1870-       spiritual روحاني

1871-       musical موسيقي

1872-       journalist روزنامـه نگار

1873-       prayer نماز

1874-       suspect مشکوک

1875-       scholar محقق

1876-       warning هشدار

1877-       climate اقليم

1878-       cheese پنير

1879-       observation مشاهده

1880-       childhood کودکي

1881-       payment پرداخت

1882-       sir آقا

1883-       permit اجازه

1884-       cigarette سيگار

1885-       definition تعريف

1886-       priority اولويت

1887-       bread نان

1888-       creation ايجاد

1889-       graduate فارغ التحصيل

1890-       request درخواست

1891-       emotion هيجاني

1892-       scream فرياد

1893-       dramatic نمايشي

1894-       universe جهان

1895-       gap شکاف

1896-       excellent عالي

1897-       deeply عميقا

1898-       prosecutor مدعي

1899-       lucky خوش شانس

1900-       drag کشيدن

1901-       airline شرکت هواپيمايي

1902-       library کتابخانـه

1903-       agenda دستور کار

1904-       recover بهبود يافتن

1905-       factory کارخانـه

1906-       selection انتخاب

1907-       primarily درون درجه اول

1908-       roof سقف

1909-       unable ناتوان

1910-       expense هزينـه

1911-       initiative ابتکار

1912-       diet غذا

1913-       arrest بازداشت

1914-       funding بودجه

1915-       therapy درمان

1916-       wash شستن

1917-       schedule برنامـه

1918-       sad غمگين

1919-       brief مختصر

1920-       housing مسکن

1921-       post پست

1922-       purchase خريد

1923-       existing موجود

1924-       steel فولاد

1925-       regarding راجع به

1926-       shout فرياد

1927-       remaining باقي مانده

1928-       visual بصري

1929-       fairly منصفانـه

1930-       chip تراشـه

1931-       violent شديد

1932-       silent خاموش

1933-       suppose فرض کنيد

1934-       self خود

1935-       bike دوچرخه

1936-       tea چاي

1937-       perceive درک

1938-       comparison مقايسه

1939-       settlement توافق

1940-       layer لايه

1941-       planning برنامـه ريزي

1942-       description تعريف

1943-       slide لغزش

1944-       widely بـه طور گسترده اي

1945-       wedding عروسي

1946-       inform اطلاع دادن

1947-       portion بخش

1948-       territory قلمرو

1949-       immediate فوري

1950-       opponent حريف

1951-       abandon رها

1952-       lake درياچه

1953-       transform تبديل

1954-       tension تنش

1955-       leading برجسته

1956-       bother زحمت دادن

1957-       consist شامل

1958-       alcohol الکل

1959-       enable قادر ساختن

1960-       bend خم

1961-       saving بعد انداز

1962-       desert بيابان

1963-       shall بايد

1964-       error خطا

1965-       cop پليس

1966-       Arab عرب

1967-       double دو برابر

1968-       sand شن

1969-       Spanish اسپانيايي

1970-       print چاپ

1971-       preserve شکارگاه

1972-       passage عبور

1973-       formal رسمي

1974-       transition انتقال

1975-       existence وجود

1976-       album البوم

1977-       participation مشارکت

1978-       arrange ترتيب دادن

1979-       atmosphere جو

1980-       joint مشترک

1981-       reply پاسخ

1982-       cycle چرخه

1983-       opposite مقابل

1984-       lock قفل

1985-       deserve سزاوار

1986-       consistent استوار

1987-       resistance مقاومت

1988-       discovery کشف

1989-       exposure ارائه

1990-       pose ژست گرفتن

1991-       stream جريان

1992-       sale فروش

1993-       pot گلدان

1994-       grand بزرگ

1995-       mine مال من

1996-       hello سلام

1997-       coalition ائتلاف

1998-       tale داستان

1999-       knife چاقو

2000-       resolve تصميم

Tags: ليست 4000 پراستفاده ترين لغات درون انگليسي همراه با معني فارسي , انگلیسی , فرهنگ لغت , لغت نامـه , فرهنگ لغت فارسی , لغت جدید , کلمـه انگلیسی , لغت انگلیسی , واژه جدید , واژه تازه , لغت کاربردی , لغت رایج , کلامـه رایج , کلمـه متداول , بیشترین , متداولترین , متداول , پرکاربردترین , پر استفاده , انگلیش , انگلیسی , فرهنگ واژگان فارسی بـه انگلیسی , فرهنگ لغت انگلیسی , gyj , gyhj , ;gli , دسته بندی , کدشده , روش کد شده لغات , روشـهای فراگیری لغات , تقویت دایره لغات زبان انگلیسی , لغات و مثال , یـادگیری آسان لغات , تصویر , متن نوشته , عکس , لغت , , کدینگ لغات انگلیسی , پستهای تصویری مربوط بـه لغات , انگلیسی درون سفر , آموزش لغات , دانلود لغات انگلیسی , 504 لغات انگلیسی لغات , لغت مـهم انگلیسی , لغت اساسی , انگلیسی و انگلیسی , 1100 لغت انگلیسی , 4000لغتمترادف , متضاد , مترادف ها , هم معنی , مخالف , synonym , antonym. معنی hide your story به فارسی . معنی hide your story به فارسی : معنی hide your story به فارسی ، معنی hide your story به فارسی

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[معنی hide your story به فارسی]

نویسنده و منبع | تاریخ انتشار: Wed, 07 Nov 2018 13:37:00 +0000

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“من حين لآخر كانت تعود إلى عالم صوفي، معنی hide your story به فارسی إذ أنـها ليست من نوع الروايات التى نستطيع أن نستوعبها من القراءة الاولى”

نعم ستعود لها لتفهم اكثر تلك الحكاية العبثية العجيبة..لكن هناك سبب اخر لتبحر في 'عالم صوفي' من آن لآخر

ذلك لأنـها رحلة في تاريخ الفكر الانساني، فلسفة وأديان، علوم طبيعة وكونية.. معنی hide your story به فارسی هي مرجع فلسفي موجز كتب خصيصا للنشء

“المحزن أننا نتعود ونحن نكبر علي أشياء كثيرة، ونخلص لأن نري كل شئ طبيعيا
ويبدو أنـه مع العمر، لا يظل هناك ما يدهشنا”

وهذا العالم قادر علي دهشتك.. معنی hide your story به فارسی يعيد تفكيرك في كثير من الاسئلة
من اين سارتر والمسرح العبثي الذي يبرز عبث واقعنا

وقبل ان ننتهي من تلك الرحلة الفلسفية ياخذنا الكتاب بنبذة موجزة وقوية عن نشأة الكون، واستغلالنا للطبيعة ، والكون من حولنا ، الفضاء والعوالم الاخري

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عرض المعلومات كان ممتع في قراءته جدا بالبداية ، نعم يشبه الكتاب الدراسي لولا حوار الرواية الذي يتخلله لكنـه يظل مشوقا

لكن من بعد العصور الوسطي بدأت كثافة المعلومات تزداد بشكل يجعل متابعته صعبة نوعا ما...ويتعقد اكثر حتي نصل تقريبا إلي ماركس وفرويد وداروين حيث الامور تعود للسلاسة والاستمتاع بقراءة المعلومات مرة اخري

ربما بعض المعلومات بالنـهاية عن الفضاء كانت "مابعد الذروة/قاتل الذروة" بشكل قلل متعة النـهاية نوعا ما
وكل هذه المعلومات متداخلة بشكل عبقري مع الجانب الروائي العجيب لعالم صوفي

ولمزيد من التوضيح، إن كنت قرأت الكتاب وتود بضع النقاط التي تذكرك علي هذه العصور -قدر ما أستطعت تلخيص نقاط وعنواين فحسب، يمكنك فتح ال"سبويلر" القادم- ولكن عاما تم تلخيص الامر في الفقرة السابقة
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يبحر معك الكتاب برحلة منذ بدء ظهور الفلسفة في اليونان بالقرن 600 ق.م … بنبذة عن الاساطير الاغريقية القديمة عن الآلهة والتي نبذها الفلاسفة الأوائل (فلاسفة الطبيعة) الذين بحثوا أكثر عن طبيعة الأشياء والكون
وعبقرية ديمقريطس وتفكيره في الذرات السابق لعصره

وعبقرية المؤلف هنا في التشبيه المبسط العبقري بين الذرات ولعبة الليجو "الميكانو العتيد ، لعبتي المفضلة في الصغر" التي وصفها باللعبة الاكثر عبقرية

“أياً كان حجمـها و شكلها نستطيع جمعها ، ثم أن هذه القطع لا تتلف. هل رأينا يوماً قطعة ليجو مستهلكة؟ فهذه قطعها تبدو كالجديدة كما كانت عندما تلقتها منذ سنوات. والأهم، اننا نستطيع أن نركب مانريد ، انطلاقاً من هذه القطع ، نستطيع أن نفك ونعيد التركيب بشكل مختلف تماماً”

ثم يأخذنا برحلة تاريخية أثرية لأثينا القديمة...ساحة الفلاسفة والفكر … الاكروبول ومسرح ديونسيوس
والسفسطائيون ، معلموا الفلسفة المدعين والفرق بينـهم وبين اصحاب الفكر الفلسفي الحقيقي
سقراط / أفلاطون / أرسطو...الثلاثة الكبار وتاريخهم
ومن بعدهم من الرواقيون/ الأبقوريون /‏الأفلاطونيون الجدد وأفكارهم المختلفة واكنـها لازالت متأثرة بمن سبقهم
فستجد نفسك امام نظرة عامة شاملة وموجزة للثقافة الهللينية وفكرها الحياة السياسية بها من وجهة نظر فلاسفتها...ماكان ومايجب ان يكون
وأيضا الحياة الدينية او الروحانية بها … الصوفية التي بدأت حتي قبل أن ننتقل إلي المسيحية

وقبل ان ننتقل في رحلة التاريخ هذه الي ما بعد الميلاد ، يقدم الكتاب رحلة بتاريخ الأديان السماوية وتاريخ السامية
لرسالة المسيح ، وسلطة الكنيسة وتحول الرومانية للمسيحية

فالقرون الوسطي
بايجابياته كتوما الاكويني وفكره الفلسفي المسيحي المتجدد، وبناء المدارس والجامعات..وسلبياته من التحكم الديني

لعصر النـهضة
والعودة الى الانسانية والانطلاق من عقل الانسان نفسه

“لاننا كنا ننطلق من الانسان في حين القرون الوسطى نظرت الى كل عمل وكل حياة على ضوء الله”

والعودة للاصول والكتابات والفلسفة الاغريقية القديمة

“كما تحررت الفلسفة الاغريقية من الاساطير والمفهوم الماورائي للطبيعة ، تحرر برجوازيو عصر النـهضة من الأسياد الاقطاعيين وهيمنة الكنيسة ”

واهم امثلة ذلك العصر مارتن لوثر الي رفض صكوك الغفران

ثم القوطية
عصر المتناقضات و الطابع الزائل للحياة / ‏العبثية القدرية وأنتشار‏ الفوارق الطبقية في القرن السادس عشر
اعتباره ان المسرح هو رمز الحياة...فابرز نجوم عصره كان شكسبير
ولانـه عصر المتناقضات ستجد اهتمام البعض مثل هولبرج بالاحلام تأثرا بتشوانغ-تسى

“حلمت يوماً بأنني فراشة والأن لم أعد اعرف ما اذا كانت الفراشة تحلم بأنـها تشوانغ-تسي ام تشانغ-تسى الذي يحلم بأنـه فراشة”

واهتمام البعض الاخر بالعقلانية مثل ديكارت

“أنا أفكر أذن انا موجود”

والبعض الاخر بالتجريبية مثل لوك / هيوم … والثالث والاخطر ؛ بركلي والذي يري ان الاشياء تدركها حواسنا لكنـها قد لا تكون اشياء

“كل ما نراه و نحسه هو نتيجة لقدرة الله، الله موجود في ضميرنا وهو الذي يبعث هذه الافكار والتصورات التي تتعرض لها باستمرار
العالم كله ووجودنا كله يسكنان بين يدي الله”

ليأتي بعدها
عصور التنوير
حيث التمرد على السلطة / العقلانية / الحرية وحقوق الانسان
مع عدم اهمال القانون الاخلاقي لكانت (لا تفعل للاخرين ما لا تريد ان يفعله الاخرون لك)
فهنا كما ظهرت المدارس في العصور الوسطى ، يعود علم التربية لعصور التنوير

الرومانسية
ثم ظهور الرومانسيون اخر القرن الثامن عشر كرد فعل على السلطة المطلقة للعقل خلال عصور التنوير
كما أن يحدث دوما في التاريخ بعد كل فترة تشـهد انقلابات وثورات سياسية..تظهر جماعة كالرومانسيين...كما حدث لاحقا مثل الهيبيز
قيمـهم المتعلقة بالفردية / الخيال واطلاق العنان للفن البشري… تماما مثل عصور النـهضة

“الفنان يخلق واقعه الخاص تماماً كما خلق الله الكون”

انـه عصر سيمفونيات بيتهوفن … روايات وأشعار نوفاليس العجائبية بعالم الاحلام كرواية هنريك فون اوفتر دينجبن

“العالم يصبح حلماً والحلم عالماً”

اهتمامـهم بروح العالم والحكايات الشعبية ، فكانت هي الاهم لديهم كالمسرح للباروك "القوطية"... بل وهناك السخرية الرومانسية وقطع الوهم في الحكاية

“الكاتب يستطيع في كل لحظة ان يكسر الحالة الجميلة بتمرير بضعة تعليقات ساخرة الى القارئ في محاولة لتذكيره بان ما يقرأه ليس سوى حكاية”

ويتعرض المؤلف بالتفصيل لبعض اراء فلاسفتها
لا أنكر ان هذا الجزء صار التعقيد في تراكمات الفكر الفلسفي غاية في التعقيد...حيث تحتاج للعودة لقراءة الفقرة اكثر من مرة ، ولكن للتبسيط؛
هيجل

“لا يمكن فصل اي فيلسوف أو فكرة عن سياقها التاريخي طالما أن جديد يحدث دائماً ، فالعقل تقدمي و معرفة الانسان في تطور مستمر.. فقد توسع فكر العالم من افلاطون الى كانت ”

كيركيجارد

“لا فائدة من وصف عام للطبيعة العميقة أو الإنسان الكائن فالمـهم هو وجود كل فرد
مثل بوذا يشعر بعمق ان وجوده لن يدوم الا لحظة قصيرة لذلك لا يجد فائدة من الجلوس وراء مكتبه لمناقشة طبيعة فكر العالم ”

هذه المرحلة الرومانسية والوجودية حدث بها تحول ...او عبور من المرحلة الجمالية الى الاخلاقية مثل ابطال الجريمة والعقاب وروايات ديستويفيسكي عاما ...وعبور من المرحلة الاخلاقية الى الإيمانية

“ان كل وعي حقيقى يأتي من الداخل ”

ثم يلي تلك المرحلة الثلاث الكبار الجدد ، ماركس / داروين / فرويد

ماركس
المجتمع الرأسمالي وتشبيه العامل بالعبد الذي يكره عمله بالنـهاية
والثورة والانقسامات والشيوعية والآشتراكية الديموقراطية

داروين
ورحلاته وعلومـه المثيرة للجدل حول الطفرات والجينات ونظرية التطور
واتفاقه مع مالتس والزيادة السكانية .. والافكار العدمية

فرويد
رائد علم النفس

“التنقيب الاثري في النفس البشرية
يحفر المحلل النفسى بمساعدة مريضه في طبقات نفسية هذا الاخير، ليخرج منـها التجارب التي سببت له يوماً آلاماً نفسية، ذاك بأننا نحتفظ في اعماق أعماقنا كل ذكريات الماضي مخبوءة، فيعود ويصعد من هذه الاعماق الى وعى المريض تجربة مؤلمة حاول ان ينساها طوال سنوات لكنـها ظلت قابعة في الاعماق تحدد وتحرك قدرات هذا الانسان
ويجعل هذه التجربة الصدمة تنبثق من جديد في حقل الوعي، وبتعبير اخر؛ بوضعها أمام عين المريض يتمكن هذا الاخير من تصفية حسابه معها ويشفى”

في هذه الفترة يزداد الابحاث عن اللاوعي والسوريالية وتأثيرهم في الادب والفن
وتقييد الفكر للخيال (يروي هنا قصة ام اربعة و اربعين الراقصة، ستشعر فعلا بمعني المقولة )

“العقل يخنق الخيال أحياناً”

واخيرا
الحقبة المعاصرة
وفلسفة الوجودية وأفكار نيتشـه المثيرة للجدل
وكيف أن الوجود هو اهم شئ

“اذا كنت مغرمة وتنتظرين مكالمة هاتفية ممن تحبين فقد (تسمعين) طوال السهرة انـه لم يتصل ومـهما بدا هذا متناقضاً وغريباً فأن صمت الهاتف هو ما تسمعينـه
كذلك اذا ذهبتي للقاءه بالمحطة، ونزل الجمـهور من القطار دون ان يكون هو بينـهم، فأنك لن تريهم جميعا. لن تجدي فيهم إلا أزعاجك لانـهم لا يمثلون شيئا بالنسبة لك. وقد تجدينـهم منفرين وثقلاء. الشئ الوحيد الذي سينطبع بذهنك، هو أنـه هو ليس هنا”

ومن الوجودية وسارتر وسيمون دو بوفوار إلي العبثية و المسرح العبثي

“هدفه اظهارعبثية الوجود على المسرح، لدفع الجمـهور إلى الثورة. فليس هدفه تنمية العبث من اجل العبث. بل على العكس فإن عرض وتعرية الجانب العبثي لبعض أحداث الحياة اليومية يجعل الجمـهور مجبرأ على ايجاد شكل اكثر صدقاً وحقيقة للوجود

غالباً ما يقدم مسرح العبث حالات ولا اتفه ومبالغة فى الواقعية.. كأفلام شارلى شابلن. وعبر الضحك يجد المشاهدون انفسهم مضطرين للتساؤل عن وجودهم الذي تمكنوا اخيراً من النظر اليه من مسافة ما

حيث صحيح انـه كثيراً ما تنشأ أوضاع لا تصدق دون ان يعترض عليها أحد

ومن المـهم أن نعى وجوب الأنسلاخ عن كل هذا حتى ولو كنا لانعرف ماذا سنفعل والى اين سنذهب ”

ثم تبدأ نظرة اخري مختلفة قليلا عن تاريخ الفلسفة ، فتقدم الرواية نظرة عن التقدم في الاتصالات والتطور واستغلال الطبيعة
و انتشار كتب السحر والخرافات والشعوذة .. واخيرا عن الكون ، الانفجار الكوني وتباعد المجرات والعوالم المختلفة
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***** الرواية *****
(الجانب االقصصي)
إن كنت محب للروايات مثلي ، فإن تقديم كل ماسبق من معلومات كثيفة وبشكل يجعلك تشتري الكتاب بأرادتك الحرة يلزمـه قصة مشوقة لاقناعك
وقد كان، بالغموض الذي بدأت بـه القصة فعلا

أعتقد أن حكاية صوفي ، تلك الفتاة التي علي أعتاب عيد ميلادها الخامس عشر ، والرسائل الغامضة التي تتلقاها من فيلسوف لا تعرفه ستجعلك تنجذب لمعرفة لماذا تصلها هذه الرسائل

بل والاسئلة التي تصلها لتفكر بها قبل الشرح الفلسفي الذي يصلها بالبريد
"هل المرض عقاب ألهي؟ هل القدر يلغي الإرادة الحرة؟ ...الخ"
ستجد انـها اسئلة تدفعك للتفكير الفلسفي...كأنـها تطبيق لما تقرأ

ومن خلال متابعتك للدروس مع صوفي ستتعرف علي محاولات من ألفيتان ونصف لحلها

وبسبب غموض معلم الفلسفة هذا..وهدفه من تعليم صوفي ...ولغز رسائل تصلها عجيبة من والد فتاة تدعي هيلد، بنفس عمر صوفي، كل هذا ستشعر بسببه انك مجبرا علي الاستكمال

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ربما يعيب القصة بالنسبة لي وقاحة صوفي في بعض الاحيان في ردودها مع معلمـها والاسوأ ايضا مع امـها
وهيلد ايضا كانت تفعل ذلك بدرجة اقل ولكن تداركت هذا قرب النـهاية
-وكأن الفيلسوف يجب ان يكون وقحا-
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محاكاة اسلوب عرض معلم الفلسفة "البرتو كنوكس" لتاريخ الفلسفة كان ظريفا جدا
رحلة اثرية لاثينا ، اللقاء في كاتدرائية لشرح العصور الوسطي ، تشبيه للقرون من بعد الميلاد بساعات اليوم

وحتي اللقاء في مقهي فرنسي الطراز لشرح وجودية سارتر...ممتاز

لكن الاقوي هنا المفاجأت حول "وجود" صوفي وهيلد… الذي يبدا بشكل قدري … تجريبي...عبثية قدرية وحياة كالحلم … وجودي وعبثي للانسلاخ من الواقع

كل هذا يرتبط تماما بمراحل الفكر الفلسفي التي تقدمـها دروس الفلسفة بالكتاب...خطوة بخطوة

انظر مثلا ؛ في القوطية هذا السطر

“حلمت يوماً بأنني فراشة والأن لم أعد اعرف ما اذا كانت الفراشة تحلم بأنـها تشوانغ-تسي ام تشانغ-تسى الذي يحلم بأنـه فراشة”

وانظر ما فجره الفيلسوف بركلي بنفس هذا العصر

“كل ما نراه و نحسه هو نتيجة لقدرة الله، الله موجود في ضميرنا وهو الذي يبعث هذه الافكار والتصورات التي تتعرض لها باستمرار
العالم كله ووجودنا كله يسكنان بين يدي الله”

ثم يمكنك ان تري الانقلابات التي بدأت في أحداث. الحكاية..ستشعر انـها تحولت لسيريالية وعبثية...ولكن بمتابعتك لدروس الفلسفة المقدمة ستجد ان كل شئ مقصود
وكل شئ متماثل...متطابق
ففي عصر الرومانسية ستجد هذا السطر ؛

“الفنان يخلق واقعه الخاص تماماً كما خلق الله الكون”

وانظر ايضا من افكار نفس العصر؛

“العالم يصبح حلماً والحلم عالماً”

هل اخبرتك عن ما يميز عصر الرومانسية؟...انـه ما يسمي بالسخرية الرومانسية..قطع حاجز الوهم في حكاياتهم

“الكاتب يستطيع في كل لحظة ان يكسر الحالة الجميلة بتمرير بضعة تعليقات ساخرة الى القارئ في محاولة لتذكيره بان ما يقرأه ليس سوى حكاية”

لذا لا تتعجب أذا ما تم كسر حاجز الوهم هنا

وبالحقبة المعاصرة والوجودية ...هل تذكر درس المسرح العبثي؟

“هدفه اظهارعبثية الوجود على المسرح، لدفع الجمـهور إلى الثورة. فليس هدفه تنمية العبث من اجل العبث. بل على العكس فإن عرض وتعرية الجانب العبثي لبعض أحداث الحياة اليومية يجعل الجمـهور مجبرأ على ايجاد شكل اكثر صدقاً وحقيقة للوجود

غالباً ما يقدم مسرح العبث حالات ولا اتفه ومبالغة فى الواقعية.. كأفلام شارلى شابلن. وعبر الضحك يجد المشاهدون انفسهم مضطرين للتساؤل عن وجودهم الذي تمكنوا اخيراً من النظر اليه من مسافة ما

حيث صحيح انـه كثيراً ما تنشأ أوضاع لا تصدق دون ان يعترض عليها أحد

ومن المـهم أن نعى وجوب الأنسلاخ عن كل هذا حتى ولو كنا لانعرف ماذا سنفعل والى اين سنذهب ”

ستعرف أذن ان العبث بأحداث الرواية مقصود بتلك الفصول

ولذلك...عندما تأتي حفل عيد ميلاد صوفي العجيبة لا تنزعج كثيرا...أن افكار ماركس وفرويد وغيرهم من الفلاسفة ستظهر جلية
وستجد اتحاد عجيب المشابه لكوننا العجيب نفسه، وجودنا ، عالم الارواح، عالم الفكر والابداع البشري، عالم الفن الجميل والسوريالي ، عالم الفلسفة

كل هذه العوالم سواء بين صوفي او هيلد ستجد هناك تطابق بين العوالم ، مرة اخري اذا اختلست السمع بحوار ما بنـهاية الرواية ، حوار عن الموسيقي، ستفهم قصدي؛

“إن الموسيقي المؤلفة بأسلوب تقابل الألحان تعزف علي مستويين: معنی hide your story به فارسی مستوي أفقي (نغمي) ومستوي رأسي (هارموني)...هناك دائما لحنان، أو أكثر، تتطابق نغماتهما
وتمتزج النغمات بطريقة تجعل كلا منـها تمضي في مسارها مستقلة عن الاخري بقدر الامكان. إلا ان النغمات يجب أن تكون متوافقة. أن أسلوب تقابل الألحان هو، في حقيقة الأمر، نغمة مقابل نغمة”

وهكذا العوالم ، تتقارب ، تتباعد في فضاء الكون

ويظل عالم صوفي عالم غريب… قد تحزن علي فراق بعض الشخصيات وبعضها..وقد تشعر بحزن ان "عالم صوفي" انتهت...ولكنـها الحياة

“لكن الحياة محبطة ومأساوية. تتركنا ندخل عالماً رائعاً، نتلاقى، نتعارف، نقطع معا جزءاً من الطريق، ثم نتوه بعضنا عن بعض ، ونختفى بالسرعة ذاتها التي جئنا بها في المرة الاولى”

وكما قلت بالبداية… يمكنك دوما العودة...أليس كذلك؟

“من حين لاخر كانت تعود الى عالم صوفي اذ انـها ليست من نوع الرويات التى نستطيع أن نستوعبها من القراءة الاولى”

العودة الي
عالم صوفي

محمد العربي
من 16 سبتمبر 2017
الي 24 سبتمبر 2017

ملحوظة اخيرة بمناسبة العودة ونسخ ترجمة الرواية المختلفة

قرأت نسختان ونصف من تلك الرواية، الرئيسية هي ترجمة حياة الحويك لدار المدي (الطبعة المنقحة 2015) وهي جيدة جدا لا بأس بها … فقط بها شئ من الجفاف في ترجمة حوار صوفي (الوقحة هي نفسها احيانا كثيرة مع امـها ومعلمـها)حبكة النـهاية مترجمة جيدا بعض الشئ .. ولكن بعض الجمل الحوارية اضطررت للعودة للنسخة الانجليزية

لم تحذف شيئا كما يدعي البعض بخصوص الامور الشائكة الدينية -والتي لم تكن كثيرة اصلا - ولكنـها اضافت جزءا عن ابن رشد وبعض الفلاسفة العرب الذين اهملهم للاسف النص الاصلي… او علي الاقل النص الانجليزي

وبالمناسبة ، النسخة الانجليزية قراءتها سهلة جدا في اللغة حيث انـها رواية مقدمة للنشء في الاساس..لذا إن اردت تنمية اللغة مثلا يمكنك عند العودة لعالم صوفي تجربة النص الانجليزي
وفي النـهاية ، جربت بعض من ترجمة أحمد لطفي في جزء النـهاية التي ضايقني عبثيتها المبالغة -وقد اقتبست منـها اقتباس ترجمة الالحان الصعب فعلا سواء في النسخة الانجليزية او ترجمة حياة الحويك التي لم افهم هذا الجزء علي الاطلاق -رغم اهمية رمزيته- ، ترجمته ألطف في تعريب الجمل ولكن وجدت اجزاء في الحفلة محذوفة كليا (الجزء الشـهواني بها) مما قد يقلقني من باقي الحذف في اجزاء فلسفية اهم

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نویسنده و منبع | تاریخ انتشار: Wed, 07 Nov 2018 13:37:00 +0000

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